ONTARIO S BIODIVERSITY NURSERY

Transcription

1 ONTARIO S BIODIVERSITY NURSERY NURSERY CATALOGUE 2018

2 Table of Contents MESSAGE FROM OUR PRESIDENT BIODIVERSITY MESSAGE... 2 ABOUT SWNEC... 3 Our Services... 3 History Facility Why Use a Truly Native Product?... 5 Seed Zones of Ontario Map OUR PRODUCTS NURSERY CATALOGUE 2018 Deciduous Trees Conifers & Evergreen Trees Shrubs & Small Trees Wildflowers Grasses & Sedges Vines Ferns TERMS & CONDITIONS SPECIES INDEX All plants marked with this icon are also an Aquatic plant species.

3 Message from the President As we enter 2018, I am reflecting on our goal to help restore Ontario s native biodiversity by re-establishing appropriate native plant communities with wild-type genetics back to degraded landscapes in the province. It is a good time to evaluate our progress and look ahead to challenges and opportunities that lay ahead with respect to achieving this purpose. In 2017, St Williams Nursery and Ecology Centre (SWNEC) continued its role as a quiet and dedicated leader in biodiversity conservation in Ontario by ensuring the continued availability of high quality sourceidentified plants and seed, including almost 400 species of plants native to the province. These plants end up on restoration projects on public and private lands, in conservation areas, provincial and national parks, in the countryside and in towns and cities across the province. We also continued to provide ecological restoration support on major projects including at Westminster Ponds ESA in London, naturalization projects in Mississauga, Toronto, Ottawa and Sudbury, Durham Region, and in Bruce Peninsula National Park, and for mine tailings rehabilitation in Kapuskasing. In 2017, we made significant advances in developing our Native Seed Network Database that will allow us to more efficiently track locations of native plant material sources, collected by our team of dedicated scientists and technicians, and to increase our ability to work with committed conservation partners. Source tracking and verification is a critical component to ensuring effective, legitimate conservation and restoration of our native biodiversity but is an increased cost not appreciated by most. ST.WILLIAMS NURSERY & ECOLOGY CENTRE Our Biodiversity Message St. Williams Nursery and Ecology Centre is committed to protecting, conserving and restoring natural biodiversity in Ontario landscapes. We take a scientific approach to producing top quality, source-identified seeds and seedlings of 300+ native plant species necessary for ecosystem restoration and sustainable land use management. Natural genetic diversity of native plants and seeds are essential to restoring and sustaining the productivity and ecological health our forests, wetlands, and grasslands, as well as for enhancing our developed rural and urban landscapes. We take great care in maintaining the integrity of the seed-zone-specific genetics of our plants and seeds. Our nursery capacity and commitment to high conservation standards ensures the best quality stock available for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation projects. Unfortunately, we may be losing the fight to protect and conserve biodiversity given the extent of habitat loss especially in southern Ontario and the ongoing impact of invasive species. While it may seem significant, 400 species is a small fraction of the 3400 native species indigenous to Ontario, many of which need to be protected and restored to degraded landscapes. Major challenges to successful conservation efforts include lack of awareness and lack of effective funding for meaningful on-the-ground efforts like coordinated seed collection from wild plant populations, which is essential to this effort. In many cases our conservation programs and organizations in the province remain uncoordinated and fail to ensure effective biodiversity conservation. The broader nursery and landscape industry in the province continues as a whole to be a negative influence rather than a conservation force for biodiversity in the province. It is time for a serious change in our behaviours and efforts to restore native biodiversity if we are going to be successful. It is time for government and conservation organizations alike, to demonstrate leadership to effect meaningful conservation at the scale necessary to reverse the trend of biodiversity loss. I am encouraged by organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund and Carolinian Canada who now are recognizing the importance of restoring habitat using native plant communities with appropriate wild type genetics as critical component in our fight to conserve Ontario s natural biodiversity. Clearly this effort will require substantially more resources and commitment than has been given to date. I can give you my assurance that SWNEC remains committed to this important cause, but it will require the collective efforts of existing and new champions, and more effective conservation partnerships if we are to have a real chance of conserving and restoring Ontario s native biodiversity. Yours in conservation, Allan Arthur President, Sr. Ecologist St.Williams Nursery and Ecology Centre PAGE 1 PAGE 2

4 A leader in biodiversity conservation, St. Williams produces over 300 source-identified wild type native species plants and seed. We believe strongly in the need to protect, enhance, and restore the natural beauty and biodiversity of our landscapes. We envision a future where the health and sustainability of our economies, our culture, and our natural environment co-exist in a mutually beneficial relationship. This interdependence of ecological, cultural, and economic health is the inspiration for creating a business based on the value of biodiversity. OUR SERVICES ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION & CONSULTING Ecological restoration is a process of helping to restore natural features and functions of degraded ecosystems. Ecological restoration is often an important element for conservation and/or enhancement of natural biodiversity (e.g., in urbanized or industrialized environments). CONTRACT GROWING About Us St. Williams Nursery & Ecology Centre is pleased to offer Contract Growing as one of our customer services. By using a Contract Grow you will be assured that your product, in the required format and numbers, will be available at the agreed upon time and price. You will be free of the first come first served situation driven by supply and demand. As with all of our products, your order will be produced from source-identified seed that either you can supply or we will draw from our extensive seed inventory. St. Williams Nursery & Ecology Centre is also willing to Contract Collect seed from specific areas to fit your needs. Contract Collecting assures that the required quantity and quality of seed is harvested, cleaned and stored, to provide the product numbers you need. Further information about both Contract Growing and Contract Collecting is available by calling us toll-free at or sales@stwilliamsnursery.com. HISTORY ST.WILLIAMS NURSERY & ECOLOGY CENTRE St. Williams Nursery and Ecology Centre is located on a 450 acre property that was home to Canada s first Forestry Station, which has been operated as a nursery since The creation of this forestry station was in response to the forestry and farming that stripped Norfolk County of its forest cover. Under the leadership of Frank Newman, the St. Williams Forestry Station became the model reforestation and tree seedling production site in the province. It became a showcase and teaching facility as well as a 4000 acre demonstration forest. During the nursery s time being run by the Province of Ontario, it produced many millions of bareroot reforestation seedlings. In 2009, St. Williams Nursery and Ecology Centre was created out of the vision to not only supply high quality tree seedlings, but as a science and innovation centre committed to supporting native biodiversity conservation, and ecological restoration in Canada. Similar to our predecessors who founded the Forestry Station, we are dedicated to biodiversity conservation. We believe strongly in the need to protect, enhance and restore the natural beauty and biodiversity of our landscapes. Today, St. Williams Nursery and Ecology Centre operates over 400 acres of field production and 10 acres of greenhouse space making it the largest source-identified native plant nursery in the province. We continue to be leaders in the nursery trade by specializing in native seed and plants for biodiversity conservation of Ontario native wild-type plant genetics. FACILITY The St. Williams Nursery & Ecology Centre is located in Norfolk County, in the heart of southern Ontario s Carolinian life zone. The very moderate micro-climate combined with light, sandy soils makes it ideal for field production of bareroot seedlings as well as for growing native seed crops. The nursery boasts fourteen acres of modern greenhouses, automated seeding and production equipment, modern environmental control systems, and high-capacity packaging/shipping facilities. Also, St. Williams Nursery s production fields, equipped in irrigation systems and access to a supply of clean fresh water, cover more than 300 acres. SEED PROCESSING & TESTING St. Williams Nursery & Ecology Centre has facilities and expertise to clean, process, and store native seed. We produce a series of native seed mixes in bulk that are prepared for a variety of different conditions and specifications. Our team also has the ability to prepare custom seed orders based on customer orders and requirements. We are currently in the process of setting up an accredited seed lab that will specialize in the testing of native seeds to ensure that quality standards are met with respect to the commercial use and sale of native species seeds. This will be the first seed testing laboratory set up specifically for testing native seeds in Canada and is part of our commitment to building capacity for biodiversity conservation. PAGE 3 PAGE 4

5 ST.WILLIAMS NURSERY & ECOLOGY CENTRE WHY USE A TRULY NATIVE PRODUCT? Native species are a crucial part of creating the ecosystems that exist today. It is biodiversity and the numerous connections amongst species that builds ecological integrity, function, and sustainability. NATIVE PLANTS CAN: 99Create a food web that increases wildlife 99Cool local climate through transpiration 99Deflect weeds and invasive plants 99Conserve water 99Increase success of hardwood plantings 99Provide ecological services such as crop pollination, pest control, water filtering, and water conservation 99Prevent run off, pollution, and erosion 99Provide pleasing low-maintenance surroundings ARE YOU BUYING A TRULY NATIVE PRODUCT? 99Is the product grown in Ontario? 99Can your supplier identify the seed source of their product? 99Does the species belong in the Ontario ecosystem and your region? 99Is this product suitable for your application? SEED ZONES Seed Zones are important for tracking where seed comes from and also for deciding where the best locations to plant them are. Some species can be locally adapted, meaning they tend to perform best in the environmental conditions of their parents. In the absence of additional, species specific data, the general recommendation then is that you should plant trees derived from as close to your seed zone as possible, because they will be adapted to local conditions and perform better than an individual of the same species grown from seed far from your home Seed Zone. Some populations may be locally adapted, some may not be. Though they may seem like hard-and-fast rules, Seed Zones were not created to restrict the movement of seed, only to have a unified tracking system, to better inform our decisions. In fact, there may be microclimates beyond an individual s Seed Zone or adjacent zone that provides the optimal growing conditions. This is because local adaptation is not as generalizable as geographic climate data, and because each species will be locally adapted to different conditions, and to different degrees. It s also important to note that Seed Zones were created for trees, and extended later to grasses, shrubs, and wildflowers. We can expect that trees can adapt to long-term climate patterns, whereas shorter-lived herbaceous species grasses and wildflowers are less likely to be adapted to long-term climate patterns, and mores so to small-scale environmental differences like soil type, or moisture level, disturbance regime, or community of competitors. There have been numerous studies on the assisted migration of native trees in Ontario, however, very few studies have been conducted on the level and scale of local adaptation in native herbaceous species, and best practices for their assisted migration and restoration in the face of climate change NOTE: Seed Zones of Ontario Coloured Areas & Numbers Indicate Seed Zones White lines indicate Management Unit Boundaries All areas are approximate There are no strict rules on Seed Zones in Ontario, they are offered simply as a guiding principle. Allowing seed and plants to be transferred between zones actually encourages gene-flow which promotes adaptation to future environmental changes. It may also be practical in order to make up for stock limitations within a given zone PAGE 5 PAGE 6

6 OUR PRODUCTS - DECIDUOUS TREES Our Products DECIDUOUS TREES ACER NIGRUM BLACK MAPLE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Yellowish Green TOLERATES: Heavy shade CULTURE: Seems to have better tolerance for heat and drought than sugar maple Dark green leaves turn shades of yellow, orange and red in fall. Pale yellowish green flowers appear in clusters in the spring. GARDEN USES: Shade tree, Street Tree ACER PENSYLVANICA STRIPED MAPLE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April May BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Showy SUN: Part Shade WILDLIFE: Moose and deer often browse leaves and twigs. TOLERATES: Heavy Shade CULTURE: Grows easily in medium to well drained soils in part shade. Does not grow well in full sun. Prefers slightly acidic, consistently moist soils in cool summer climates. Striped Maple is a shrubby understory maple. It typically grows as a large shrub or small tree. It is the only species of Snakebark Maple that is native to North America. Has interesting greenish bark on young branches and trunks that are vertically marked with white stripes. Stripes may vanish over time as older bark turns red/brown. GARDEN USES: Striped bark and fall colour are attractive. Best suited for woodland gardens or shaded naturalized sites ACER RUBRUM RED MAPLE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-15 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March-April BLOOM COLOUR: Red, sometimes yellow to wet medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerant of a wide range of soils, but prefers moist, slightly acid conditions. Very cold hardy. Acer rubrum, commonly called red maple, is a medium-sized, deciduous tree that typically grows tall with a rounded to oval crown. Species name of rubrum meaning red is everywhere in evidence: red flowers in dense clusters in late March to early April (before the leaves appear), red fruit (initially reddish, two-winged samara), reddish stems and twigs, red buds, and, in the fall, excellent orange-red foliage colour. GARDEN USES: Plant as a specimen tree for the lawn, street or park. It is of note that this tree has a shallow, flattened root system that may buckle nearby sidewalks or driveways if planted too closely. ACER SACCHARUM SUGAR MAPLE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-18 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April TOLERATES: Heavy shade medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers fertile, slightly acidic soil. Acer saccharum is a deciduous native tree which will typically grow 40 to 80 tall with a dense, rounded crown. This tree is a main component of the Eastern U.S. hardwood forest and is most responsible for giving New England its reputation for spectacular yellow-orange fall colour. Sugar maples are long-lived trees which grow relatively slowly. Excellent shade tree. The sugar maple leaf is the national symbol of Canada. GARDEN USES: Excellent specimen tree for the lawn or parks. May be used as a street tree as long as it can be located on a street and in a location where road salt, soil compaction and pollution will not be significant problems. ACER SPICATUM MOUNTAIN MAPLE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May-June /Green BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Dense upright clusters SUN: Sun to part shade to Wet FRUIT: Red samaras that mature in late summer. WILDLIFE: Rabbits, beavers, deer, and moose browse bark. Ruffed Grouse eat the buds. CULTURE: Commonly found in cool habitats such as mountain streams, ravines or woodlands where soil is rich and moist. A small understory tree. Its bark is reddish brown with orange to bright red colouring in fall. This is a very important species for preventing erosion on streambanks and steep slopes. GARDEN USES: Specimen tree or park tree. ACER X FREEMANII FREEMAN MAPLE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-12 metres; feet to wet TOLERATES: Wet soil medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Established trees have some tolerance for drought conditions. Acer x freemanii, commonly called Freeman Maple, is a natural hybrid of red maple (A. rubrum)and silver maple (A. sacchariunum) showing the wonderful fall colour of red maple with the added traits of hardiness and ease of growing often found in a hybrid. PAGE 7 Freeman Maple PAGE 8

7 DECIDUOUS TREES BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS YELLOW BIRCH HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun to moist CULTURE: Yellow Birch will tolerate a wide range of soil types but is best grown in moist well-drained soils. Do not prune until summer when sap has stopped flowing. An esteemed native species that has an incredible fall display of bright yellow and gold leaves. A valuable tree and classified as one of the largest hardwoods in northeastern North America. Bark is a shiny yellow to gray-silver that splits into curly strips and becomes a reddish brown as it grow older. A slow-growing tree, it is relatively long-lived for a birch, with specimens 200 years old recorded. The bruised foliage has a strong smell of wintergreen. Birch seed is an important food source for many winter birds. Betula alleghaniensis attracts butterflies and hummingbirds and is a larval host for the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail. GARDEN USES: lawn tree; naturalized areas; edge of woods BETULA PAPYRIFERA PAPER BIRCH PAGE 9 Paper Birch HARDINESS ZONE: 2-6 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March-April SUN: Part shade to wet CULTURE: Paper birch is best grown in medium to wet well-drained sandy or rocky loams in part shade. It is best suited in a northern or eastern exposure that receives some afternoon shade. It needs consistently moist soils. Consider using bark mulches to keep the root zones cool and moist. Avoid pruning in spring when sap is running. This tree is noted for its white bark, which exfoliates in papery strips to reveal an orange-brown inner bark. Mature trees develop black markings on the white bark. Single trunk trees grow to tall with an oval rounded crown. Multi-trunked trees grow shorter with a more irregular crown. The use of the bark for making birch bark canoes is well known. GARDEN USES: Paper birch is an excellent landscape tree that mixes well with evergreens and produces good fall colour. CARPINUS CAROLINIANA BLUE BEECH HEIGHT: 6-10 metres; feet SPREAD: 6-10 metres; feet SUN: Part shade to full shade TOLERATES: Clay soil; full sun; dry conditions medium moisture soil in part shade to full shade. Prefers moist, organically rich soils. Blue Beech is a slow-growing, deciduous, small to medium-sized understory tree with an attractive globular form. The smooth, gray trunk and larger branches of a mature tree exhibit a distinctive muscle-like fluting that has given rise to another common name of musclewood. The dark green leaves often produce respectable shades of yellow, orange and red in fall. The extremely hard wood of this tree will take a horn-like polish and was once used by early Americans to make bowls, tool handles and ox yokes. GARDEN USES: An attractively shaped, low-maintenance understory tree for shady sites. May be grown in lawns or naturalized in woodland areas. Can be used as a hedge or screen. CARYA CORDIFORMIS BITTERNUT HICKORY HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-15 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May to wet TOLERATES: Black Walnut CULTURE: Best grown in humusy, rich, medium to wet, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Best performance occurs in moist soils. Plants are generally intolerant of shade. This tree needs a large space within which to grow. Bitternut Hickory is a deciduous tree that typically grows tall with an irregular, oval-rounded crown. It is native to forested areas (wet bottom lands to some upland dry sites. Leaves turn yellow in fall. Female flowers give way to inedible rounded nuts, but only after the tree reaches about 25 years old. Smooth gray bark develops ridges as it matures. Several species of moth are attracted to the foliage. GARDEN USES: A tall ornamental shade tree for large properties and parks. CARYA GLABRA PIGNUT HICKORY Pignut Hickory HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 8-12 metres; feet to dry WILDLIFE: A variety of birds feed on the many different insects this tree attracts including beetle larvae, moth and butterfly caterpillars, leafhoppers, and aphids. Small mammals ish-green CULTURE: Prefers average to dry soil and will grow in various soil types including loam, sandy loam, and clay-loam. Pignut Hickory is a deciduous tree with a straight trunk and a rounded crown. The compound leaves are alternately arranged and they usually consist of 5 leaflets. Each leaflet is lanceolate to elliptic, finely toothed, and paler underneath. The foliage turns yellow in the fall. The bark is gray, becoming scalier and developing ridges and furrows as it ages. In the spring, flowers appear in the form of catkins (male) and spikes (female). After about 25 years, the tree will also produce husks which open and reveal tan nuts. CARYA LACINIOSA SHELLBARK HICKORY HARDINESS ZONE: 5-8 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to wet WILDLIFE: Birds, especially feed on the many insects this tree attracts. These insects include moth and butterfly caterpillars, beetle larvae, aphids, and plant bugs. Various birds and mammals ranging from squirrels to foxes feed on the nuts. The tree also provides cover and nesting habitat for wildlife. BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish-yellow TOLERATES: Temporary spring flooding CULTURE: Prefers rich, moist, loamy or silty soil. Big Shellbark Hickory is a tall, deciduous tree with a narrow, rounded crown and a straight trunk. The bark is gray and pieces will partially peel away from the trunk making it look shaggy. The leaves are alternate and compound, usually with 5-9 leaflets. Each leaflet has finely serrated margins and the foliage turns yellow in the fall. The male flowers are catkins and the female flowers are spikes. The female flowers are later replaced by husk-encased nuts. CARYA OVATA SHAGBARK HICKORY Shagbark Hickory HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May FRUIT: Edible TOLERATES: Clay soil; Black Walnut CULTURE: Best grown in humusy, rich, moist, well-drained loams in full sun to part shade. This tree needs a very large space within which to grow. Cross-pollination generally produces a more abundant crop of better quality nuts. Shagbark Hickory is a large deciduous tree that typically grows tall with an irregular, oval-rounded crown. Trunks mature to 2-3 in diameter. Leaves turn yellow to golden brown in fall. Female flowers give way to edible oval-rounded nuts. Nuts were an important food source to Native Americans and early settlers, and are commercially sold today. Nuts are attractive to a variety of wildlife. GARDEN USES: A tall ornamental shade tree for large properties. CASTANEA DENTATA AMERICAN CHESTNUT HARDINESS ZONE: 5-8 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to partial sun to dry WILDLIFE: Bees, flies, and beetles are attracted to the flowers of this tree. Plant hoppers, aphids, beetle larvae, and moth caterpillars feed on the foliage and small mammals and larger birds eat the nuts. BLOOM COLOUR: Pale yellow CULTURE: Prefers well-drained sandy or gravelly soils. American Chestnut is a deciduous tree that now has become rare because of the chestnut blight. The leaves are alternate and simple with parallel veins and serrated margins. The bark is smooth and dark brown but develops ridges and deep furrows with age. The pollen flowers are in the form of catkins and the seed flowers which appear alone or in clusters. The seed flowers later develop into nuts enveloped in husks. The nuts are dark to reddish brown in colour. Common Hackberry CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS COMMON HACKBERRY HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts birds and butterflies, clay soil, wet soil, air pollution CULTURE: Best grown in moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates part shade. Also tolerates wind, many urban pollutants and a wide range of soil conditions, including both wet, dry and poor soils. Common Hackberry typically grows tall with upright-arching branching and a rounded spreading crown. Mature gray bark develops corky ridges and warty texture. Female flowers give way to an often abundant fruit crop of round fleshy berry-like drupes maturing to deep purple. Fruits are attractive to a variety of wildlife. Undistinguished yellow fall colour. GARDEN USES: This tree may be used as a lawn tree or street tree. Seeds can pose clean up problems if trees are sited near sidewalks or patios, however. FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA AMERICAN BEECH HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: The nuts are readily consumed by birds and mammals due to their high nutritional value. The tree itself provides nesting habitat for birds and dens for small mammals. Insects such as aphids, beetles, moth caterpillars, and leafhoppers feed on this tree. ish-green TOLERATES: Shade CULTURE: Prefers moist to medium soil that is well-drained. Grows well in loamy soil. American Beech has alternate, narrowly oval leaves with parallel veins and toothed margins. The upper surfaces are shiny and smooth whereas underneath, the leaves are more dull and paler in colour. The bark is thin, smooth, and light gray in colour. The pollen flowers appear in round clusters at the end of slender stalks and the seed flowers occur in clusters as the leaves unfold. The tree later produces bristly husks containing triangular nuts which mature from green to brown. PAGE 10

8 DECIDUOUS TREES GYMNOCLADUS DIOICUS KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: Bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers. Other insects such as moth caterpillars feed on the foliage. However, the seeds and foliage is toxic to most mammals. BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish-white CULTURE: Prefers moist to average loamy soil that is well-drained and has a very high amount of organic matter. Kentucky Coffee Tree has alternate, doubly compound leaves which occur along grayish-brown twigs and branches. Each leaflet is ovate in shape, blue-green, and smooth-margined. The bark is dark gray and scaly. Male and female flowers appear on separate trees and they occur in branched clusters. The female flowers are later replaced by large, slightly flattened seedpods. JUGLANS CINEREA BUTTERNUT HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Birds and small mammals readily consume the seeds which aids in their dispersal. ish-green CULTURE: Prefers moist, well-drained soil that contains a high amount of organic matter. Butternut is a medium-sized tree with an open crown. The leaves are compound and yellowish-green in colour, but turn yellow in the fall. Each leaflet is lanceolate and has a rough upper surface but is paler and hairy underneath. The bark is light gray and becomes ridged and develops fissures with age. The flowers appear as catkins (male) and erect clusters (female). The female flowers are replaced by hairy husks encasing the edible, oval nuts. PAGE 11 JUGLANS NIGRA BLACK WALNUT Block Walnut HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: Small mammals readily feed on the nuts. Various insects such as aphids, moth caterpillars, and beetles feed on this tree. ish-green CULTURE: Prefers moist, well-drained, loamy or sandy soil. Black Walnut is a medium-sized tree with a generally straight trunk and open, round crown. It contains a chemical that kills many other plants living within its rooting zone. The leaves are compound and yellowish-green but turn yellow in the fall. Each leaflet is lanceolate, has a smooth upper surface, and is hairy underneath. The bark is light brown and is scaly, becoming darker and ridged with age. The flowers appear as catkins (male) and erect clusters (female). The female flowers give way to nuts encased in round, slightly hairy, green husks that mature to black. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA TULIP TREE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-15 metres; feet BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Yellow with orange band at petal bases TOLERATES: clay soil, deer, rabbits CULTURE: Best grown in moist, organically rich, well-drained loams in full sun. Tolerates part shade. Tulip tree is a large, stately, deciduous tree that typically grows feet tall with a pyramidal to broad conical habit. Trunks of mature trees may reach 4-6 feet in diameter, usually rising columnlike with an absence of lower branching. It is named and noted for is cup-shaped, tulip-like flowers that bloom in spring. Although the flowers are 2 in length, they can go unnoticed on large trees because the flowers appear after the leaves are fully developed. Native Americans made dugout canoes from tulip tree trunks. NYSSA SYLVATICA BLACK GUM HEIGHT: 9-15 metres; feet SPREAD: 6-9 metres; feet to wet WILDLIFE: Various species of bees visit and pollinate the flowers. Other insects such as aphids, caterpillars and beetles also feed on this tree. Birds readily feed on the fleshy fruit. BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish-white TOLERATES: Short-term flooding CULTURE: Prefers medium to wet soil conditions and grows well in loamy soils. Black Gum is a small tree with a flattopped crown. The leaves are elliptic, alternately arranged, and shiny dark green but much paler underneath. They have smooth margins and turn orange to scarlet in the fall. The bark is gray with thick ridges. The male and female flowers appear in clusters on separate trees. They are later replaced by plum-like fruit that mature to a dark blue. OSTRYA VIRGINIANA IRONWOOD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 6-9 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The seeds, buds and catkins serve as a food source for songbirds, squirrels, pheasants, and grouse. TOLERATES: Deer; drought; clay soil medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Ironwood is a small to medium-sized, understory tree with a generally rounded crown. It features birch-like dark yellowish-green leaves. The flowers are not particularly showy, although the male catkins are present throughout winter. Female catkins are followed by drooping clusters of sac-like, seed-bearing pods which somewhat resemble the fruit of hops. It is commonly called ironwood because of its extremely hard and dense wood. GARDEN USES: Lawn tree, street tree or woodland garden. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS AMERICAN SYCAMORE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to wet FRUIT: Showy; seeds eaten by winter finches BLOOM COLOUR: Red (female), Yellow (male) TOLERATES: Air pollution, deer medium to wet, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates light shade. Sycamore is generally tolerant of most urban pollutants. Sycamore is generally regarded to be the most massive tree indigenous to eastern North America. The signature ornamental feature of this huge tree is its brown bark which exfoliates in irregular pieces to reveal creamy white inner bark. Native Americans hollowed out trunk sections for dugout canoes. Balsam Poplar POPULUS BALSAMIFERA BALSAM POPLAR HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; feet; feet SPREAD: 12 metres - 15 metres; 26 feet; 5-10 feet to part sun to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Buds eaten by small mammals, grouse and ptarmigan. Buds also important source of resin for bees, being used to make propolis. Leaves are food for larvae of various butterflies, including the viceroy (Limenitis archippus) butterfly. TOLERATES: Clay soils; flooding; salt; pollution CULTURE: This extremely tough and adaptable poplar grows easily in all soils with abundant moisture. Keep this poplar at least 12 metres from building foundations since root systems are invasive. It is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. This fast growing, short-lived tree ( years) has a shapely oval form. Its heart shaped leaves, which are dark green throughout the season, turn yellow in the fall. Balsam Poplar owes its name to the great smell of its opening leaf and flower buds in spring, when it perfumes the air with a very characteristic balsam smell. POPULUS DELTOIDES COTTONWOOD HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-18 metres; feet SUN: Full Sun to Wet BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Red (male) & green (female), Air Pollution CULTURE: Prefers consistently moist soils. Develops extensive root system. Large and fast growing tree. Typically found growing along streams, rivers and in lowland areas and swamps. Large-Toothed Aspen POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN HARDINESS ZONE: 1-6 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 6-12 metres; feet WATER: Wet to medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Aspens are important browse for a variety of game animals. The seed, buds and catkins are utilized by many birds. Leaves of Large-toothed Aspen provide food for various butterflies and is a food source for larvae of Viceroy and Eastern Tiger Swallowtail. As this tree becomes older, it often forms cavities that are used as nesting habitat by the Red-Breasted Nuthatch, owls, and woodpeckers, while other birds nest along its branches. TOLERATES: All soils; wet soils CULTURE: While easily grown on a variety of soils, this species prefers moist well-drained conditions, and sandy loam. In some situations, it can spread aggressively by developing clonal trees from underground runners. Large-toothed Aspen is a fast growing tree with a narrow, pyramidal crown when young, which develops into an oval open crown at maturity. It sports a golden-yellow fall colour. POPULUS TREMULOIDES TREMBLING/QUAKING ASPEN HARDINESS ZONE: 1-6 HEIGHT: 6-7 metres; feet SPREAD: 3-9 metres; feet WILDLIFE: Attracts birds CULTURE: Tree thrives in cool northern climates, but will struggle in heat and humidity. Best grown in rich, humusy, consistently moist, well-drained soils in full sun. Most noted for its white bark, deep green foliage, turning golden yellow in fall. 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9 DECIDUOUS TREES PRUNUS PENSYLVANICA PIN CHERRY HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May-June /cream WATER: Dry to moist ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The fruit and buds are food for many species of birds and mammals. Buds are eaten by upland game birds, especially sharp tailed and ruffed grouse. Pin Cherry is also larval host for Columbia Silk Moth. ; deer; rabbits; salt; wind CULTURE: Easily grown in fertile well-drained soils in full sun and medium moisture conditions. The extensive shallow root system provides excellent slope stabilization. Prunus pensylvanica is a small tree with a spreading, branching pattern, forming a rounded crown. The leaves are deep green and lustrous throughout the summer, yellow and red in fall. Small white flowers in clusters of 2 to 5 form umbels, blooming in late spring. Small, red, sour cherries are produced in the summer. Pit and leaves are poisonous (cyanide). PRUNUS SEROTINA BLACK CHERRY HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-18 metres; feet to partial shade WILDLIFE: Attracts many birds, including the Pileated Woodpecker, which forage on the abundant fruit medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Black cherry is one of the largest native cherries, typically growing to feet tall with a narrow-columnar to rounded crown. It is perhaps most noted for its profuse spring bloom, attractive summer foliage and fall colour. Fruits are bitter and inedible fresh off the tree, but can be used to make jams and jellies. Fruits are attractive to wildlife. Native Americans prepared decoctions of the inner bark for cough medicines and tea-like cold remedies. QUERCUS ALBA WHITE OAK White Oak HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun FRUIT: acorns TOLERATES: high levels of air and soil salts CULTURE: White Oak is a slow growing tree which prefers to be sited in full sun in well drained acidic soils. Dislikes being disturbed. White Oak has a stately silhouette all year long. It is one of the best-looking Oaks in the winter due to the light grey, platy bark and open crown. The trunk is straight with main branches well-attached to the tree making this a long-lived, durable tree for large, wide open landscapes. Since trunks can be six feet in diameter, leave plenty of room for this tree. The trunk flares out at the base lifting sidewalks and curbing if planted in lawns less than eight feet wide. The red fall colour is fairly reliable year to year. Brown leaves may hold on till the early part of the winter. GARDEN USES: Specimen tree QUERCUS BICOLOUR SWAMP WHITE OAK HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts birds BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Yellowish Green TOLERATES: Wet soil medium to wet, acidic soil in full sun Leaves are dark, shiny green above and silvery white beneath. Fall colour is yellow, but sometimes reddish purple. GARDEN USES: Shade Tree, Street Tree, Rain Garden QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS HILL S OAK HARDINESS ZONE :4-7 HEIGHT: feet; metres SPREAD: feet; metres FRUIT: Showy BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Yellowish Green acidic, dry to medium moisture, welldrained soils in full sun. Prefers consisten moisture through growing season. Leaves turn non-showy russet red in fall. Tree s acorns are important food source for wildlife. GARDEN USES: Medium shade tree for lawns, streets or parks QUERCUS MACROCARPA BUR OAK HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet FRUIT: Showy BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Yellowish Green, clay soil, dry soil CULTURE: Prefers moist well-drained loams, but adapts to wide range of soil conditions. May take up to 35 years to bear first crop of acorns Leathery, dark leaves with rounded lobes. Fall colour is yellow-brown. Acorns are large. GARDEN USES: Large shade tree for large lawns or parks QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII CHINQUAPIN OAK HARDINESS ZONE: 5-7 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet FRUIT: Showy BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Yellowish Green CULTURE: Primarily grows in dry, rocky soils. May take up to 30 years to bear a first crop of acorns Narrow, shiny green leaves have coarse marginal teeth. Fall colour is shades of yellow and brown. GARDEN USES: Shade Tree QUERCUS PALUSTRIS PIN OAK Pin Oak HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to wet FRUIT: Showy BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Yellowish Green TOLERATES: Wet soil CULTURE: Prefers moist loams. May take up to years to bear first crop of acorns Glossy, dark green leaves typically have 5 bristle-tipped lobes. Leaves turn deep red in fall. GARDEN USES: Shade Tree, Rain Garden QUERCUS PRINOIDES DWARF CHINQUAPIN OAK HEIGHT: metres; 6-15 feet SPREAD: metres; 4-10 feet BLOOM TIME: Apr-May to dry WILDLIFE: Acorns are a primary food for many bird species, including Wood Ducks, Ruffed Grouse, Quail, Wild Turkey, Grackles, Jays, Nuthatches, Thrashers, Titmice, Towhees, and Woodpeckers, poor soils CULTURE: Easily grown in medium well-drained soils in full sun to shade. Can be shaped into single or multiple trunk specimens. It may sucker vigorously. To keep plant contained, prune suckers to the ground. This large shrub/small tree begins producing acorns at 3-4 years of age. It is small enough and attractive enough to put into borders and gardens, where its leaves can turn a blazing orange-red before dropping in autumn Also an excellent plant to create a windbreak or wildlife-friendly thicket. QUERCUS RUBRA RED OAK HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May BLOOM COLOUR: yellowish-green WATER: Dry to Medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Acorns are an important food for squirrels, deer, turkey, mice, voles and other mammals and birds. TOLERATES: Dry soil, Drought, Black Walnut, Air Pollution; Clay soils dry to medium moisture, acidic soil in full sun. Prefers fertile, sandy, finely-textured soils with good drainage. A medium sized, deciduous tree with a rounded to broad-spreading, often irregular crown. Leaves turn brownishred in autumn. Fruits are acorns (with flat, saucer-shaped cups) which mature in early fall. An abundant crop of acorns may not occur before this tree reaches 40 years old. GARDEN USES: Specimen, street tree, lawn tree. Shumard Oak QUERCUS SHUMARDII SHUMARD OAK HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-12 metres; feet FRUIT: acorn striated with black and brown lines ; Dry soil; Air pollution dry to medium moisture, acidic, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions including wet soils. Shumard Oak is a medium sized, deciduous tree of the Red Oak group, pyramidal in youth but spreading to a broad open crown with age. Shiny, dark green leaves change to late fall colour of russet to orangered. Fruits are acorns which are usually not produced until the tree has reached the age of 25 years. GARDEN USES: Shade Tree, Street Tree QUERCUS VELUTINA BLACK OAK HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May, brown, green SUN: Sun to part shade WATER: Dry to moist ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Black Oak acorns provide food for numerous wildlife species including squirrels, mice, voles, white-tailed deer, and wild turkey. Trunk cavities have been known to be nesting sites for Northern Black Flicker TOLERATES: sandy soil; clay soil; dry soil CULTURE: Black Oak is fairly easily grown in a range of soils from dry and sandy to moist, rich acidic soils. Black Oak reaches ft. in height with a variable spread that is often quite irregular. Catkins appear just before or with the appearance of new leaves. Thick, glossy, pointed-lobed black oak leaves often turn orange or red in the fall. GARDEN USES: Shade tree for large areas PAGE 13 PAGE 14

10 DECIDUOUS TREES Peachleaf WIllow SALIX AMYGDALOIDES PEACHLEAF WILLOW HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May to June WATER: Moist to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Catkins are early season food source for birds and mammals. TOLERATES: Temporary flooding CULTURE: Peachleaf Willow is easily grown in full to partial sun, wet to moist conditions, and soil that is loamy, silty, or slightly sandy. This tree is fastgrowing, but short-lived. Peach-Leaf Willow is a medium-sized, multi-trunked tree, with fine-textured, slightly weeping, branching orangeyellow twigs. Catkins appear before leaf emergence. The narrow, yellow-green foliage has insignificant fall colour. The tenacious root system of this tree makes it very useful for preventing soil erosion along the banks of rivers. Both common and scientific names refer to the leaf shape, which suggests that of a peach leaf. SALIX NIGRA BLACK WILLOW HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 4-6 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May WATER: Moist to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The bark, tender twigs and buds are food for browsers such as deer, rabbits and beaver. Early season harvest for songbirds, waterfowl and small mammals. TOLERATES: Salt; shade; standing water CULTURE: Due to its shallow root system, Black Willow is best planted where it will receive constant moisture. It can be subjected to regular and permanent inundation, and is tolerant of low to moderate amounts of salt. Salix nigra is a fast-growing tree with an open crown, often with several trunks growing out at angles from one root. The bark is deeply furrowed. Large trees are valuable in binding soil banks, thus preventing soil erosion and flood damage. GARDEN USES: Naturalizing SASSAFRAS ALBIDUM SASSAFRAS Sassafras HEIGHT: 9-18 metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Birds attracted to fruit; leaves larval food for swallowtail butterflies TOLERATES: Deer; drought; sandy soil; clay soil CULTURE: Sassafras appreciates shade and grows well in deep woods. It needs adequate moisture and shelter (protect from drying winds). It is not particular as to soil type, but has a definite preference for acidic soils, and is subject to yellowing of the leaves in alkaline soils. Large taproot makes transplanting of established trees difficult. If root suckers are not removed, tree will spread and begin to take on the appearance of a large multistemmed shrub. It is quite intolerant of urban pollution. Sassafras is an ornamental, deciduous tree, shrubby in youth, but maturing to a dense, pyramidal tree. Mitten shaped leaves turn excellent yellow, purple and red fall colours. The furrowed brick red bark adds an interesting dimension to the landscape. STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA BLADDERNUT Bladdernut HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April to May SUN: Part shade to full shade ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Great pollinator plant as bees and butterflies (i.e.: Tiger swallowtail) relish this mid-season source of nectar. ; heavy shade; clay soil, dry soil, shallow-rocky soil dry to medium, well-drained soils in part shade to full shade. Bladdernut is a fast-growing, suckering, large shrub that establishes dense colonies. Compound, three parted, dark green leaves and white, bell-shaped flowers in drooping clusters appear in spring. Flowers give way to inflated, bladder-like, papery seed capsules which mature in late summer and persist into winter. GARDEN USES: Native plant gardens, naturalized areas, shade gardens or woodland areas American Basswood TILIA AMERICANA AMERICAN BASSWOOD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June BLOOM COLOUR: pale yellow ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Flowers are fragrant and attractive to insects, especially bees. Seeds provide food for small mammals. Easily decayed wood provides many cavities used by cavity-nesting birds and mammals. ; clay soil medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Tolerates some drought. Prefers moist, fertile, well-drained loams. Generally intolerant of air pollution and urban conditions. American Basswood is noted for its fragrant pale yellow flowers in late spring, small nutlets with attached leafy wings and large dark green leaves. It is a medium to large deciduous tree with a rounded crown. Fall colour is unremarkable. Winter twigs and buds are red. GARDEN USES: Specimen tree; street tree ULMUS AMERICANA AMERICAN ELM American Elm HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March-April BLOOM COLOUR: Reddish-green ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Flower bud, flower, and seeds are eaten by small mammals and birds. Larval host for Mourning Cloak, Columbia Silkmoth, Question Mark butterfly, Painted Lady butterfly and Comma butterfly. ; Black walnut; air pollution CULTURE: Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Prefers rich, moist loams. Adapts to both wet and dry sites. American Elm is a medium to large deciduous tree with a vase-shaped, broad-rounded crown. Insignificant small green flowers appear in spring before the foliage emerges. Seeds mature in April-May as the leaves reach full size. Leaves typically turn an undistinguished yellow in fall. GARDEN USES: May be used as a lawn, shade or street tree. Susceptible to elm diseases. ULMUS RUBRA SLIPPERY ELM HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 9-15 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March to April BLOOM COLOUR: Reddish-green ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Seeds of Slippery Elm are eaten by birds and small mammals. Larval host for Question Mark butterfly, Mourning Cloak and Columbia Silkmoth. ; air pollution CULTURE: Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of light shade. Prefers rich, moist loams. Adapts to both wet and dry sites. Slippery elm is a medium sized, coarse-textured, deciduous tree with a vase-shaped to broad-rounded crown. It is distinguished by its downy twigs, red-hairy buds (particularly noticeable in winter) and slimy red inner bark. Leaves often emerge with a red tinge. Leaves typically turn an undistinguished dull yellow in the fall. GARDEN USES: Native landscaping; Susceptible to elm diseases. ULMUS THOMASII ROCK/CORK ELM HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 6-9 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March - April BLOOM COLOUR: Green-brown ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The seeds and buds of rock elm are eaten by deer, rabbits, squirrels, and a variety of birds. Larval host for Mourning Cloak butterfly and Columbia butterfly. TOLERATES: Compacted soils; nutrient poor soils CULTURE: Rock elm prefers a deep fertile moist soil in full sun, but can be grown in any soil of moderate quality so long as it is well drained. Rock elm, often called cork elm because of the irregular thick corky wings on older branches, is a medium-sized to large tree with a straight trunk that branches high into an oval crown. It is a relatively fast grower, putting on feet of growth in 5 years. On good sites, rock elm may reach 30 metres (100 feet) and 300 years of age. The fall colour is yellow. GARDEN USES: Native landscapes PAGE 15 PAGE 16

11 CONIFERS & EVERGREEN TREES - SHRUBS & SMALL TREES CONIFERS & EVERGREEN TREES ABIES BALSAMEA BALSAM FIR Balsam Fir HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Various species rely on Balsam Fir as a food source and for shelter. Small mammals such as squirrels and mice feed on the seeds. The wood of this tree can also be used by beavers to build their dams. CULTURE: Prefers moist soil that is rich and well-drained. Cold climates are ideal. Balsam Fir is a pyramidal-shaped evergreen that is commonly used as a Christmas tree. The needles are smooth, flat and dark green with blunt tips. The foliage is very aromatic. The bark is dull green to gray in colour and smooth with blisters that contain resin (balsam). The branches are whorled and the bark becomes scalier as it matures. Balsam Fir tends to start producing cones after 20 to 30 years. They are a dark purplish colour but mature to brown and stand erect on the branches. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA RED CEDAR HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: 9-20 metres; feet SPREAD: metres; 8-25 feet WILDLIFE: Various species of insect larvae, butterfly and moth caterpillars, flies, and beetles feed on this tree. Birds and certain mammals feed on the fruit and the trees provide excellent nesting habitat for a variety of songbirds, hawks and owls. CULTURE: Prefers moist to dry, well-drained soils. Grows well in low-nutrient soil that contains rocks, sand, clay, or gravel. Red Cedar is a relatively small evergreen tree with a conical to columnar form and a tapering trunk. The bark is reddish brown and separates into thin shreds. The tree has both awl-shaped (on younger trees) and scale-shaped leaves (on older trees). Both are dark bluish-green in colour but become yellowish brown in the winter. Pollen cones and seed cones develop on separate trees. The seed cones are berry-like and mature from green to blue with a whitish powder coating. LARIX LARICINA TAMARACK HARDINESS ZONE: 2-5 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Various insects and animals feed on this tree including porcupines which feed on the bark and can cause damage to the tree. The tree provides cover and good nesting habitat for birds and other wildlife. CULTURE: Prefers moist, well-drained, light soils and a cold environment. Tamarack is a small to medium-sized tree with an often straight trunk and a narrow, conical crown. Its bark is initially smooth, gray and thin but becomes reddish-brown and scaly with age. The bluish-green, slender needles appear in dense clusters along the branches from short shoots. The cones are ovoid with short bracts and they mature to brown during late summer. PICEA GLAUCA WHITE SPRUCE HARDINESS ZONE: 2-6 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 3-6 metres; feet TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: Best grown in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Does well in silt or clay soils. Best performance is in cold winter climates with cool summers. Picea glauca is often shallow- rooted and susceptible to being blown over, especially on thin or wet soils. Large areas of blown down spruce are prime breeding sites for the spruce beetle, which can then spread to mature trees and kill thousands of hectares of old-growth spruce. GARDEN USES: Specimen tree, windbreak or screen. PICEA PUNGENS COLORADO SPRUCE HARDINESS ZONE: 2-7 HEIGHT: 9-18 metres; feet SPREAD: 3-6 metres; feet TOLERATES: Rabbit, Deer, Drought, Air Pollution acidic, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Prefers cool climates and will struggle in the heat. Is a medium to large, narrow, pyramidal conifer with horizontal branching to the ground. Stiff, bristly, four-angled, green to blue-green to silver-blue needles point outward from the branches in all directions. GARDEN USES: Landscape specimen. THUJA OCCIDENTALIS EASTERN WHITE PINE HARDINESS ZONE: 2 to 7 HEIGHT: feet; metres SPREAD: feet; metres ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Shelter and browse for white-tailed deer and small mammals such as snowshoe hare, porcupine and red squirrel TOLERATES: Clay soil; Black walnut; air pollution CULTURE: Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Somewhat wide range of soil tolerance, but prefers moist, neutral to alkaline, well-drained loams. Intolerant of dry conditions. Best in full sun, but generally appreciates some light afternoon shade. Avoid full shade. Avoid exposed, windy sites. Thuja occidentalis is a dense, conical to narrow-pyramidal, often single-trunked, evergreen tree. Scale-like, aromatic, yellow-green to green foliage appears in flattened sprays. Red-brown bark will exfoliate on mature branches and trunks. GARDEN USES: Screens and hedges Eastern White Cedar TSUGA CANADENSIS EASTERN HEMLOCK HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part shade to full shade ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Older trees provide nesting places and cavities for many birds and small mammals. The small, winged seeds are an important food for finches and chickadees. Snowshoe hare and white-tail deer browse the twigs and foliage in winter. TOLERATES: Black walnut; deer; heavy shade medium moisture, well-drained soils in part shade to full shade. Best sited in part shade in sheltered locations protected from strong drying winds and hot afternoon sun. Intolerant of drought and should be watered regularly in prolonged dry spells, particularly when plants are young. This plant appreciates a thick winter mulch. Tsuga canadensis is a dense, pyramidal conifer with flat sprays of lacy evergreen foliage which give this tree a graceful form. GARDEN USES: Evergreen conifer for shady areas of the landscape. Lawn specimen. Screen. Eastern Hemlock SHRUBS & SMALL TREES ALNUS RUGOSA SPECKLED ALDER Speckled Alder HARDINESS ZONE: 2-6 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to wet WILDLIFE: Speckled Alder is both a food source for birds and provides excellent cover for deer and small mammals. Birds will feed on the seeds and buds of this plant. It can also be used for beaver dams. BLOOM COLOUR: Green (female), Reddish-brown (male) CULTURE: Prefers moist to wet soils. Cooler climates are ideal and it will grow in various soil types. Speckled Alder is more of a large shrub, although it can grow to become more tree-like with an open crown. It has oval, alternate leaves with serrated margins and the bark is smooth, reddish brown with light-coloured horizontal lenticels (pores). The plant produces male and female catkins, the latter of which gives way to cones. The cones are brown at maturity and contain seeds. GARDEN USES: Along river banks, erosion control PAGE 17 PAGE 18

12 SHRUBS & SMALL TREES AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA SASKATOON BERRY HARDINESS ZONE: 3-10 HEIGHT: metres; 5-15 feet SPREAD: metres; 5-15 feet BLOOM TIME: April-May /cream ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries provide food for mammals and birds, and the dense growth provides both shelter and browse for various mammals. The spring pollen and nectar are an important source for bees and other insects. ; salt medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Root suckers are common, and if not removed, will result in a shrubby growth habit, forming a multiple-trunk grove. This handsome shrub has outstanding blue-green foliage, delicate 2 flower clusters and brilliant red and yellow fall colour. The pea size, purple fruits make fantastic pies and preserves. GARDEN USES: Shrub borders, woodland gardens, naturalized areas; along stream banks and ponds. AMELANCHIER ARBOREA DOWNY SERVICEBERRY HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March to April ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries provide food for mammals and birds, and the dense growth provides both shelter and browse for various mammals. The leaves are food for the larvae of several species of butterflies and moths. TOLERATES: Clay soil; air pollution medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Root suckers are common, and if not removed, will result in a shrubby growth habit. Downy serviceberry is a deciduous, early-flowering, large shrub or small tree with showy white flowers in early spring. Flowers become berries which turn red and mature to dark purplishblack edible fruit in early summer. The finely-toothed leaves exhibit good fall colour. GARDEN USES: Shrub borders; woodland or native plant gardens; stream banks and ponds. AMELANCHIER HUMILIS LOW SERVICEBERRY HEIGHT: metres; 3-8 feet SPREAD: metres; 5-12 feet BLOOM TIME: April-May /cream ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries provide food for mammals and birds, and the dense growth provides both shelter and browse for various mammals. The spring pollen and nectar are an important source of food for bees and other insects. Leaves provide food for the larvae of several species of butterflies and moths. TOLERATES: Salt; clay soils CULTURE: Performs best in rich loamy soil in a sunny position but thrives in any soil that is not too dry or water-logged. Grows well in calcium-rich soils. Spreads by runners, forming clumps. Amelanchier humilis is a long-lived low, straggling or arching shrub. Young leaves emerge coppery-red, turning to medium green. Loose, nodding spikes of white, sometimes pinkish, flowers are followed by dark-purple berries. Leaves turn a brilliant yellow to red in the fall. AMELANCHIER LAEVIS SMOOTH SERVICEBERRY HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries provide food for mammals and birds, and the dense growth provides both shelter and browse for various mammals. The spring pollen and nectar are an important source of food for bees and other insects. Leaves provide food for the larvae of several species of butterflies and moths. TOLERATES: Air pollution; Black Walnut medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Smooth serviceberry is a small multitrunked understory tree featuring showy, slightly fragrant, white flowers in drooping clusters in early spring. Flowers give way to small, round, edible berries which ripen to dark purplishblack in June. Finely-toothed leaves emerge with a bronzish-purple tinge in spring, maturing to lustrous dark green in summer and turning red-orange in fall. AMELANCHIER SANGUINEA ROUND-LEAVED SERVICEBERRY HEIGHT: 2-3 metres; ; 6-8 feet SPREAD: metres; 4-6 feet BLOOM TIME: May-June to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries provide food for mammals and birds, and the dense growth provides both shelter and browse for various mammals. The spring pollen and nectar are an important source of food for bees and other insects. Leaves provide food for the larvae of several species of butterflies and moths. TOLERATES: Salt; clay soil; dry soil CULTURE: Prefers a rich loamy soil in a sunny position or semi-shade, but thrives in any soil that is not water-logged. Round-leaved Serviceberry is a deciduous, early-flowering, large shrub or small tree with showy, fragrant, white spring flowers. Summer fruits resemble miniature apples and are reddish to purple when mature. ARONIA MELANOCARPA BLACK CHOKEBERRY HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-6 feet BLOOM TIME: May with pink anthers to part shad medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Best fruit production occurs in full sun. Spreads by root suckers to form colonies. Black Chokeberry is an open, upright, spreading deciduous shrub featuring clusters of white flowers in spring which are followed by blackish purple, blueberry-sized fruits. Lustrous, dark green foliage turns an attractive purplish red in autumn. Although technically edible, the fruits are extremely tart and bitter, and are not recommended for eating off the bush, but may be used for making tasty jams and jellies. GARDEN USES: Group or mass in shrub borders, small gardens or open woodland areas. Ability to withstand wet conditions makes it suitable for growing on the margins of ponds or streams. Excellent addition to naturalized areas. BETULA PUMILA DWARF BIRCH Dwarf Birch HARDINESS ZONE: 2-7 HEIGHT: feet; 1-4 metres SPREAD: Up to 10 feet; 3 metres WILDLIFE: The flowers attract various species of bees and butterflies. CULTURE: Prefers moist conditions and grows very well in more fine textured soils. Dwarf Birch is a deciduous shrub with simple, alternately arranged leaves. The leaves tend to be obovate in shape, are paler underneath, and have serrated margins. The flowers appear in the form of catkins. They later give way to clusters of fruit that are cylindrical and erect. CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS NEW JERSEY TEA HEIGHT: 3-4 feet SPREAD: 3-5 feet FLOWERS: Showy, fragrant flowers WILDLIFE: Attracts Hummingbirds & Butterflies TOLERATES: Dry soil, shallow, rocky soil, drought dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Best in sandy loams or rocky soils with good drainage. Thick, woody, red roots go deep and help plant withstand droughty conditions, but make established shrubs difficult to transplant. New Jersey Tea is a compact, dense, rounded shrub which typically grows 2-3 feet tall. Cylindrical clusters of tiny, fragrant, white flowers appear on long stalks at the stem ends or upper leaf axils in late spring. Young twigs are noticeably yellow and stand out in winter. Dried leaves were used as a tea substitute, albeit without caffeine, in American Revolutionary War times, hence the common name. Can be used as a cut flower. CELTIS TENUIFOLIA DWARF HACKBERRY HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: 2-6 metres; 7-20 feet SPREAD: metres; 5-15 feet BLOOM TIME: May to light shade ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Birds and mammals are attracted by the sweet fruit and play a role in local dispersal. Several moth and butterfly species favour Dwarf Hackberry as a host. Many insects, including a rare, recently discovered beetle rely on the Dwarf Hackberry for survival. ; dry gravel and sandy soil CULTURE: Succeeds in any reasonably good soil, preferring a good fertile well-drained loamy soil. Slow growing. Celtis tenuifolia is a shrub or small tree characterized by its irregular to asymmetrical shape and dense, compact branching pattern. The bark begins as gray and smooth and develops small knobs as it matures. It is readily distinguished by its small, orangish fruit and thick, leathery leaves. This uncommon species is considered threatened in Ontario and is protected by the Ontario Endangered Species Act. CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS BUTTONBUSH HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: metres; 5-12 feet SPREAD: metres; 4-8 feet to wet WILDLIFE: Buttonbush is a good food source and provides excellent cover for wildlife. The flowers attract butterflies, bees, and skippers. Waterfowl will feed on the seeds. TOLERATES: Flooding CULTURE: Prefers wet to moist soil that is fertile and consists of lots of organic material. Buttonbush is a common plant that ranges in size from a medium sized shrub to a small tree. The leaves are opposite or whorled, simple, and lance-shaped. The branches are initially green to red in colour but become woody and brown as they mature. Buttonbush produces spherical flower heads with projecting styles. The densely arranged flowers are pleasantly fragrant. The flowers give way to globular fruit that contain nutlets. GARDEN USES: Pond edges, water gardens CERCIS CANADENSIS REDBUD HEIGHT: 6-9 metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part sun WILDLIFE: Various bee species are the primary pollinators of the flowers of this plant. Moth and butterfly caterpillars, leafhoppers, and other insects feed on the foliage. BLOOM COLOUR: Pink TOLERATES: Shade CULTURE: Prefers moist to slightly dry soil. It grows well in loam, clay loam, or soil that contains rocky material. Redbud has heart-shaped, alternate leaves that are paler underneath. The bark is smooth and grey with some reddish colour but as it matures, it becomes scalier and reddish-brown. After about 5 years, pink flowers appear in the spring in clusters along the trunk and branches. They are similar in shape to pea flowers. The flowers are later replaced by flat, bean-like seedpods which contain seeds each. PAGE 19 PAGE 20

13 SHRUBS & SMALL TREES CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA ALTERNATIVE-LEAVED DOGWOOD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part sun WILDLIFE: Various bees, butterflies, and flies are attracted to the flower. Caterpillars, beetles, and aphids feed on the foliage. The berries are readily eaten by birds and small mammals. /Cream TOLERATES: Full sun, light shade CULTURE: Prefers moist, well-drained, deep soils. It grows well in loamy soil. Alternate-Leaved Dogwood is a shrub with alternate, ovate leaves that are paler underneath. The foliage turns red in the fall. The thin bark is reddish brown and smooth, but as it matures it develops ridges. The flowers this plant produces appear in flat-topped clusters. The flowers later give way to berries that are blue-black in colour on red stalks. CORNUS AMOMUM SILKY DOGWOOD HARDINESS ZONE: 5-8 HEIGHT: metres; 6-12 feet SPREAD: metres; 6-12 feet to wet WILDLIFE: Birds and small mammals feed on the berries. Bees, flies, and butterflies are attracted to the flowers. /Cream CULTURE: Prefers medium to wet, well-drained soil that contains organic material. Silky Dogwood has opposite, oval leaves that are paler underneath. The bark of this plant is initially reddish purple but it matures to brown and develops a rougher texture. The flowers appear in flat-topped clusters in May to June and they later give way to berry-like fruit. The fruit matures from white to blue. CORNUS DRUMMONDII ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD HARDINESS ZONE: 5-8 HEIGHT: metres; 6-15 feet SPREAD: metres; 6-15 feet SUN: Part sun WILDLIFE: Bees, butterflies, skippers, and wasps visit the flowers of this plant. Waterfowl and many other birds readily feed on the fruit. Squirrels, deer, and other mammals also feed on the fruit. Insects such as moth caterpillars and beetles feed on the foliage. PAGE 21 CULTURE: Prefers moist to slightly dry soil. It will grow in a wide range of soils including loamy or rocky soil, or clay loam. Rough-Leaved Dogwood has oppositely arranged elliptic-obovate leaves that have a rough upper surface but are slightly hairy underneath. In the fall the foliage turns from purple to red in colour. Twigs are reddish brown and slightly hairy. The bark of this plant is scaly and grey. The small flowers appear in clusters and later give way to white drupes in late summer to early fall. CORNUS FLORIDA FLOWERING DOGWOOD HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part shade to full sun WILDLIFE: Flowering Dogwood is very ecologically important. Bees and flies are attracted to the flowers. Many birds and mammals such as squirrels, deer, and chipmunks readily feed on the fruit., some pink tinted CULTURE: Prefers moist to slightly dry, well-drained soil. It will grow in various soil types including rich loam as well as more sandy and rocky soil. Flowering Dogwood is deciduous and ranges from shrub to small tree in stature. Ovate to elliptic, opposite leaves occur along smooth, slightly pubescent branches. The bark of the trunk is rough, reddish brown to grey, and scaly. The flowers are small and appear in clusters, surrounded by 4 large, petal-like bracts. In late summer to early fall, the flowers give way to ovoid, shiny red fruit. Gray Dogwood CORNUS RACEMOSA GRAY DOGWOOD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Butterflies, bees, wasps, and flies are attracted to the flowers. Other insects such as aphids, plant bugs, and caterpillars feed on the foliage. The fruits are readily consumed by various birds and mammals. /Cream CULTURE: Prefers wet to average soil moisture and grows well in soil containing a high level of organic matter. Gray Dogwood is a deciduous shrub that commonly forms thickets. The opposite, elliptic leaves occur along smooth, gray to light brown branchlets. The flowers appear in clusters and are small and ill-scented. They are later replaced by round, white fruit that develop on bright red stalks during late summer. The foliage turns from red to purple in the fall. CORNUS RUGOSA ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD HEIGHT: metres; 3-10 feet SPREAD: metres; 6-12 feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: Birds and certain mammals such as deer and squirrels readily feed on the fruit. Bees and butterflies are attracted to the flowers. CULTURE: Prefers mesic conditions and grows well in sandy, rocky or gravelly soil. Round-Leaved Dogwood has opposite, nearly round leaves that are pointed at the tips. They have a rougher upper surface and are hairy underneath. The leaves occur along warty branchlets that are yellow-green in colour and are usually marked with reddish-brown. As the stems age, they become purplish. The flowers appear in dense flat-topped clusters and later give way to greenishwhite to blue, round fruit. CORNUS STOLONIFERA RED OSIER DOGWOOD HEIGHT: metres; 6-9 feet SPREAD: metres; 8-12 feet WILDLIFE: Butterflies, bees, wasps, and flies are attracted to the flowers. Plant bugs, aphids, beetles, and caterpillars feed on the foliage and other plant parts. The fruit are very attractive to waterfowl, birds, and certain mammals such as deer and squirrels. This type of dogwood is also used by beavers for building their dams. CULTURE: Prefers moist, loamy or fine textured soil. Red Osier Dogwood is an attractive shrub with opposite, lanceolate-ovate leaves that occur along smooth, reddish stems. Immature branchlets are green and pubescent. The small flowers appear in flat-topped clusters and later give way to round, white to bluish, fleshy fruit in late summer to early fall. CORYLUS AMERICANA AMERICAN HAZELNUT HEIGHT: 3-5 metres; feet SPREAD: metres; 8-13 feet BLOOM TIME: March-April to moist ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Seeds and catkins are eaten by many birds and small mammals. The leaves, twigs, and catkins are browse and the dense, low growth provides cover and nesting sites for many wildlife species. The male catkins are a winter food for turkey and ruffed grouse. TOLERATES: Clay soil medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prompt removal of root suckers will help maintain plant appearance, and, if desired, help prevent thicket formation. American hazelnut is a deciduous multistemmed shrub with showy male catkins (flowers) and inconspicuous female catkins in early spring. Female flowers give way to small, egg-shaped, edible nuts (maturing July-August) which are encased in leafy, husk-like, ragged-edged bracts. Fall colour is quite variable. DIERVILLA LONICERA BUSH HONEYSUCKLE HEIGHT: metres; 3-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-5 feet BLOOM TIME: June-August with shades of red, orange or purple WATER: Moist to dry WILDLIFE: Hummingbirds; seed-eating birds TOLERATES: Poor, rocky or sandy soils; urban pollution CULTURE: Bush Honeysuckle is an easily grown shrub that prefers a full sun to partial shade location and fertile, well-drained soil. Prune in early spring to shape bush, or cut back hard to rejuvenate. Bush Honeysuckle is a small, mound-shaped, deciduous shrub growing to 3 ft. Exfoliating bark reveals orange inner bark. Dark-green leaves change from yellow to red in autumn. Small, bell-shaped flowers are yellowgreen at first, becoming orange or purplish-red. GARDEN USES: Bush Honeysuckle is a great shrub for those difficult dry, shaded areas. Also excellent for massing and erosion control. HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA WITCH-HAZEL HEIGHT: 5-6 metres; feet SPREAD: 5-6 metres; feet SUN: Part shade to partial sun WILDLIFE: Various species of flies and beetles are attracted to the flowers. Birds and small mammals feed on the seeds. CULTURE: Prefers average moisture, well-drained, sandy or loamy soil. Grows well in soil with high amounts of organic matter. Witch-Hazel has multiple, leaning trunks and takes the form of either an erect shrub or a shrubby tree. It has alternate, oval-shaped leaves with serrated margins and they are paler underneath. The foliage turns yellow in the fall. The bark is light brown and ranges from smooth to scaly. The bright yellow flowers appear in clusters and some later give way to hairy, 2-celled seed capsules that take a year to mature. The capsules eventually explode and eject the black seeds they contain. ILEX VERTICILLATA WINTERBERRY HOLLY HEIGHT: metres; 3-12 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-12 feet BLOOM TIME: June-July BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish white to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries are devoured by 49 species of birds, including songbirds, winter waterfowl, and game birds. Small mammals enjoy the fruits and seeds as well. TOLERATES: Wet soil, clay soil, air pollution acidic, medium to wet soils. Good tolerance for poorly drained soils. Only fertilized flowers on female plants will produce the attractive red berries that are the signature of the species. Generally one male winterberry will be sufficient for pollinating 6-10 female plants. Prune to shape in early spring just before new growth appears. Ilex verticillata is a slow-growing, deciduous shrub with an uprightrounded habit. In the wild, it often suckers to form large thickets or colonies. Its berries are quite showy and will persist throughout the winter. LINDERA BENZOIN SPICEBUSH HEIGHT: metres; 6-12 feet SPREAD: metres; 6-12 feet WILDLIFE: Bees and flies visit and pollinate the flowers. Birds will feed on the fruit and butterfly caterpillars feed on the foliage. BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish-yellow CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture, well-drained soil. Spicebush is a medium-sized shrub with foliage that gives off a pleasant, spicy scent when crushed or bruised. The leaves are oblong-ovate in shape, alternately arranged, and turn yellow in the fall. The bark is gray-brown and becomes rougher with age. The small flowers appear in clusters before the leaves appear in the spring and they later give way to berry-like fruit. The drupes are bright red, shiny, and smooth. LONICERA CANADENSIS AMERICAN FLY HONEYSUCKLE HEIGHT: 1-2 metres; 3-7 feet SPREAD: 1-2 metres; 3-7 feet BLOOM TIME: April - July BLOOM COLOUR: greenish-yellow SUN: Part shade to full sun WATER: Moist to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The nectar is attractive to the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. The fruit is eaten by various fruit-feeding birds including the Robin and Cardinal. CULTURE: Easily grown in average soils in light shade to full sun. It prefers cool woods and consistently moist soil but will tolerate drier soils. American Fly Honeysuckle is a native perennial shrub that grows to about 2 meters in height. It is loosely branched with slender twigs and spreads slowly. From April-July it flowers with fragrant greenish-yellow blooms which are arranged in groups of two at the end of a long stem. The fruit is a fleshy red berry. GARDEN USE: Mixed border PAGE 22

14 SHRUBS & SMALL TREES MALUS CORONARIA WILD CRABAPPLE Wild Crabapple HARDINESS ZONE: 4-7 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 3-7 metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: Bees and butterflies visit and pollinate the showy flowers. Various insects feed on the tree including beetles and moth and butterfly caterpillars. BLOOM COLOUR: Pink and white CULTURE: Prefers moist to average, loamy soil. Wild Crabapple is a small tree with an irregular crown. The trunk tends to be crooked and its bark is reddish brown and scaly. The leaves are triangular, alternate, and have coarsely serrated margins. During the spring, the attractive, fragrant flowers appear in small clusters. They are later replaced by green, hard fruit that become more yellow as they mature. The fruit is edible but sour-tasting. PHYSOCARPUS OPULIFOLIUS NINEBARK HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; 5-8 feet SPREAD: metres; 4-6 feet BLOOM TIME: May-June BLOOM COLOUR: Pink, white FRUIT: Clusters of reddish fruit in fall TOLERATES: Clay soil, dry soil, shallow, rocky soil, drought, Black Walnut dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerates harsh conditions and wide range of soil conditions. Prune as needed immediately after bloom. Plants may be cut to the ground in late winter to rejuvenate. Ninebark is an upright, spreading, deciduous shrub noted for its exfoliating bark (on mature branches) which peels in strips to reveal several layers of reddish to light brown inner bark. Small pink or white flowers give way to drooping clusters of reddish fruit (inflated seed capsule) in the fall. GARDEN USES: Mass in shrub borders. Native plant garden. POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL HARDINESS ZONE: 2-7 HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-4 feet BLOOM TIME: July-September to light shade CULTURE: Shrubby Cinquefoil grows easily in moist, well-drained soils, but will perform well in poor sites as well, growing slowly to 3 feet tall and 4 feet wide. Prune each year after bloom to keep plants compact, cutting to the ground every few years as dormancy is ending in late winter. Its manageable size, long bloom season and adaptability to many soil types makes this semi-evergreen one of the more popular deciduous shrubs. From summer to fall, branches are covered with 1-inch single yellow flowers on somewhat stiff branches GARDEN USES: Medium size informal hedge; Mass plantings and borders PRUNUS AMERICANA AMERICAN PLUM HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Highly important as wildlife cover and food. The thorny, suckering growth forms a thicket valuable for bird nesting. ; dry soil dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Remove suckers to prevent unwanted spread. American Plum is a small, deciduous, single trunk tree or multi-stemmed shrub with a broad, spreading crown. As a shrub, it suckers freely and can form large colonies. Clusters of white flowers appear before the foliage. Flowers are followed by edible, round, red plums with bright yellow pulp which ripen in early summer. Leaves turn yellow to red in autumn. GARDEN USES: Specimen, shrub border, hedgerow or screen PRUNUS VIRGINIANA CHOKECHERRY HARDINESS ZONE: 2-7 HEIGHT: 6-9 metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April to May WILDLIFE: Attracts birds and butterflies TOLERATES: Dry shallow, rocky soil, drought CULTURE: Grow in average, dry to medium, well-drained loams in full sun to part shade. Best flowering in full sun. Plants will sucker to form colonies in the wild. Promptly remove suckers to prevent any unwanted spread. Chokecherry is a small deciduous tree with a regular, oval-rounded crown. It may also be found in shorter heights as a large shrub. Fragrant white flowers give way to clusters of globular berries that ripen to dark purple/black in August. Fruits are technically edible, but are astringent (hence the common name) and should not be eaten off the tree. Fruits can be harvested for processing into jams, jellies, pies and sauces. GARDEN USES: Shrub borders, open woodland gardens or native plant areas. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA HOPTREE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish white SUN: Part shade to full sun ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Larval host for Eastern Tiger Swallowtail and Giant Swallowtail. ; dry soil; shallow, rocky soil; full sun; deer dry to medium, well-drained soils in part shade to full shade. Hop Tree is a dense, rounded, deciduous shrub or small tree which features compound, trifoliate, shiny, dark green leaves which turn greenish yellow in autumn. Terminal clusters of tiny white flowers appear in late spring, giving way to pendulous seed clusters, each seed being encased in a thin, circular, winged disc. Seeds mature to brown in late summer and persist through most of the winter. GARDEN USES: Specimen; large, informal hedge or screen. RHUS AROMATICA FRAGRANT SUMAC Fragrant Sumac HEIGHT: metres; 2-6 feet SPREAD: 2-3 metres; 6-10 feet BLOOM TIME: April - May ish WATER: Dry to Medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Thickets of fragrant sumac provide cover for many species of birds and small mammals. The fruit is an important winter food. TOLERATES: Rabbit, Drought, Erosion, Clay Soil, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil CULTURE: Grows easily in average, dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Tolerant of wide range of soils except those that are poorly drained. Fragrant Sumac is a gorgeous medium sized shrub with many attractive features, such as glossy green leaves, rich red leaves in fall and red berries. GARDEN USES: Good for stabilizing embankments or as a ground cover. Good for hard-to-cover areas with poorer soils. RHUS COPALLINA WINGED/SHINING SUMAC HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June to August BLOOM COLOUR: Creamy white WATER: Dry to moist ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries attractive to wildlife TOLERATES: Air pollution; poor drainage; compacted soil; drought; rabbits CULTURE: Easily grown shrub/small tree adaptable to both dry and moist growing conditions, as long as there is no standing water. Not particular as to soil type of ph. Best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. This species is valued for ornamental planting because of its lustrous dark green foliage which turns a brilliant orange-red in fall. The tiny, creamy white flowers are followed by showy red clusters of berries which persist into the winter. GARDEN USES: Container or aboveground planter; buffer strips; specimen RHUS TYPHINA STAGHORN SUMAC HEIGHT: 5-8 metres; feet SPREAD: 8-10 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June to July BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish yellow WATER: Dry to Medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries are a preferred food source for many birds, and since the fruit hangs on throughout the winter, is an excellent emergency source of food. TOLERATES: Rabbit, Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil, Black Walnut; Salt CULTURE: Grows easily in average welldrained soils. This is a suckering shrub that will form thickets in the wild. Colonies can be rejuvenated every few years by cutting to the ground in mid-winter. Staghorn Sumac is an open, spreading shrub/tree. It is noted for the reddishbrown hairs that cover the young branches, its ornamental fruiting clusters and excellent fall foliage colour of yellow/orange/red. GARDEN USES: Dry, informal, naturalized areas; erosion control; hard-to-cover areas Wild Black Currant RIBES AMERICANUM WILD BLACK CURRANT HARDINESS ZONE: 2-6 HEIGHT: 1-2 metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metre; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May, off-white to moist ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Honeybees and bumblebees pollinate the flowers. The leaves are food for the caterpillars of the Green Comma Butterfly (Polygonia faunas), and a large variety of mammals and birds enjoy the berries. TOLERATES: Black walnut CULTURE: Easily grown in a moisture retentive but well-drained loamy soil. Plants can harbour a stage of white pine blister rust, so they should not be grown in the vicinity of pine trees. This shrub produces little-branched woody stems that are erect, ascending, to slightly arching. The outer bark often peels to expose an inner yellowish layer. The palmately-lobed foliage becomes colourful in the fall. Small, bell-shaped white flowers, hanging in clusters, are followed by purple berries. GARDEN USES: Wildlife garden; screening ROSA BLANDA SMOOTH ROSE HARDINESS ZONE: 2-6 HEIGHT: metres; 4-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 5-7 feet BLOOM TIME: June to August, pink WATER: Dry to moist ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Rose hips eaten by mammals and birds. TOLERATES: Dry, nutrient poor soils; clay soil; salt; rabbits; slope; wind CULTURE: Rosa blanda is best grown in dry to moist, rich well-drained soil. It can be found in open woods, prairies and road sides. It is tolerant of rocky soils. Rosa blanda is a low growing, dense, mounding shrub that usually does not reach a height over 5 feet. The dark green leaves are serrated and do not produce fall colours. The flowers can range from pale to dark pink, are pleasantly fragrant, and can be as large as 3 inches across. These are followed by showy, edible bright red hips. GARDEN USES: Shrub or mixed border PAGE 23 PAGE 24

15 SHRUBS & SMALL TREES ROSA CAROLINA PASTURE ROSE HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 5-10 feet BLOOM COLOUR: Pink to wet WILDLIFE: The rose hips are favoured by birds and small mammals. TOLERATES: Salt; drought. CULTURE: Grows best in average, medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun. Water deeply and regularly (mornings are best). Good air circulation promotes vigorous and healthy growth and helps control foliar diseases. Summer mulch helps retain moisture and keep roots cool. Crowns appreciate protection in cold winter climates. Prune in late winter to early Spring. Pasture Rose is a native shrub which occurs in somewhat dry to wet soils. Often spreads by suckers to form colonies or thickets in the wild. Features single pink flowers which bloom in May. Seed heads turn from green to red in late summer. ROSA PALUSTRIS SWAMP ROSE HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-6 feet BLOOM TIME: June to August BLOOM COLOUR: Pink to part sun WATER: Wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The rose hips are eaten by birds and small mammals. Birds construct nests in the taller roses. Flowers provide nectar for native bees and other insects. TOLERATES: Salt; seasonal flooding CULTURE: Best grown in acidic, organically rich, and moist to wet soils in full sun. Plants will not grow in standing water, but will tolerate some seasonal flooding. Prune as needed in late winter. Plants spread slowly by suckers. Swamp rose is an upright deciduous shrub with arching branches. Fragrant, single pink roses with contrasting yellow centers bloom from late spring to mid-summer. Flowers are followed by pea-sized red hips. Leaves often turn attractive shades of red in fall. GARDEN USES: Good selection for wet, poorly drained soils. Bog or water garden margins. RUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS COMMON BLACKBERRY HEIGHT: 3-6 feet; 1-2 metres SPREAD: 6-12 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: June BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Five-petaled flowers. to Full Shade FRUIT: Raspberry like, black berries. WILDLIFE: Attractive to birds, bees, and mammals CULTURE: Thrives in moist areas such as boggy clearings and thickets. This shrub needs to be leggy with typical clearance of 2 feet from the ground. It grows quickly under ideal conditions, and is self pollinating. GARDEN USES: Naturalizing and Woodland gardens. RUBUS IDEAUS RED RASBERRY HEIGHT: 3-9 feet; 1-3 metres SPREAD: 3-9 feet; 1-3 metres BLOOM TIME: April-May BLOOM DESCRIPTION: FRUIT: Showy, edible WILDLIFE: Birds, butterflies CULTURE: Best grown in organically rich, slightly acidic, well drained locations in full sun to part shade. An erect, spreading shrubs that is often thicket forming with prickly cane like stems. In the wild, raspberries typically grow in open woods, ravines, streambanks and bluffs. GARDEN USES: Typically grown for harvest of fruits. RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS BLACK RASBERRY HEIGHT: 3-9 feet; 1-3 metres SPREAD: 1-3 feet; 0.5/1 metre BLOOM TIME: May-June /Cream BLOOM DESCRIPTION: SUN: Sun to partial shade to Moist FRUIT: Black, purple, red berries WILDLIFE: Birds, butterflies, bees, small mammals. CULTURE: Commonly found in woodland, forest borders, pastures, and fields. Spreads aggressively through underground roots. The plant looks good in large landscaped areas. Not good for small gardens. GARDEN USES: Excellent habitat for wildlife. RUBUS ODORATUS PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 6-12 feet BLOOM TIME: June to August BLOOM COLOUR: Purple, pink, lilac ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries very attractive to song birds and small mammals TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Has good shade tolerance. Remove suckers to control spread. Prune immediately after fruiting. This flowering raspberry is a deciduous, coarse, suckering shrub with cane-like stems largely devoid of thorns. One of the best of the ornamental raspberries because of its rose-like, fragrant, rosepurple flowers which appear over a long summer bloom period. Flowers give way to red fruits (raspberries) which are edible but somewhat dry and crumbly. SALIX BEBBIANA BEBB S/BEAKED WILLOW HEIGHT: 3-6 metres; feet SPREAD: 3-6 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April to May /cream; green/brown WATER: Moist to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Shoots, buds, and catkins are eaten by many small mammals; birds eat the catkins and seed. Larval host for Mourning Cloak and Viceroy. TOLERATES: Compact soil; intermittent flooding CULTURE: Suitable for sandy, loam and clay soils. Bebb s Willow prefers moist sites but is drought tolerant. This species tolerates moderately alkaline soils but not extremely alkaline conditions. This is a fast growing but short-lived species. Bebb s Willow is a large upright clumping shrub or small tree. The leaves are hairy when young, smooth and strongly veined when old. GARDEN USES: Naturalizing SALIX DISCOLOUR PUSSY WILLOW HEIGHT: metres; 6-15 feet SPREAD: metres; 4-12 feet BLOOM TIME: March to April to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Provides pollen for native bees; food source for game and song birds; larval host for a large variety of butterflies and moths; provides cover and nesting sites for a wide variety of birds. TOLERATES: Deer, Erosion, Black Walnut CULTURE: Grow in average, medium to wet, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Prune as needed in late winter to early spring. Plants may be cut to the ground every 3-5 years to maintain a smaller shrub shape. Salix discolour is most often seen as a large multi-stemmed shrub, and less frequently as a small tree to 30 tall. Male pussy willows are noted for producing ornamentally attractive silky pearl gray catkins on leafless stems in late winter to early spring. Stems with catkins may be cut in spring for indoor arrangements. GARDEN USES: Hedge; naturalizing SALIX ERIOCEPHALA WOOLY-HEADED/ HEARTLEAF WILLOW HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: 2-4 metres; 7-13 feet SPREAD: 2-4 metres; 7-13 feet BLOOM TIME: April to May BLOOM COLOUR: Green/brown WATER: Moist to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Larval host for many species of moths and butterflies TOLERATES: Compacted soils; wind; heavy clay CULTURE: Salix eriocephala grows easily in most soils, including wet, ill-drained or intermittently flooded soils, but prefers a damp, heavy soil in a sunny position. Salix eriocephala is a fast growing, fairly long lived shrub. The stems are tough and very flexible, and are used in basket making. The plant s extensive root system makes it effective at binding soil along the sides of waterways. Because of its wind resistance this willow can be grown to provide shelter belts. GARDEN USES: Erosion control; wetland edges SALIX EXIGUA SANDBAR/COYOTE WILLOW HARDINESS ZONE: 5-10 HEIGHT: 2-4 metres; 7-13 feet SPREAD: 2-5 metres; 7-16 feet BLOOM TIME: March to April WATER: Moist to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Thickets provide excellent habitat for a number of birds and mammals. Favourite hiding place for coyotes. TOLERATES: Seasonal flooding; clay soils; urban pollution CULTURE: Salix exigua grows well in most soils, but prefers a dry to medium moist, well-drained soil. It is very effective if pruned back to 1 foot above the ground each spring before coming into leaf. This encourages vigorous arching stems and fresh, beautiful silvery foliage. A handsome foliage plant, Salix exigua looks particularly fine when planted next to and allowed to arch out over streams or ponds where the silvery leaves can be reflected by the water. GARDEN USES: Hedge or screening; Naturalizing SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS COMMON ELDER HEIGHT: metres; 5-12 feet SPREAD: metres; 5-12 feet BLOOM TIME: June to July to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Berries are relished by many bird species and mammals. TOLERATES: Erosion; clay soil; wet soil CULTURE: Grow in average, medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, humus-rich soils. Spreads by root suckers to form colonies. Prune out dead or weakened stems in early spring. Common Elder is a loose, graceful, deciduous shrub. Large, flat-topped clusters of small, fragrant, white flowers appear in spring and are followed by clusters of dark purple to black, berry-like fruits in late summer. Fruit may be used to make preserves, jellies, pies and wine. Leaves, stems, roots and unripe fruit have some toxicity if ingested, causing nausea and cramping. GARDEN USES: Massed in naturalized areas where suckering spread is acceptable. Screen. Red Elderberry SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA RED ELDERBERRY HEIGHT: metres; 3-20 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-20 feet BLOOM TIME: May, June WATER: Moist to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Food and cover for birds and small mammals; flower nectar attracts hummingbirds. TOLERATES: Wind; air pollution; clay soil CULTURE: Easily grown in light (sandy), medium (loam) and heavy (clay) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or full sun. It prefers moist soil. A globular shrub with tightly clustered basal stems. Upright branches become arching with age. Small white flowers in conical spikes are followed by clusters of pea-sized, red berries. Stems, roots and foliage are poisonous if eaten but berries may be consumed as jelly or wine after cooking. The dense root system makes it useful for soil stabilization and erosion control on moist sites. GARDEN USES: Naturalizing; erosion control SPIRAEA ALBA MEADOWSWEET HARDINESS ZONE: 3 to 7 HEIGHT: 3-4 feet; metres SPREAD: 3-4 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: June to August to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Attractive to birds and butterflies; larval host for Spring Azure TOLERATES: Deer; wet soil; seasonal flooding CULTURE: Grow in average, medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers full sun. Needs constant moisture, and soil must not be allowed to dry out. Remove spent flower clusters to promote additional bloom. Meadowsweet is an upright, deciduous shrub which features narrow, toothed, green leaves and terminal, cone-shaped clusters of tiny, white flowers that bloom in the summer. GARDEN USES: Effective along streams or ponds, in low spots or boggy areas, or, with regular watering, in a border or cottage garden. PAGE 25 PAGE 26

16 SHRUBS & SMALL TREES - WILDFLOWERS SPIRAEA TOMENTOSE STEEPLEBUSH HEIGHT: 2-4 feet; metres SPREAD: 3-5 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: July - September BLOOM COLOUR: Pink to rose purple BLOOM DESCRIPTION: to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Deer and erosion CULTURE: Tolerates a wide range of soils. Prune faded flowers to encourage new blooms. Spreads by suckers to form colonies. Native to wet meadows, wet pastures, boggy areas, marshes. Does not produce fall colour. GARDEN USES: Good selection for pond margins, and moist locations in the landscape. Suggested to plant in a mass or group. VIBURNUM ACERFOLIUM MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM HARDINESS ZONE: 3 to 8 HEIGHT: 3-6 feet; metres SPREAD: 2-4 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: June ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Larval food source for the Spring Azure butterfly. Many birds and small mammals relish the fruit. TOLERATES: Black walnut medium moisture, well-drained soil. Established plants have some drought tolerance. Prune as needed immediately after flowering. Plants will naturalize by suckering to form colonies if suckers are not removed. Maple-leaved viburnum is a rounded deciduous woodland shrub. Tiny white flowers bloom in mid spring giving way to pea-sized fruit that ripen to bluishblack in late summer. Leaves produce excellent reddish-purple to magenta fall color. GARDEN USES: Naturalize in open woodland areas. Also may be used in shrub borders, foundations or hedges. VIBURNUM CASSINOIDES WILD RAISIN/WITHEROD HARDINESS ZONE: 3 to 8 HEIGHT: 5-12 feet; metres SPREAD: 5-12 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: May to June BLOOM COLOUR: Creamy white to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Popular browse for many mammals and all kinds of song birds, game birds and shore birds. Larval food source for Summer Azure (Celestrina neglecta). medium to wet, well-drained soils. Prefers moist loams, but tolerates a wide range of soils including boggy ones. For best fruit display, plant shrubs in groups rather than as single specimens. Prune as needed when dormant. Viburnum cassinoides is a dense, rounded deciduous shrub. Leaves emerge in spring with bronze tones, mature to a dull dark green in summer and turn attractive shades of orange-red to red- purple in fall. Creamy white flattopped clusters bloom in late spring. Flowers are followed by green fruit that turn to pink to red to blue to black in fall. VIBURNUM DENTATUM ARROWWOOD HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: 6-10 feet; metres SPREAD: 6-10 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: May-June BLOOM DESCRIPTION: FRUIT: Blue/Black berry. WILDLIFE: Attracts birds and butterflies TOLERATES: Clay, Black Walnut CULTURE: Prefers moist loams, but tolerates a wide range of soil types. Established plants show some drought tolerance. An upright, rounded shrub. Non-fragrant white flowers give way to a blue/black berry that are attractive to birds and wildlife. Fall colour ranges from yellow to red. GARDEN USES: Not overly ornamental but, very winter hardy. Can be used for shrub borders, tall hedge or screen. VIBURNUM LENTAGO NANNYBERRY HARDINESS ZONE: 2 to 8 HEIGHT: feet; metres SPREAD: 6-12 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: May BLOOM COLOUR: white ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Chief feeders of Nannyberry fruits, which often persist into winter, include ruffed grouse, brown thrashers, cedar waxwing, eastern chipmunks, and red squirrels. The foliage of Nannyberry is host to several moth caterpillars, including two owlet moths - the Unsated Sallow and the Horrid Zale. medium, well-drained soil. Prune immediately after flowering since flower buds form in the summer for the following year. Remove root suckers to control spread unless naturalization is desired. Nannyberry is a large, upright, multistemmed, suckering, deciduous shrub. Non-fragrant white flowers in spring give way to blue-black, berry-like drupes in autumn. Variable fall color ranges from drab greenish-yellow to reddish-purple. GARDEN USES: Shrub border. Tall hedge. VIBURNUM TRILOBUM HIGHBUSH CRANBERRY HARDINESS ZONE: 2 to 7 HEIGHT: 8-12 feet; metres SPREAD: 8-12 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: April to May ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Bushes provide birds with shelter and hiding places. Berries are food source for various birds and small mammals. The foliage is food for several moths and the beautiful Spring Azure butterfly. moist, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Prefers loams with consistent moisture, but tolerates a wide range of soils. Prune as needed immediately after flowering. This cranberry is a deciduous shrub with a dense, rounded, spreading habit. It features lace cap white flowers in spring, drooping clusters of cranberrylike red berries in fall and three lobed, maple-like, dark green leaves. Foliage turns a sometimes attractive purplish red in fall. GARDEN USES: Shrub borders or foundations. Woodland margins. Hedge or screen. Highbush Cranberry WILDFLOWERS ACTAEA PACHYPODA DOLL S EYES/WHITE BANEBERRY HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet BLOOM TIME: May -June SUN: Part shade to full shade CULTURE: Best grown in moist, organically rich, well-drained soils in part to full shade. Soils should not be allowed to dry out, but need good drainage to prevent wet conditions from developing. May self-seed in optimum growing conditions where the berries fall to the ground. White Baneberry is primarily cultivated in woodland and shade gardens for its attractive white berries and astilbe-like foliage. Flowering stems thicken after bloom and turn an attractive red as pea-sized white berries develop in summer in elongated clusters. The berries are extremely poisonous if eaten. Each berry has a distinctive small dark purplish spot which gives rise to another common name of doll s eyes. White baneberry provides ornamental interest until frost. ACTAEA RUBRA RED BANEBERRY HEIGHT: 1-3 feet; metres SPREAD: 2-3 feet; metres BLOOM TIME: April - June SUN: Part Sun to Full Shade WATER: Moist CULTURE: Best grown in moist, organically rich soils in part sun to full shade. Actaea rubra is an attractive wildflower, although, it must be noted that the fruit is poisonous. This plant may self-seed in ideal growing conditions. AGASTACHE NEPETOIDES YELLOW GIANT HYSSOP HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; 4-7 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet SUN: Part shade to partial sun WATER: Moist to medium WILDLIFE: This plant attracts bees, bee flies and butterflies as well as syrphid flies who will also feed on the pollen. Predatory insects include parasitic wasps, spiders, ladybird beetles etc. White-Tailed Deer do not eat the foliage due to its bitter taste. BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish-Pale Yellow CULTURE: Dry, sunny areas will cause wilting. Optimal conditions are light shade to partial sun in a loamy soil. A member of the mint family, the plant is a fast-growing and strong-stemmed perennial. The central stem and some secondary stems end in spikes that are densely covered with flowers, though only a few blooms at the same time. Each flower develops into four nutlets. Colonies will grow due to rhizomes. GARDEN USES: Plant in a native wildflower area, woodland or butterfly garden. ALLIUM CERNUUM NODDING WILD ONION Nodding Wild Onion HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: Various bees and some butterflies are attracted to the flowers of this plant. BLOOM COLOUR: Pink TOLERATES: Dry soil, drought CULTURE: Prefers moist to average moisture soil consisting of rich loamy, rocky, or sandy soil. Nodding Wild Onion has erect, smooth flowering stalks that rise above the basal leaves. The stalks range in colour from light green to light red. The basal leaves are linear, flat and have parallel veins. The stalks produce nodding clusters of flowers. Although the flowers are not noticeably fragrant, the foliage, when crushed, gives off an onion-like scent. After the blooming period, the flowers give way to seed capsules. ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA PEARLY EVERLASTING HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet WILDLIFE: The flowers attract a variety of butterflies (such as the Painted Lady butterfly) and bees. It is resistant to deer and rabbits. with yellow centers CULTURE: Prefers well-drained, sandy soils though will tolerate soils with inadequate nutrients. Pearly Everlasting is a bushy, upright perennial with grey-green/silvery leaves. In ideal conditions, this plant can sometimes self-seed and spread aggressively. This can be controlled by dead-heading. GARDEN USES: For native planting and in butterfly gardens. ANEMONE CANADENSIS CANADA ANEMONE HEIGHT: metres; 1-2 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-June to wet TOLERATES: Deer, clay soils medium to wet, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, humusy soils in part shade. An aggressive spreader. This spring-blooming meadow anemone that grows up to 2 tall and typically occurs (often in large colonies) along rivers next to levees and on river flood plains, in low, moist meadows and in moist thickets. Flowers (2 diameter) are borne on erect stems above the foliage and feature five, white, petal-like sepals and numerous, yellow center stamens. GARDEN USES: A showy, spring wildflower for naturalizing in moist areas of a wildflower or native plant garden. PAGE 27 PAGE 28

17 WILDFLOWERS ANEMONE VIRGINIANA THIMBLEWEED HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres ; feet BLOOM TIME: May-August to greenish CULTURE: Easy to grow in most soils and light conditions, except for deep shade. A low maintenance plant that does not spread as aggressively as other Anemones. Anemone virginiana bears flowers that are white or greenish-white top erect stems that reach 2 to 3 feet in height. The fruits are produced in dense rounded spikes that resemble thimbles, earning this plant the name Tall Thimbleweed, or alternately Tall Anemone. GARDEN USES: Cottage garden plant; naturalizing ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA PURPLE ANGELICA HARDINESS ZONE: 4-7 HEIGHT: 1-3 metres; 3-10 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-6 feet BLOOM TIME: June-September to greenishwhite to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies and is larval host for the Short-tail ed Swallowtail. TOLERATES: Deer, wet soil CULTURE: Easily grown in medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Perhaps best in sun dappled shade. May be grown from seed and may self-seed in optimum growing conditions if spent flower umbels are not removed. Purple Angelica is a large herbaceous perennial which grows from 3-10 tall with smooth, dark purple or purpleblotched stems. Native Americans used the young stems and leaf stalks as a cooked vegetable GARDEN USE: Naturalizing, rain gardens ANTENNARIA NEGLECTA FIELD PUSSYTOES HEIGHT: metres; 4-10 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-6 feet BLOOM TIME: April-June to part sun to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The small white flowers are attractive to butterflies, bees and predatory insects. Antennaria is also a host plant for American Painted Lady butterflies. Some upland game birds feed on the foliage and/or seed heads. White-tailed Deer also feed on these plants, especially during the spring. TOLERATES: Compacted soils; drought CULTURE: Give Antennaria a spot in your garden with full to part sun and well-draining dry soil. It spreads by stolons so if it s happy it will just keep spreading. The name Antennaria refers to the projecting stamens seen on the flowers, resembling insect antennae. GARDEN USES: ground cover; roof top garden; rock garden Field Pussytoes APOCYNUM ANDROSAEMIFOLIUM SPREADING DOGBANE HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; 1-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-6 feet BLOOM TIME: June to August BLOOM COLOUR: Pale pink to full shade to dry WILDLIFE: Attractive to butterflies TOLERATES: Very acid soils; all soil types; CULTURE: Easy to grow in well-drained sandy, loam or heavy clay soils. Spreading Dogbane is a rather lanky plant with small fragrant pale pink flowers. All parts of the plant are poisonous, although native North American Indians reportedly employed it to treat a wide variety of complaints including headaches, convulsions, earache, heart palpitations, colds, and dizziness. The women of some American tribes used dogbane stem fibers (best harvested in the fall) to make fine thread, used for sewing and for making twine, nets, fabric, and bowstrings APOCYNUM CANNABINUM INDIAN HEMP HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: feet; metres WILDLIFE: This plant attracts and supports an abundance of insects including bees, bee flies, butterflies, beetles, skippers and many types of moth larvae. -pale green TOLERATES: Flooding during the spring and drought as well as acidic/alkaline soils CULTURE: Indian Hemp prefers wet to medium-moisture, sandy soil. Colonies can start spreading aggressively in ideal conditions from underground rhizomes. This bushy perennial has a stiff central stem with many branches. The smooth stems range from light green to red in colour. It has alternate, pinnate, light green leaves and both the leaves and the stems contain a milky substance that is bitter-tasting and toxic. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS WILD COLUMBINE HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet FLOWERS: Showy drooping, bell-like flowers WILDLIFE: Attracts hummingbirds BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Light pink/yellow to blood red/yellow BLOOM COLOUR: Pink, red, yellow TOLERATES: Dry soil, drought, deer, rabbits medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Wide range of soil tolerance as long as drainage is good. Prefers rich, moist soils in light to moderate shade. Freely self-seeds and will naturalize to form large colonies in optimum growing conditions. ARALIA NUDICAULIS WILD SARSAPARILLA HEIGHT: metres; 1-2 feet SPREAD: clumping, spreading by rhizomes BLOOM TIME: May, June, July SUN: Part shade to shade WATER: Dry, Medium, or Moist ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The berries are eaten by some woodland songbirds. The berries are also eaten by some mammals, including the Red Fox, Eastern Skunk, and Eastern Chipmunk. TOLERATES: Nutritionally poor soil CULTURE: Grows best in a deep loam and a semi-shady location. Plants are hardier when grown in nutrientpoor soil. The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, is frost-tender so it is best to grow the plants in a sheltered position. Aralia nudicaulis prefers moist soil. The plant reaches a height of 1 to 2 feet, with creeping underground stems. The single leaf stalk is divided into three parts, each with five oval leaflets. The leaves are finely toothed. The flower arises on a single leaf stalk. GARDEN USES: Woodland Garden ARALIA RACEMOSA AMERICAN SPIKENARD HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-5 feet BLOOM TIME: June-August to pale green to shade to wet FRUIT: Showy dark purple berries CULTURE: Prefers moist, rich soils in part to full shade. Slowly spreads by thick rhizomes. Spikenard is a shrubby-looking herbaceous perennial featuring smooth, branching stems and compound foliage. Tiny white flowers in early summer are followed by inedible, dark purple berries. Thick roots are spicy-aromatic and have been used to flavor teas and root beer. Divide old rootstocks when the plants go dormant in the fall. Spikenard is difficult to move once established, so place carefully, away from smaller plants that may be overwhelmed by its size. Protect from wind damage. GARDEN USES: Containers, woodland gardens, naturalized areas, wild gardens and native plant gardens. ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; 1-2 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM COLOUR: Green, purple SUN: Part shade to full shade to wet FLOWERS: Showy flowers FRUIT: Showy fruit TOLERATES: Wet soil, dense shade, black walnuts CULTURE: Best grown in fertile, medium to wet soil in part shade to full shade. Needs constantly moist soil, rich in organic matter. Does poorly in heavy clay soils. Plant often dies back in the heat of summer, only to return the following year. If the plant is under a great deal of stress during the growing season, it may not send out a jack the following spring. The plant will wait until enough reserves have been accumulated to send up a spathe in the spring following. ASARUM CANADENSE WILD GINGER HARDINESS ZONE: 4-6 HEIGHT: metres ; foot SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May BLOOM COLOUR: Purplish brown BLOOM DESCRIPTION: SUN: Part shade to full shade to wet TOLERATES: Deer, heavy shade, erosion, wet soil CULTURE: Prefers constantly moist, acidic soils. Spreads through rhizomes to create attractive ground cover for shady areas. A stemless plant with two heart shaped, dark green leaves. Produces small cupshaped flowers in Spring that are quite difficult to see. This plant is not related to culinary ginger although its roots produce a similar scent. GARDEN USES: Used as a ground cover in shady, woodland gardens or naturalized areas. Swamp Milkweed ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA SWAMP MILKWEED HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; 4-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet BLOOM TIME: July-August BLOOM COLOUR: Pink, mauve to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Deer, clay soil, wet soil CULTURE: Easily grown in medium to wet soils in full sun. Plants have deep taproots and are best left undisturbed once established. Foliage is slow to emerge in spring. Swamp Milkweed is an erect, clumpforming plant with small, fragrant, pink to mauve flowers followed by attractive seed pods which split open when ripe, releasing silky-haired seeds easily carried by the wind. Flowers are very attractive to butterflies as a nectar source. In addition, swamp milkweed is an important food source for the larval stage of Monarch butterflies. GARDEN USES: Bog garden, sunny borders, stream/pond banks, butterfly gardens. A good plant for low, moist areas in the landscape. PAGE 29 PAGE 30

18 WILDFLOWERS ASCLEPIAS SULLIVANTII SULLIVANT S MILKWEED HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June-July BLOOM COLOUR: Pink to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Deer medium to wet soils in full sun. May self-seed if seed pods are not removed prior to splitting open. Once established, it is best to leave plants undisturbed because they develop deep taproots which make transplanting difficult. Sullivant s Milkweed is a perennial milkweed sporting rounded clusters of pinkish-white to pinkish-purple, star-like flowers. Stems and leaves exude a milky sap when cut or bruised. Flowers give way to smooth seed pods valued in dried flower arrangements. Flowers are a nectar source for many butterflies and leaves are a food source for monarch butterfly larvae. GARDEN USES: Borders, butterfly gardens, naturalized areas ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA COMMON MILKWEED HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June to August BLOOM COLOUR: Pink, mauve WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Deer; drought; dry, shallow soil dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun. This plant will self-seed in the landscape if seed pods are not removed prior to splitting open and can spread somewhat rapidly by rhizomes. Common Milkweed typically grows 3-4 tall on stout, upright stems with light green leaves. Clusters of fragrant, pinkish -purple flowers appear from late spring well into summer. Stems and leaves exude a milky sap when cut or bruised. Flowers give way to prominent, warty seed pods which split open when ripe releasing their numerous silkytailed seeds for dispersal by the wind. Seed pods are valued in dried flower arrangements. Flowers are a nectar source for many butterflies. Butterfly Weed ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA BUTTERFLY WEED HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: As the name suggests, the showy flowers of this plant attract various species of butterflies including Swallowtails, Monarchs, and Fritillaries. Bees and hummingbirds are also attracted to the nectar. BLOOM COLOUR: Orange, Yellow CULTURE: Prefers dry to medium, sandy or rocky soil that is well-drained. It will adapt to growing in other soil types if they are well-drained. Butterfly Weed has hairy, light green to reddish stems with alternate leaves. The leaf blades are slightly hairy and range from linear-oblong to lanceolateoblong. The plant produces multiple umbels of bright orange/yellow flowers. They are not noticeably fragrant. After their blooming period, the flowers are replaced by seedpods that later open to release their wind-dispersed seeds. The seed pods are green, but mature to brown and are slightly hairy. ASCLEPIAS VERTICILLATA WHORLED MILKWEED HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet BLOOM TIME: July-September BLOOM COLOUR: Greenish-white to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Nectar is food source for many insects. Larval host for Monarch butterfly. TOLERATES: Deer; drought; rabbit CULTURE: The preference is full sun, mesic to dry conditions, and soil containing loam, clay-loam, sand, or gravel. Infertile soil is actually preferred because it reduces competition from taller plants. In open sunny areas with exposed soil, this plant can spread aggressively. Asclepias verticillata has very skinny, whorled leaves. There are clusters of approximately 20 flowers near the top of each plant. Among the milkweeds, the whorled milkweed is one of the few clone-forming species. Because this species is one of the last milkweeds to senesce as the season progresses, it is a common late season host plant for monarch larvae. This plant is highly toxic for horses and cattle. ASCLEPIAS VIRIDIFLORA GREEN MILKWEED HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet -dry to dry WILDLIFE: The flower nectar attracts mostly bumblebees but ants are also attracted. Monarch caterpillars will feed on the foliage. Other insects such as tiger moths and long-horned beetles will also feed on this plant. BLOOM COLOUR: Light green TOLERATES: Partial sun, mesic conditions and rich loam if well-drained CULTURE: Green Milkweed prefers dry-mesic to dry conditions in poor soil including gravelly or sandy material. After blooming and producing seeds, the plant will start to deteriorate. Green Milkweed consists of an unbranched central stem that is light green to purplish and slightly hairy. The edges of the opposite, pinnate green leaves often fold upward. Generally, a plant will have 1 to 4 umbels which are dome-shaped and have up to 45 flowers each. GARDEN USES: Butterfly or native garden ASTRAGALUS CANADENSIS CANADA MILK-VETCH HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: Mainly bumblebees are attracted to the nectar of the flowers but honeybee will also visit this plant. Animals including deer, rabbits and livestock will feed on this plant. Wild Turkey as well as other large birds and some rodents will feed on the seeds. BLOOM COLOUR: Cream with yellow/ green tints CULTURE: This plant prefers mesic conditions and grows well in most types of soils. It is vigorous though sometimes the leaves tend to turn yellow prematurely. It does tend to require support of other vegetation close-by to avoid sprawling. This perennial has ridged, pubescent stems with some branching. From the smooth, compound leaves, whorled racemes of around 75 flowers each develop. The flowers have no noticeable scent. CALTHA PALUSTRIS MARSH MARIGOLD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April - June WATER: Wet TOLERATES: Deer; Wet soil CULTURE: Grow in full sun to part shade in shallow water at the margins of a pond or water garden or in wet, boggy soils. Best flowering usually occurs in full sun, but plants appreciate part shade in the heat of the summer. If sited in full sun in hot summer climates, plants may go dormant in summer. Grows well in clay soils, spreading to form large colonies. Marsh Marigold is a rhizomatous perennial belonging to the buttercup family. Its shiny yellow flowers indeed look very much like buttercups. Flower buds may be cooked and pickled in vinegar for use as a substitute for capers. Young leaves are also edible as cooked greens when boiled. No part of this plant should ever be eaten raw. GARDEN USES: Water or bog gardens. Pond edges. Ground cover. CAMPANULA AMERICANA TALL BELLFLOWER HARDINESS ZONE: 4-7 HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet BLOOM TIME: June-August BLOOM COLOUR: Medium blue to shade to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Attractive to hummingbirds; nectar source for bees CULTURE: Best grown in rich, moist, well-drained soils in part shade. Plants prefer cool summer climates where they will tolerate full sun, but they prefer part shade in hot summer climates. Plants need regular and even moisture. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage additional bloom. Plants are annual or biennial, depending on the time of year the seed germinates, but will easily remain in a garden by self-seeding. Campanula americana, is an upright annual or biennial that features flat, star-shaped, five-lobed, medium blue flowers on a tall stem. It is a striking feature of some forest under stories in summer. GARDEN USES: Best naturalized in masses; back of mixed border Tall Bellflower CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA HAREBELL HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June September BLOOM COLOUR: Blue-violet to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Food source for insect pollinators, butterflies and hummingbirds TOLERATES: Deer; drought medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Plants prefer cool summer climates. They appreciate part afternoon shade in hot weather. Plants typically need regular and even moisture. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage additional bloom. Plants are often shortlived, but will easily remain in the garden by self-seeding. Will spread in the garden by creeping roots. Harebell is a rosette-forming, upright perennial noted for producing attractive, bell-shaped, nodding blue flowers that bloom singly or in small clusters from the stem tips throughout summer. Basal leaves usually wither early and disappear before the flowers form. CHELONE GLABRA TURTLEHEAD HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: August-October SUN: Part Shade to wet FLOWERS: Showy flowers WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Wet soil CULTURE: Best grown in moist to wet, rich humusy soils in part shade. Appreciates good composted leaf mulch, particularly in sunny areas. Turtlehead needs constant moisture so recommend placing in a bog garden. Alternatively, a bucket of peat placed in the soil under the plant roots will work well to keep a healthy, and happy plant. Wilting plants will likely indicate that plants need more water than currently being received. Consider pinching back the stem ends in the spring to reduce mature plant height, especially if growing plants in strongly shaded areas where they will be more likely to need some support. PAGE 31 PAGE 32

19 WILDFLOWERS CIRSIUM MUTICUM SWAMP THISTLE HEIGHT: 2-7 feet; metres WATER: Wet to medium wet BLOOM COLOUR: Purple to pink CULTURE: Easily grown in wet to moist soils in full to partial sun. The size of individual plants can be highly variable, depending on moisture level, soil fertility, and competition from other plants. Swamp Thistle produces vibrant purple to pink flowers and is weakly armed compared to other thistles. It is biennial but will re-seed in appropriate habitat. It is best grown in full sun to moderate shade on wet soils. COREOPSIS TRIPTERIS TALL COREOPSIS HEIGHT: metres; 2-8 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-8 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: The showy flowers attract a variety of bees, bee flies, butterflies, and skippers. TOLERATES: Competition from other plants, some drought CULTURE: Tall Coreopsis prefers moist to mesic conditions and can grow in various soil types including those containing clay, clay-loam, gravel, and/or sand. Pairs of opposite leaves occur all along the light green, mostly unbranched stems of this plant. The narrow leaves are ascending and elliptic-shaped. The upper surfaces of the leaves are medium green in colour whereas underneath they are lighter green. The flower heads each consist of 8 yellow petals that surround the maroon, dense head of florets. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden PAGE 33 DESMODIUM CANADENSE SHOWY TICK-TREFOIL HEIGHT: metres; 2-6 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-August BLOOM COLOUR: Purple, pink wet to medium dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The nectar, pollen, seeds and foliage of this species appeal to a number of insects, birds and mammals. medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. More attractive in colonies than as isolated plants and tight plantings can help counter a tendency to sprawl. Because seed is animal dispersed, it can be annoying when the seed catches on clothes when passing by. Showy Tick-Trefoil is aptly named for its numerous pink flowers that bloom along the plant s upper stems for about three weeks in mid-summer. It is a nitrogen fixer, taking nitrogen from the atmosphere, and converting it into a form that plants can use. GARDEN USES: Naturalized; Green roof DESMODIUM PANICULATUM PANICLED TICK-TREFOIL HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-August BLOOM COLOUR: Purple; pink ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: This nitrogenfixing native legume is a crucial food source for wild birds such as northern bobwhites, ruffed grouse, and wild turkeys. It also acts as a larval host for numerous butterflies including eastern tailed blue and silver spotted skipper. CULTURE: Panicled Tick-Trefoil is easily grown in partial sun, mesic to dry-mesic conditions, and sandy or rocky soil. This plant s genus name Desmodium means long chain, a reference to the unique segmented seed pods of this plant. The seed pods have a tendency to stick to everything they touch. Panicled Tick-Trefoil is a sprawling plant which grows taller when supported by other plants. It produces a plant with sets of three 3 green leaflets and sparsely flowering spikes with ¼ pink or purple blossoms. DOELLINGERIA UMBELLATA FLAT TOPPED ASTER Panicled Tick-Trefoil HARDINESS ZONE: 2-7 HEIGHT: metres; 2-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WATER: Wet to medium WILDLIFE: The flowers attract a variety of bees, flies, butterflies, and beetles as well as other insects. The caterpillars of the Harris Checkerspot butterfly feed specifically on Flat Topped Aster. The seeds and foliage is a food source for Wild Turkey and some songbirds. Deer and Cottontail Rabbits will feed on the foliage. CULTURE: Prefers slightly wet to moist conditions and sandy-loam though it can adapt to other soil types. The central stem of this plant is generally unbranched and ranges from light to purplish brown in colour. There are leaves in alternate arrangement that occur along the stem and they are elliptic-shaped. The flower heads have 5 to 12 white petals surrounding the yellow center. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden, rain garden ECHINACEA PALLIDA PALE PURPLE CONEFLOWER HARDINESS ZONE: 3-10 HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June - July BLOOM COLOUR: Pale purple WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies; birds TOLERATES: Deer, drought, clay soil, dry soil, shallow, rocky soil dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Divide clumps when they become overcrowded (about every 4 years). Freely self-seeds if seed heads are left in place. The dead flower stems of this species will remain erect well into the winter and, if flower heads are not removed, are often visited by goldfinches who perch on or just below the blackened cones to feed on the seeds. GARDEN USES: Mass in the border, native plant garden, naturalized area, wildflower meadow. ERIGERON PULCHELLUS POOR ROBINS PLANTAIN HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-June BLOOM COLOUR: Pale purple to pale pink to white, with yellow centres SUN: Part shade WILDLIFE: Attractive to butterflies and birds TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: Poor Robins Plantain grows easily in rich, average to dry soils. It spreads by runners, and often forms colonies of dozens of plants. It is necessary to deadhead if no volunteer seedlings are wanted next season. Robins Plantain has basal leaves that persist throughout the growing season and these soft fuzzy-like leaves add considerable interest to the summer woodland garden. During the flowering period the leaves and stem are soft and hairy. GARDEN USES: Planted in a nice clump, this species will make quite a showing at the front of a native plant wildlife garden. EUPATORIUM MACULATUM JOE-PYE WEED HEIGHT: metres; 6-10 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-5 feet BLOOM TIME: July to September BLOOM COLOUR: Dusty-rose to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Wet soils CULTURE: Joe Pye Weed is easily grown in full sun and rich, moist to wet soils. Although Joe Pye Weed grows to be very tall, strong stems support the flowers so the plant rarely needs to be staked. This species will spread naturally and so should be planted with caution in small landscape situations. Joe Pye Weed is an attractive tall plant with colourful stems that are almost the same shade as its dusty rosecoloured flowers, which bloom for many weeks in July and August, becoming absolute magnets for dozens of species of butterflies. GARDEN USES: Beds and borders; naturalizing DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Deeply divided, toothed leaves circle the stalk in whorls of five. Large, branching, flattened, pink to purple flower clusters with small cylindrical flower heads. Flower parts are indistinguishable. Stem is often purple or purple-spotted; plant ranges 3-10 feet tall. HABITAT QUALITY: Does not tolerate dense shade. A good indicator of areas that have been clear for several years; this does not re-establish in the first couple of years following shrub removal. This species is also found in intact, high-quality prairie fen systems. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM COMMON BONESET HEIGHT: metres; 4-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-4 feet to wet WILDLIFE: The flowers attract a variety of insects such as bees, butterflies, caterpillar of moths, and beetles. TOLERATES: Temporary flooding CULTURE: Prefers wet to moist conditions and soil that contains organic material. Grows well in sand and clay. Common Boneset consists of a mostly unbranched central, hairy stem with opposite, wrinkled leaves that are light green in colour. The plant produces flower heads with roughly 15 florets that have a nice floral scent. The florets eventually develop into achenes that have tufts of hair for wind dispersal. EUPATORIUM RUGOSUM /AGERATINA ALTISIMA WHITE SNAKEROOT HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet BLOOM TIME: September to October to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Deer medium to wet, well-drained soils in full sun to light shade. Common to woodland edges, Eupatorium rugosum reaches 2-4 in height on strong, branching stems. In late summer to fall, pure white flowers appear in flat-topped branching clusters. GARDEN USES: Borders, cottage gardens, wild gardens, woodland gardens and naturalized areas. One of the few butterfly garden flowers growing in part shade during early fall. EUPHORBIA COROLLATA FLOWERING SPURGE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres;.05-2 feet WILDLIFE: The flowers attract bees, bee flies, small butterflies including the Karner Blue butterfly which is endangered. The Wild Turkey, Mourning Dove, as well as other birds feed on the seeds. Mammals avoid consuming this plant because of its toxic foliage. CULTURE: Prefers mesic to dry conditions and adapts to growing in almost any soil type including loamy, clay, sandy, gravelly, or rocky soil. Grows very well in poor soil because of the minimal competition. Flowering Spurge has one or more unbranched stems that are smooth and light green. It has alternate leaves that are alternately arranged and oblong shaped. The small flowers have 5 delicate white petals surrounding a green/yellow center. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden contact info@stwilliamsnursery.com PAGE 34

20 WILDFLOWERS EURYBIA MACROPHYLLA LARGE-LEAVED ASTER HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-4 feet SUN: Partial sun to part shade WILDLIFE: The flowers of Large-Leaved Aster attract many insects including bees, butterflies, caterpillars, moths, and beetles. Wild Turkey, deer, rabbits, and livestock will also feed on this plant. BLOOM COLOUR: Violet/Light blue CULTURE: Prefers moist to mesic conditions and fertile loam or sandy loam soil. Large-Leaved Aster has distinctively large basal leaves (4-8) EUTHAMIA GRAMINIFOLIA GRASS-LEAVED GOLDENROD HARDINESS ZONE: 4-10 HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet WILDLIFE: The flowers attract many insects such as bees, butterflies, moths, and beetles. American Goldfinches and Swamp Sparrows will occasionally feed on the seeds. TOLERATES: Drier conditions to drought CULTURE: Prefers moist soil containing lots of organic matter. Grass-Leaved Goldenrod has slender, hairy stems with alternate leaves. The clusters of small, yellow flowers tend to be flat-headed. EUTHAMIA GYMNOSPERMOIDES VISCID BUSHY GOLDENROD HEIGHT: 0.3 metres; 1 foot SPREAD: Up to 0.3 metres; 1 foot to dry WILDLIFE: The flowers attract bees, small butterflies, skippers, and beetles and the foliage is a food source for grasshoppers and caterpillars. CULTURE: Prefers moist to dry, sandy soil. It will however readily adapt to growing in loam, clay, silt, or gravel. Viscid Bushy Goldenrod develops a lot of branching giving it a bushy look. The stems are slender, light green and have many alternate leaves that get smaller towards the upper end of the plant. The plant produces several clusters of flower heads, each consisting of bright yellow florets. FRAGARIA VESCA WOODLAND/WHITE STRAWBERRY HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet FLOWERS: Showy flowers FRUIT: Showy, edible fruit BLOOM DESCRIPTION: White with yellow centre TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: Best grown in humusy, fertile, medium moist, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers full sun. Plant will spread by runners and may selfseed if fruit is not harvested. Woodland Strawberry is a smallfruited, ever-bearing wild strawberry. Numerous, small 5-petaled white flowers with yellow centers appear throughout the summer. Flowers are followed by edible, white strawberries that may be harvested throughout the summer. FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA WILD STRAWBERRY HEIGHT: Up to 0.3 metres; 1 feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Fun or partial sun FRUIT: Small, edible, red, seed-covered fruits with a sweet-tart taste. WILDLIFE: The flowers attract and are cross-pollinated by various bee, fly, small butterfly, and skipper species. The foliage and fruits are an excellent source of food for many birds, insects, and small mammals making this plant very ecologically important. CULTURE: Prefers moist to medium-dry, fertile soil containing clay or clay loam. Wild Strawberry has trifoliate basal leaves that are oval-shaped. The stems are slender, light to reddish green, and hairy. The flowers have 5 white, oval shaped petals that surround the yellow centers. The plants develop colonies by stolons. GARDEN USES: Ground cover GENTIANA ANDREWSII CLOSED GENTIAN HEIGHT: metres; 1-2 feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: The flowers primarily attract bumblebees which are the plant BLOOM COLOUR: Violet CULTURE: Prefers rich, humusy soil that is moist. Closed Gentian has multiple stems but is unbranched. The central stem is round, and ranges from green to purple with opposite, dark green, lanceolate leaves. At the top of the stems the plant produces clusters of violet, bottle-shaped flowers that are not fragrant. GARDEN USES: Wildflower garden Wild Geranium GERANIUM MACULATUM WILD GERANIUM HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May BLOOM COLOUR: Pale pink, deep pink, lilac WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Deer, rabbit, drought, dry soil medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, humusy soils, but tolerates poor soils. Will naturalize in optimum growing conditions. Foliage may yellow in hot summers if soil is allowed to dry out. This Wild Weranium is a clump-forming perennial which typically occurs in woods, thickets and shaded roadside areas. Forms a mound of foliage featuring pink to lilac, saucer-shaped, upward facing, 5-petaled flowers in spring for a period of 6-7 weeks. Flowers give way to distinctive, beaked seed capsules which give rise to the common name of crane s bill. GARDEN USES: Best in shady areas of wild, native plant or open woodland gardens. GEUM RIVALE PURPLE/WATER AVENS HEIGHT: metres; 1-2 feet BLOOM TIME: May - September to orange petals and prominent red-purple sepals WATER: Wet to medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The bees are attracted to the pollen while frogs and newts hide in the moist shade under the dense foliage. CULTURE: Easily grown in partial to full sun, wet to moist conditions, and cool to mild summer temperatures. Tolerates a variety of soil types. Water Avens spreads by both seed and rhizomes. Water Avens large, nodding, reddish purple flowers make it an impressive sight and an easily recognizable plant. The flowers develop into a bur-like head of fruits with brown hooks, which can be dispersed a considerable distance if caught in clothing or fur. It has an aromatic root used in making a beverage used as a substitute for cocoa. GARDEN USES: Bog garden; stream edge GEUM TRIFLORUM PRAIRIE SMOKE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; foot WATER: Dry FLOWERS: Showy flowers BLOOM COLOUR: Pink, Purple TOLERATES: Dry soil, drought, deer CULTURE: Best grown in dry, welldrained soils in full sun. Tolerates light shade and prefers some afternoon shade in hot summers. May be grown in medium moisture, well-drained soils, but often will die out if subjected to wet winter soil conditions. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature of the North American native prairie plant is not the reddish pink to purplish, nodding globular flowers that bloom in late spring, but the fruiting heads which follow. As the flower fades and the seeds begin to form, the styles elongate to form upright, feathery gray tails which collectively resemble a plume or feather duster, all of which has given rise to a large number of regional descriptive common names for this plant such as torch flower, longplumed purple avens, prairie smoke. HEDYOTIS LONGIFOLIA LONG-LEAVED BLUETS HEIGHT: metres ; feet SPREAD: Up to 0.15 metres;.5 feet SUN: Full to partial sun to dry WILDLIFE: The flowers attract small bees, and the foliage is a food source for caterpillars. BLOOM COLOUR: Pale Purple to white CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture to dry soil that is relatively infertile and rocky. Long- Leaved Bluets has multiple flowering, branching stems and pairs of opposite leaves occur along their lengths. The leaves are lanceolate-shaped and medium green. This plant produces flatheaded clusters of slightly hairy flowers that range in colour from pale purple to white. GARDEN USES: Rock garden HELENIUM AUTUMNALE COMMON SNEEZEWEED HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet BLOOM TIME: August to October to wet FLOWERS: Showy flowers WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Clay soil, wet soil, deer medium to wet soils in full sun. Prefers rich, moist soils. Is intolerant of dry soils. Avoid over-fertilization, which may cause plants to grow too tall. Although not required, plants may be cut back in early June to reduce plant height and to encourage branching, leading to more blooms, healthier foliage and less need for support. Cut back plants by ½ after flowering. Divide clumps as needed (every 3-4 years) to maintain vigor. GARDEN USES: Borders; effective in meadows, cottage gardens, wild gardens, naturalized areas or in moist soils along bodies of water. HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS WOODLAND SUNFLOWER HEIGHT: metres; 2-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet SUN: Full to partial sun to dry WILDLIFE: Woodland Sunflower has a high ecological value. The flowers attract many insects including bees, butterflies, skippers, and flies. Multiple caterpillars of butterflies such as the Painted Lady and the Silvery Checkerspot feed on the foliage. Mourning Doves, American Goldfinches, and Harris Sparrows are some of the many birds that feed on the seeds of this plant. Small mammals such as squirrels and rabbits also feed on the seeds. CULTURE: Prefers moist to medium moisture soil that is loamy, sandy, and/or rocky. This plant has a light green to dark purple central stem with opposite leaves that are hairy, lanceolate-shaped and yellowish green to medium green. It produces flowerheads with multiples yellow florets. Tall Sunflower PAGE 35 PAGE 36

21 WILDFLOWERS HELIANTHUS GIGANTEUS TALL SUNFLOWER HEIGHT: metres; 3-9 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-6 feet WATER: Wet to moist WILDLIFE: The flowers of Tall Sunflower attract many insects including bees, flies, and butterflies. Caterpillars, leaf beetles and leaf hoppers will feed on the foliage of this plant. Mourning Doves, American Goldfinches, Black- Capped Chickadees as well as various sparrows and other birds feed on the seeds. Beavers sometimes use the stacks to build their dams and the plant also provides cover for various wildlife. CULTURE: Prefers wet to moist, sandy soil. The stems of this tall perennial are reddish purple and hairy with hairy, medium green leaves that are lanceolate/elliptic shaped. The flowerheads this plant produces consist of yellow ray florets surrounding yellow disk florets. HELIANTHUS STRUMOSUS PALE-LEAVED SUNFLOWER HEIGHT: metres; 3-8 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: The flowers attract a variety of butterflies, bees and other insects. Many bird species and small mammals feed on the seeds. CULTURE: Prefers sandy to loamy soils with moist to mesic conditions. Pale- Leaved Sunflower has a smooth central stem with opposite leaves that are thick, rough and oval shaped. Underneath the leaves are paler and hairy. The flowers each have 10 to 20 yellow rays surrounding the yellow center disks. HELIOPSIS HELIANTHOIDES SWEET OX-EYE HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-4 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: The flowers attract bees, beetles, butterflies including the Painted Lady, and skippers. Small mammals and birds will feed on the seeds. BLOOM COLOUR: Golden yellow CULTURE: Prefers moist to medium moisture, loamy soil. It will adapt to rocky or clay-loam soil. Sweet Ox-Eye has light green to reddish stems that are hairy and have pairs of opposite leaves. The leaves are hairy, ovate or lanceolate shaped, and are slightly hairy. The flowerheads have 8 to 20 golden yellow, oblong rays that surround the center disk florets. HEPATICA AMERICANA ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA HEIGHT: metres; foot SPREAD: metres; foot BLOOM TIME: March BLOOM COLOUR: Blue to lavender or white BLOOM DESCRIPTION: SUN: Part shade CULTURE: Needs consistently moist soils in order to not dry out. If ideal conditions are met, this plant may self-seed. Hepatica americana emerges in the early Spring. This stemless plant features large leaves and small anemone-like flowers. GARDEN USES: Best suited for woodland or native plant gardens but, also effective in shaded areas of rock gardens. HIBISCUS MOSCHEUTOS SWAMP ROSE MALLOW HEIGHT: 1-2 metres; 3-7 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-September BLOOM COLOUR: Pink or white; sometimes with a red centre WATER: Wet WILDLIFE: Butterflies and hummingbirds TOLERATES: Deer; wet soil medium to wet soils in full sun. Best in moist, organically rich soils, but does surprisingly well in average garden soils as long as those soils are not allowed to dry out. Regular deep watering is advisable. Growing tips may be pinched when they reach 8 and again at 12 to promote bushiness. Deadhead individual flowers to maintain plant appearance. Cut back stems to approximately 3-4 tall in late autumn. New growth shoots are slow to emerge in spring. GARDEN USE: Borders. Specimen plant in group or mass planting. Temporary hedge. Useful in low spots or wet areas in the landscape. Effective along streams or ponds. HYPERICUM ASCYRON GREAT ST. JOHN S-WORT HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet to light shade WILDLIFE: The foliage is not a food source for mammals as it is partly toxic. The flowers attract mainly bumblebees which pollinate the plant. Other insects such as moth and butterfly caterpillars feed on the plant. CULTURE: Prefers moist conditions and will grow in various soil types including loam, clay-loam, and rocky soil. Great St. John s-wort has light green, erect stems with opposite, lanceolate leaves. The upper surfaces of the leaves are dark green and they are paler underneath. The plant produces several flowers that have 5 yellow, often contorted, petals and many long yellow stamens. IRIS VERSICOLOUR WILD BLUE FLAG Wild Blue Flag HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to wet WILDLIFE: The showy flowers of Wild Blue Flag attract a variety of butterflies, bees and hummingbirds. It is not a food source for many mammalian species due to its poisonous foliage. BLOOM COLOUR: Violet CULTURE: Prefers medium to wet conditions in rich, humusy or muddy soil. Can also grow in shallow water (2-4). Wild Blue Flag is a partially aquatic, clumping plant. Its stems are erect to ascending. Sword-shaped, blue to green leaves occur along the stem. Slender, fertile stalks produce several violet flowers with purple veins. The violet sepals have white and yellow colouring near their centers. GARDEN USES: Rain garden, along water edges. IRIS VIRGINICA SOUTHERN BLUE FLAG HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet SUN: Partial to full sun WATER: Wet to medium WILDLIFE: The flowers attract bumblebees, butterflies and skippers. The foliage is eaten by caterpillars of moths such as the Agreeable Tiger Moth. BLOOM COLOUR: Blue-violet with yellow and white CULTURE: Prefers wet to moist soil that is rich in organic matter. Southern Blue Flag has blue-green to green basal leaves that are mostly erect and sword-shaped. The flowering stalks are green and produce small alternate leaves. The flowers this plant produces have three blue-violet petals with yellow and white patches. They give off a nice floral scent. This plant can spread by rhizomes and colonies tend to develop. GARDEN USES: Butterfly or water garden LESPEDEZA CAPITATA ROUND-HEADED BUSHCLOVER HEIGHT: metres; 2-5 feet BLOOM TIME: July-September ish-white with a purple spot to light shade to dry FRUIT: The tan coloured seed heads are attractive in winter and are used in both dry and fresh flower arrangements. LEAVES: The fragrant leaves of are covered with soft hairs that imply a silvery appearance. WILDLIFE: Seeds provide food for birds and other wildlife CULTURE: This plant is adaptable to different kinds of soil that contain significant amounts of loam, clay, sand, or rocky material. It adds nitrogen to the soil, and is easy to grow. GARDEN USES: Excellent in a naturalized setting. Great winter interest. LESPEDEZA HIRTA HAIRY BUSHCLOVER HEIGHT: metres ; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres ; 1-2 feet BLOOM TIME: July to October SUN: Full Sun to Full Shade WATER: Dry FLOWERS: Produces white flowers in late summer to early fall. WILDLIFE: Birds readily eat the seeds of this plant., erosion, dry soil, rocky soil CULTURE: Often found dry sunny places and roadsides. Typically seen in rocky and acidic soils commonly found in glades and savannas. Leaves are composed of three leaflets and bloom white flowers. Hairy Bush- Clover earns its name from his hair covered stem and leaflets. LIATRIS CYLINDRACEA CYLINDRICAL BLAZING STAR HARDINESS ZONE: 4-7 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: The caterpillar of the rare Glorious Flower Moth will feed on the flowers and seeds of this plant. Long-tongued bees, butterflies, skippers, and bee flies are attracted to the showy flowers. A variety of small mammals as well as deer and livestock will feed on the plant. BLOOM COLOUR: Purple CULTURE: Prefers dry soil containing rocky material that is of poorer quality, though this plant will adapt to growing in dry, loamy soil. Cylindrical Blazing Star has an unbranched, central stem with leaves of alternate arrangement that become smaller going up the stem. They are linear and smooth. The plant produces a short raceme of compound flowers with green bracts that form a cylindrical shape. LIATRIS SPICATA SPIKED BLAZING STAR HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: The flowers attract bumblebees, butterflies, and skippers. Small mammals (groundhogs, rabbits), deer, and livestock will feed on various plant parts. BLOOM COLOUR: Purple CULTURE: Prefers moist, sandy loam containing organic matter. It will also grow in loam and gravelly loam. Dense Blazing-Star has an unbranched central stem that ranges from light to purplish green. It has linear, alternate leaves that get smaller going up the stem. The plant produces a densely-crowded spike of flowerheads. The flowers have a fluffy appearance and bloom in order from the top to the bottom of the spike. LILIUM MICHIGANENSE MICHIGAN LILY HEIGHT: metres; 2-5 feet BLOOM TIME: June-August BLOOM COLOUR: Orange-red BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Downwardfacing, orange-red, Turk s cap-type flowers (3 wide) with densely-spotted, broadly-reflexed sepals and petals. to wet FLOWERS: Showy flowers WILDLIFE: The large showy flowers appear to be designed to attract hummingbirds and larger day-flying insects, such as Sphinx moths, Hummingbird moths, long-tongued bees, and the larger butterflies. TOLERATES: Wet soil medium, well-drained soils in full sun to light shade. Best in moist, humusy soils in full sun. Mulch keeps root zone cool. Plant bulbs 5-6 deep in fall. Stoloniferous, but usually slow to spread. GARDEN USES: Borders, cottage gardens, native plant gardens or meadows. Best grouped or massed. PAGE 37 PAGE 38

22 WILDFLOWERS PAGE 39 LOBELIA CARDINALIS CARDINAL FLOWER HARDINESS ZONE: 1-8 HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet to wet FLOWERS: Showy Flowers WILDLIFE: Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies BLOOM COLOUR: Red, some pink TOLERATES: Wet soil, deer, rabbits CULTURE: Easily grown in rich, humusy, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Needs constant moisture so recommend placing in a bog garden. Alternatively, a bucket of peat placed in the soil below the plant roots will work well to keep a healthy, happy plant. Wilting plants will likely indicate that plants need more water than currently being received. Divide clumps in spring as needed. Great Blue Lobelia LOBELIA SIPHILITICA GREAT BLUE LOBELIA HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July - September BLOOM COLOUR: Blue SUN: full sun to part shade to wet TOLERATES: Deer, heavy shade, wet soil CULTURE: Easily grown in rich, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Needs constant moisture. Will tolerate full sun in cool, northern climates, but otherwise appreciates part shade. Divide clumps in spring as needed. May self-seed in optimum growing conditions, forming attractive colonies. Great lobelia a clump-forming perennial which features light to dark blue, tubular, 2-lipped flowers in late summer. GARDEN USES: Provides late summer bloom to the perennial border, wild garden, native plant garden, woodland garden or naturalized planting. Also effective near ponds or streams. LOBELIA SPICATA PALE-SPIKED LOBELIA HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Nectar for hummingbirds and long-tongued bees. Small butterflies and skippers also visit the flowers. ; light blue CULTURE: The preference is full or partial sun and moist to slightly dry conditions. Growth is best when the soil is rich and loamy. There is a tendency for this plant to flop over if it is spoiled with too much water or fertilizer and lacks adequate support from adjacent plants. To encourage bushier growth, pinch back the stems before they bloom. These plants may self-sow in good growing conditions. Mature plants can be divided in early spring. LUPINUS PERENNIS WILD LUPINE HEIGHT: feet; metres SPREAD: foot; metres BLOOM TIME: April-July BLOOM COLOUR: Blue, purple BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Spike like cluster up to 8 long. WATER: Dry to moist WILDLIFE: Attractive to deer, birds, butterflies, and small mammals. CULTURE: Root system can fix nitrogen into soil. Seeds should be scarified to assist with germination. Ontario s only native lupine. The only plant host of the Karner Blue butterfly caterpillar. Important to note that the seeds are toxic if eaten in large quantities. GARDEN USES: Ideal for garden borders. MAIANTHEMUM CANADENSE CANADA MAYFLOWER HEIGHT: metres; 3-8 SPREAD: metres; 1-2 BLOOM TIME: May-June BLOOM DESCRIPTION: SUN: Part Shade to shade WATER: Moist to wet FRUIT: Small, pale red berry. WILDLIFE: Attracts birds CULTURE: Prefers moist, rich to dry, often sandy woods and clearings. Creates large patches in a variety of different habitats. The plants green leaves are one of the earliest signs of Spring. The berries are very valuable to birds. GARDEN USES: Useful as ground cover in woodland garden. MAIANTHEMUM RACEMOSUM FALSE SOLOMON S SEAL HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part shade BLOOM COLOUR: Creamy white medium, well-drained soils in part shade. Prefers rich, loose, moist, humusy soils. Roots do not like to be disturbed, particularly before plant becomes established.. False Solomon s Seal is a clump-forming perennial which typically grows 2-3 tall and slowly spreads by thick rhizomes, often forming large colonies. Features unbranched, gracefully arching stems and tiny, fragrant, creamy white flowers which appear at stem end in mid spring, followed by greenish berries which turn an attractive ruby red in summer, often persisting into fall unless earlier consumed by wildlife. Foliage turns a respectable yellow in fall. MAIANTHEMUM STELLATUM STARRY FALSE SOLOMON S SEAL HARDINESS ZONE: 2-6 HEIGHT: metres; 1-2 feet SUN: Part shade FRUIT: Dark blue to reddish black striped berries WILDLIFE: Pollinators and birds TOLERATES: Grows easily in cool, moist soils. GARDEN USES: This is a very versatile plant. Pretty white flowers in the spring turn to maroon berries with black striping as the summer wears out. In the fall, the foliage turns bright yellow and stands out in the landscape. This plant is happy to grow in a variety of conditions and spreads by rhizomes to help fill in empty spaces. It s very attractive in moist shaded areas where it can grow tall and bow over in graceful arches to present its blooms. Use it vigorous nature to your advantage by planting it in hard to grow places or large areas that need filling. MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA BUCKBEAN/BOGBEAN HEIGHT: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May to July with purple hairs WATER: Wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Attractive to bees and pollinating insects. Provides egg laying sites for adult dragonfly. CULTURE: Menyanthes trifoliata prefers very wet, fertile soils. It should be planted in water at a depth of 15-30cm. Spreads by under-water rhizomes. Large clumps may be divided in summer. Menyanthes trifoliata, an aquatic perennial, makes neat little islands of vertical green waxy leaves. It sprouts from stout, under-water rhizomes and produces masses of leaves in threes, each leaf about five inches long. Clusters of lovely five-petaled, white, fringed flowers with purple hairs appear in early- to mid-summer on stalks just above the leaves. GARDEN USES: Bog garden; container; ground cover; pond edges MERTENSIA VIRGINICA VIRGINIA BLUEBELL HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March-April BLOOM COLOUR: Blue Sun Part shade to full shade TOLERATES: Rabbits and black walnut CULTURE: Easily grown in light to full shade in moist areas with rich loamy soils. Mertensia develops very quickly during the spring after danger of hard frost has passed. Its foliage dies down by mid-summer. Virginia Bluebells is an erect, clumpforming perennial which grows 1-2 tall and features loose, terminal clusters of pendulous, trumpet-shaped, blue flowers which bloom in early spring. Flower buds are pink and flowers emerge with a pinkish cast before turning blue. GARDEN USES: Best massed and left undisturbed in moist, shady woodland, wildflower or native plant gardens. MIMULUS RINGENS MONKEY FLOWER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June-September BLOOM COLOUR: Lilac purple to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies; larval host for Common Buckeye and Baltimore Checkerspots TOLERATES: Deer and wet soil CULTURE: Grow in moist to wet soils in full sun to part shade. Best in part shade. Naturalizes in optimum growing conditions by both self-seeding and creeping rhizomes. Monkey Flower is a rhizomatous, upright perennial which typically occurs in swampy areas, wet meadows, pond/streambanks and low woods. Typically grows 1-3 tall, it features lilac-purple, snapdragon-like flowers. Each flower purportedly resembles the face of a smiling monkey (hence the common name). Flowers bloom throughout the summer. GARDEN USES: Best naturalized in moist to wet soils in water gardens, bog gardens, wet meadows, water margins or low spots. MONARDA DIDYMA OSWEGA TEA Oswega Tea HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Partial sun WATER: Moist to medium WILDLIFE: The showy flowers attract hummingbirds as well as a variety of butterflies. BLOOM COLOUR: Red CULTURE: Prefers moist soil that is rich and loamy or humusy. Oswego Tea has a 4-angled, slightly hairy central stem with opposite leaves that are ovate-shaped. The upper surfaces of the leaves are dark green while underneath they have a red or purple tint. The foliage has a pleasant fragrance. The plant produces several flower heads. The flowers are red, tubular and slightly hairy. GARDEN USES: Flower garden, rain garden MONARDA FISTULOSA WILD BERGAMOT HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Full to partial sun to slightly dry WILDLIFE: The flowers attract a variety of bees, butterflies, caterpillars, hummingbirds, hummingbird moths, and bee flies. BLOOM COLOUR: Lavender/Pink CULTURE: Prefers moist to slightly dry soil that is rich and loamy. Wild Bergamot is a bushy-looking plant with opposite, lanceolate leaves that occur along light green, fourangled stems. The foliage smells like oregano. Major stems produce rounded flowerheads that bloom from the center to the edges of the head. The tubular flowers are irregular in shape with lower lips and long stamens. OENOTHERA BIENNIS COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE HEIGHT: metres; 2-6 feet WILDLIFE: Moths are the primary pollinators of the flowers. Hummingbirds and bees are also attracted to the flowers. Caterpillars, beetles as well as other small insects feed on the foliage and some birds such as goldfinches feed on the seeds. BLOOM COLOUR: Pale yellow CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture conditions and grows well in partly sandy soil. The central stem is light green to red and hairy with alternate leaves. The leaves are lanceolate in shape and are light green. The plant produces flowers at the top of the major stems which have four yellow petals each and exude a light, lemon-like fragrance. They normally open from evening to early morning. The flowers eventually give way to narrow seedpods that contain many small brown seeds. PAGE 40

23 WILDFLOWERS PARNASSIA GLAUCA GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; 8-16 SPREAD: metres; BLOOM TIME: August-October BLOOM DESCRIPTION: White flower with green srtipe on petals. SUN: Full to part sun WATER: Wet WILDLIFE: Butterflies, insects, bees. CULTURE: Commonly found in bogs, meadows, and shorlines. Despite its name, it does not look like a grass. Exhibits a long bloom that runs from summer into fall. GARDEN USES: Ideal for gardens or areas near water. PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS WOOD BETONY HARDINESS ZONE: 4-11 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May BLOOM COLOUR: Light yellow, purple-red; both to dry medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Established plants spread from clumps by short rhizomes and tolerate some drought. Wood Betony is a hairy perennial which flowers in April-May from the center of a basal rosette of deeply cut, fern-like leaves (to 6 long). Flowers vary in colour from light yellow to purple-red or both. Wood Betony s leaves are sometimes semi-evergreen, often reddish in spring or in full sun. Wood betony is a hemiparasite, a plant that is partially dependent upon other plants as a source of water and nutrients. Wood betony accomplishes this through haustoria, tissue connections that develop between the roots of the wood betony and its host plants. GARDEN USES: Native plant gardens. Open wooded areas. Alpine and rock gardens. Foxglove Beardtongue PENSTEMON DIGITALIS FOXGLOVE BEARDTONGUE HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: The flowers of Foxglove Beardtongue attract a variety of bees, hummingbirds, and butterflies. TOLERATES: Drier conditions to drought CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture, well-drained soil that is loamy. The elliptic, basal leaves of this plant are green but will sometimes have reddish tints. The flowering stalks have opposite, lanceolate leaves with small teeth running along their edges. The flowers are tubular slightly hairy, and not noticeably fragrant. The plant eventually produces small, oval-shaped seed capsules that contain many small gray seeds. PENSTEMON HIRSUTUS HAIRY BEARDTONGUE HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet to dry WILDLIFE: Attractive to hummingbirds and butterflies BLOOM COLOUR: Pink and purple CULTURE: Easily grown in well-drained clay or sandy soils. Bell-shaped pink to lavender flowers bloom in clusters on upright stalks. Flowers look like elongated snapdragons, but are closed. The species grows 1-2 feet tall, and foliage remains green throughout the summer. Hairy Penstemon is a larval host for the Baltimore Checkerspot butterfly while also attracting a variety of beneficial insects and hummingbirds. GARDEN USES: Alpine and rock gardens PENTHORUM SEDOIDES DITCH STONECROP HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; 1-2 feet SPREAD: Up to 0.3 metres; 1 foot SUN: Partial to full sun WATER: Wet to pale yellow/green CULTURE: Prefers poorly drained, wet soil or shallow standing water. Ditch Stonecrop has light green to red, slightly hairy stems with alternate leaves. The leaves are yellow-green to green, elliptic, and smooth. The major stems produce clusters of small flowers and the blooming period lasts approximately a month at which time the carpels of the flower develop into red seed capsules. PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA FALSE DRAGONHEAD HEIGHT: metres; 3-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet WILDLIFE: Attracts hummingbirds BLOOM COLOUR: Pink, some white TOLERATES: Clay soil, deer An erect, clump-forming perennial growing on stiff, square stems and featuring dense spikes of pinkish, tubular, two-lipped snapdragon-like flowers which bloom throughout the summer. GARDEN USES: An excellent plant for naturalizing in a wildflower garden, native plant garden, prairie or meadow. Valued for its late season bloom. PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM MAY APPLE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; foot BLOOM TIME: April SUN: Part shade to full shade FRUIT: Fleshy green fruit., dry soil CULTURE: Prefers rich, moist, humusy soils. Often forms large colonies in the wild. Will self seed under correct conditions. An early Spring bloom; this plant will go dormant in the summer. Each flower gives way to an edible green fruit, which turns golden when ripe. Fruit can be used for preserves and jellies. GARDEN USES: Naturalized and woodland POTENTILLA ARGUTA TALL CINQUEFOIL HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet WILDLIFE: The flowers of Tall Cinquefoil mostly attract small bees, flies, wasps and, small butterflies. CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture to dry soil that is well-drained. Tall Cinquefoil is light green in colour and has a mostly unbranched central stem that is hairy. The hairy, compound leaves are found mostly near the base but some smaller leaves also occur all along the stem. The leaflets have serrated edges and are mostly ovate. The plant produces clusters of white flowers with yellow stamens. PYCNANTHEMUM TENUIFOLIUM SLENDER MOUNTAIN MINT HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet BLOOM TIME: July - September ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Flowers are attractive to many kinds of insects, including bees, flies, butterflies, skippers, beetles, and plant bugs., Erosion, Clay Soil, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Can be a vigorous grower in good sites. Slender Mountain Mint is an erect, many-branched perennial that grows 2-3 tall and features almost needle-like leaves and profuse terminal clusters of small, white flowers. All parts of the plant emit a strong, mint-like aroma when crushed. GARDEN USES: Herb garden, border, native garden PYCNANTHEMUM VIRGINIANA VIRGINIA MOUNTAIN MINT HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet FLOWERS: Showy flowers WILDLIFE: Attractive to bees and butterflies medium, well-drained soil in full sun. The common name of mountain mint is somewhat misleading since the plant typically occurs in moist soils in wet meadows and along streams and ponds. An erect, many-branched perennial that grows 2-3 feet tall, it features narrow, toothless leaves and profuse, somewhat flat-topped terminal clusters of small, white flowers which bloom in mid to late summer. All parts of the plant emit a strong, mint-like aroma when crushed. Pycnanthemums have been used in teas. RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS EARLY BUTTERCUP HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; foot SPREAD: metres; foot to light shade WATER: medium to dry WILDLIFE: Important early nectar and pollen plant; seeds are eaten by birds. TOLERATES: Dry areas where there is sparse ground vegetation including rocky bluffs and sandy savannas CULTURE: Well-drained soils One of the earlier spring-blooming native prairie plants, this flower will liven up your meadows and gardens before the other flowers bloom. The leaves and stems rise from fleshy roots, which explains their ability to swing into the season so early. This plant disappears during the summer and reappears during the fall. GARDEN USES: Early buttercup is a good rock garden candidate. RATIBIDA PINNATA GRAY-HEADED CONEFLOWER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-September FRUIT: Cones attractive to goldfinches and other small birds WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies ; poor, dry and clay soils CULTURE: Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun. Prefers nutrient-poor clay or sandy soils. This Gray-Headed coneflower typically occurs in dry woods, prairies and along railroad tracks and roads. Species name of pinnata is in reference to the pinnate leaves. Long summer bloom period. GARDEN USES: Interesting plant for the sunny border, native plant garden, meadow or prairie. Best massed because individual plants are narrow and somewhat sparsely leafed. RUDBECKIA HIRTA BROWN-EYED SUSAN;BLACK- EYED SUSAN ZONE: 3-10 HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet BLOOM TIME: June-September FLOWERS: Showy flowers WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Clay soil, drought, deer CULTURE: Best in moist, organically rich soils. Tolerates all soils except poorlydrained ones. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage additional bloom and/or to prevent any unwanted self-seeding. Biennial or short-lived perennial that usually remains in the garden through self- seeding. GARDEN USES: An old, familiar, sometimes nostalgic and often cherished wildflower for naturalized areas, wildflower meadows, cottage gardens, native plant gardens and borders. PAGE 41 PAGE 42

24 WILDFLOWERS RUDBECKIA LACINIATA GREEN-HEADED CONEFLOWER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-September WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies and birds TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: Grow in average, medium moisture soils in full sun to part shade. Tolerates hot and humid summers, but not drought. Remove spent blooms to encourage a fall re-bloom. Divide clumps to control growth. Tall Coneflower is a native perennial which occurs in moist soils in rich woodlands, thickets or along streams, sloughs or other bodies of water. Long mid to late summer bloom period. GARDEN USES: Borders, meadows, cottage gardens, native plant gardens or naturalized areas. May need staking if desiring to keep upright for the summer. SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS BLOODROOT HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: March to April or pink tinged BLOOM DESCRIPTION: SUN: Part Shade to Full Shade, Dry Soil CULTURE: Best grown in moist, humusy, well drained soils in part to full shade. Typically blooms in early spring in woods and along streams. All parts of the plant emit a reddish/orange sap when cut, which gives it it s common name. GARDEN USES: Best planted close together in a woodland, wildflower or rock garden where they can be left alone. PAGE 43 Early Saxifrage SAXIFRAGA VIRGINIENSIS/ MICRANTHES VIRGINIENSIS EARLY SAXIFRAGE HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-June SUN: Shade to Dry CULTURE: Easily grown perennial when sited properly on well-drained rocky soils Early Saxifrage is one of our earliest showy wildflowers. It loves rocky cliffs and dry ledges. Its name is from the Latin words saxum meaning rock and frangere to break and was thought to help disintegrate the rocks it grew upon. GARDEN USES: Its basal rosette of attractive leaves, and cluster of brilliant white flowers make Early saxifrage a good rock-garden ornamental. SENECIO AUREUS GOLDEN RAGWORT HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WATER: Wet to medium WILDLIFE: The showy flowers attract small bees and flies. Moth caterpillars feed on the foliage but it is toxic to most mammals. TOLERATES: Shade CULTURE: Prefers wet to medium moisture, poorly-drained soil containing lots of organic material. Golden Ragwort has flowering stalks that rise well above the basal leaves. Smaller alternate leaves occur along the stalks. The stalks produce flatheaded panicles of flowerheads consisting of yellow disk and ray florets. The florets eventually give way to hairy achenes that are wind-distributed. GARDEN USES: Ground cover SILPHIUM LACINIATUM COMPASS PLANT HEIGHT: metres; 5-9 feet SPREAD: metre; feet BLOOM TIME: July - September WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies; seeds favoured by birds and small mammals TOLERATES: Poor soils medium, well-drained soils in full sun. Prefers clay soils. Compass Plant is a tall, sturdy, rough, bristly plant featuring sunflower-like flowers (to 5 wide). Very large, deeply cut basal leaves (to 18 long) are reminiscent of pin oak leaves. Basal leaves usually orient themselves on a north-south axis so as to minimize intense overhead sun exposure, thus giving rise to the common name. GARDEN USES: Good height for the rear of the border. Also excellent for naturalizing in prairies, cottage gardens, wildflower gardens or native plant gardens. contact info@stwilliamsnursery.com SILPHIUM TEREBINTHINACEUM PRAIRIE DOCK HEIGHT: metres; 3-10 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet BLOOM TIME: July-September WILDLIFE: Hummingbirds and Goldfinches TOLERATES: Rocky soil; clay soil; drought medium, well-drained soils in full sun. Prairie Dock forms a basal clump of huge oval to heart-shaped, dark green leaves (to 2 long) from which arise smooth, almost leafless stems topped with clusters of sunflower-like blooms (to 3 wide). Species name comes from Greek meaning like turpentine in reference to the aromatic stem resins which prairie youngsters used as a chewing gum tasting like carrots and pine. GARDEN USE: Good height for the rear of the border. Also excellent for naturalizing in prairies, cottage gardens, wildflower gardens or native plant gardens. Once established the long taproot (to 12 ) makes it difficult to move. SOLIDAGO BICOLOR WHITE GOLDENROD HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: 0.6 metres; 2 feet BLOOM TIME: July - October, yellowish ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Sought for pollen and nectar by bees like the solitary mining bee and the cellophane bee, both of which make their nests in the ground. Produces lots of seed which feed birds throughout the fall and winter. TOLERATES: Black walnut; dry, rocky soil CULTURE: Easily grown in medium to medium dry average soils in light shade. Prefers morning sun and afternoon shade in the heat of summer. An alternative for dry shade, even under evergreen trees. Will self-seed readily. White (Silverrod) Goldenrod features a thin, wiry silver stem and heads of white ray flowers mostly clustered in the axils of the leaves, rather than displayed in a large terminal bloom. The slightly yellowish look is largely due to the color of the stamens and the pollen. GARDEN USES: Erosion control, native garden SOLIDAGO CAESIA BLUE-STEMMED GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Medium shade to partial sun to dry WILDLIFE: The flowers attract primarily bees, wasps, and flies. Many other insects including moth caterpillars, leafhoppers, beetles, aphids, and grasshopper feed on Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod. Certain species of songbirds feed on the seeds and deer will feed on the foliage. TOLERATES: Shade, drier conditions CULTURE: Prefers average to slightly dry moisture levels in a clay-loam, loam, or rocky soil. Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod is a relatively unbranched central stem with alternate leaves that are smaller going up the stem. The leaves are elliptic with prominent central veins. The plant produces clusters of flowerheads consisting of yellow ray and disk florets. Fertile florets give way achenes that are distributed by wind. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden Zig-Zag Goldenrod SOLIDAGO FLEXICAULIS ZIG-ZAG GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet SUN: Part Shade to dry WILDLIFE: Bees, wasps, flies, and butterflies are the primary pollinators of the flowers. Aphids, plant bugs, leaf beetles, and moth caterpillars feed on the foliage of this plant and these insects are an important food source for many songbirds. TOLERATES: Shade CULTURE: Prefers moist to slightly dry soil that is fertile and loamy. Zigzag Goldenrod has a crooked central stem with alternate leaves. Each leaf has serrated edges and has a darker and smoother upper surface than its lower surface. The plant produces flowerheads with yellow ray and disk florets. The florets later give way to hairy achenes that are wind-distributed. SOLIDAGO JUNCEA EARLY GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: Bees, wasps, butterflies, and moths visit the flowers of this goldenrod. Moth caterpillars, leafhoppers, beetles, and many songbirds feed on the plant or its seeds. TOLERATES: Moist conditions CULTURE: Prefers average moisture to dry conditions and grows well in a wide range of soil types including loam, clay, and gravel. Early Goldenrod has a ridged central stems with alternate leaves that get smaller going up the stem. The plant produces a panicle of flowering stems with many composite flowers consisting of yellow ray and disk florets. The flowers are replaced by hairy achenes that are wind-distributed. Gray Goldenrod PAGE 44

25 WILDFLOWERS SOLIDAGO NEMORALIS GRAY GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; feet to light shade to dry WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies and birds BLOOM COLOUR: Lemon yellow CULTURE: Grow in lean to moderately fertile, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Deadhead to prevent prolific self-seeding. Divide in spring or fall. Goldenrod thrives best in soil containing sand, clay or gravel, but it will flourish in fertile soil as well. This plant is a good choice for difficult locations, such as sunny slopes or open areas with poor soil, where little else will grow: Solidago reliably provides end-of-season color in blazing shades of yellow to the wild garden or naturalistic plantings. GARDEN USES: works well in a low wildflower meadow, a sunny garden, or as a cut flower. SOLIDAGO OHIOENSIS OHIO GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet WILDLIFE: The nectar of the bright flowers is an important food source for a variety of butterflies and bees. CULTURE: Prefers moist clay but will also readily grow in moist garden soil. Ohio Goldenrod has a rosette of basal leaves as well as smaller leaves that run up the stems. The leaves are lance-shaped and smooth. The erect, smooth stems produce a cluster of flat-topped flowerheads consisting of yellow ray and disk florets. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden, along riverbanks SOLIDAGO PTARMICOIDES UPLAND WHITE GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres ; 1-2 feet SPREAD: Up to 0.45 metres; 1.5 feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: The flowers of Upland White Goldenrod are known to attract butterflies. Bees, beetles, wasps, and flies also visit the flowers. CULTURE: Prefers dry, sandy or loamy soil. PAGE 45 Upland White Goldenrod has erect, mostly unbranched stems with lancelinear leaves that get smaller going up the stem. The basal leaves are larger and lance-oval in shape. The stems produce flat-topped flowerheads with white rays that surround cream to pale yellow disks. The floral bracts have darker green tips and are narrow. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden SOLIDAGO RIDDELLII RIDDELL S GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet WATER: Wet WILDLIFE: The flowers of this plant attract and are pollinated by butterflies, moths, bees, wasps, and flies. CULTURE: Prefers wet soils. SOLIDAGO RIGIDA STIFF GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Bees, flies, butterflies (especially Monarchs), wasps, and beetles visit the showy, bright yellow flowers of this plant. Insects including grasshoppers, moth caterpillars, and other plant bugs feed on this plant and songbirds such as the American Goldfinch feed on the seeds. CULTURE: Prefers full sun and moist to slightly dry soil. This plant can be easily grown in loam, clay-loam, or gravelly soil. Stiff Goldenrod has an unbranched, hairy central stem with alternate leaves that get smaller going up the stem. Both the basal and upper leaves are light green, slightly hairy and have blunt tips. The plant branches off at the top of the central stem to produces clusters of flowers that are mildly fragrant. Hairy achenes develop later. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden SOLIDAGO RUGOSA ROUGH-LEAVED GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to moist WILDLIFE: Rough Goldenrod CULTURE: Prefers moist, well-drained soil that is sandy, loamy, or gravelly. This plant has an erect, hairy central stem with alternate leaves. The leaves are hairy as well and look wrinkly due to the pinnate veins that are deeply indented. Rough Goldenrod produces panicles of yellow flowerheads consisting of yellow ray and disk florets. The floral bracts have a scaly appearance. The florets eventually give way to wind-distributed, achenes. Stout Goldenrod SOLIDAGO SQUARROSA STOUT GOLDENROD HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: August - October SUN: Part shade to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: A large number of insects: bees, bumblebees, wasps, moths, etc., visit the flower heads, even when the flowers are spent to suck nectar secreted by the bracts. CULTURE: Easily grown in medium to dry average soils in light shade. Not tolerant of high temperatures without some shade. Stout Goldenrod is often found in thin dry forests and woodlands, shale and fine talus slopes, and roadsides. Its reddish stems stand stiffly erect. Leaves are egg-shaped, and toothed. It usually forms a rosette of large leaves at the base. Leaves along the upper stem are small and narrow. Flowers form long clusters at the top of each stem. Individual flowers are closely attached to the stem. At the base of each flower are green back-curved tiny leaflets, a key identifying feature. SYMPHYOTRICHUM CORDIFOLIUM HEART-LEAVED ASTER HEIGHT: metres; 2-5 feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Light shade to part sun WILDLIFE: The flowers attract and are pollinated by bees, wasps, butterflies, skippers, flies, and beetles. Insects such as moth caterpillars, aphids, and leafhoppers feed on the foliage. Rabbits, turkey, and deer will also feed on the foliage. BLOOM COLOUR: Blue and yellow CULTURE: Prefers moist to slightly dry soil containing loam or rocky matter. Heart-Leaved Aster has smooth, reddish stems with alternate leaves that get smaller going up the stem. The leaf blades range from cordate to ovate and have serrated edges. The central stem ends in a panicle of flowerheads consisting of light blue rays and pale yellow disk florets. The narrow, floral bracts at the base of the flowerheads are scale-like and have darker green tips. Later, the florets give way to hairy achenes. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden SYMPHYOTRICHUM ERICOIDES HEATH ASTER HARDINESS ZONE: 3-10 HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Bees, butterflies, skippers, moths, flies, wasps, and beetles are attracted to the flowers. Insects such as aphids, plant bugs, and caterpillars feed on this plant. and yellow/pink CULTURE: Prefers dry to average, well-drained soil. It grows readily in sand or clay but will also grow in soil consisting of loam, or gravelly matter. Heath Aster has hairy, green to brown stems with alternate leaves. The leaves tend to be slightly hairy and are linear. The plant produces many compound flowers that consist of white ray florets and yellow to pink disk florets in the center. The flowers are later replaced by wind-dispersed seeds. SYMPHYOTRICHUM LAEVE SMOOTH ASTER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: August - October BLOOM COLOUR: Blue, purple to part sun ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The nectar and pollen of the flower heads attract bees, flies, butterflies, and skippers. Larval host of the Pearly Crescent (Phyciodes tharos). Seeds are a favourite of various birds and small mammals. CULTURE: Easily grown in full to part sun in average well drained soils. Smooth Aster is easy to cultivate in gardens if taller and more aggressive plants are kept away from it. Smooth Aster is one of the most attractive and long-lived of all the asters. It puts on a fabulous floral display producing clusters of dainty blue flowers long after most flowers are finished. A favourite stopping spot for butterflies, Symphyotrichum laeve does well in just about any well-drained soil. GARDEN USES: Mixed border, native garden SYMPHYOTRICHUM LANCEOLATUM LANCE-LEAVED ASTER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: Bees, beetles, wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are all attracted to the flowers of this plant. Aphids, moth caterpillars, and grasshoppers feed on the foliage of this plant. Deer, some songbirds and turkeys also feed on various parts of this plant. and yellow TOLERATES: Some drought CULTURE: Prefers moist, poorly-drained soil. It grows well in loam, gravel, and clay. Lance-Leaved Aster has a hairy, light green to reddish central stem that can mature to brown and woody. Its alternate leaves are elliptic and get smaller going up the stem. The upper surfaces of leaf blades are darker. The plant produces a panicle of flowerheads with white ray florets surrounding yellow disk florets. The florets later give way to hairy achenes that are dispersed by winds. SYMPHYOTRICHUM NOVA-ANGLIAE NEW ENGLAND ASTER HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: The flowers of New England Aster are pollinated by bees, butterflies, and skippers. Insects such as aphids and moth caterpillars as well as deer and turkey will feed on this plant. BLOOM COLOUR: Purple CULTURE: Prefers moist to average soil consisting of loam or clay. This plant has hairy, erect stems with alternate leaves that get smaller going up the plant. The leaves are also hairy. The plant produces clusters of composite flowers with purple ray florets surrounding yellow disk florets. The flowers are not fragrant and eventually give way to achenes that are wind dispersed. GARDEN USES: Butterfly garden SYMPHYOTRICHUM OOLENTANGIENSE SKY BLUE ASTER HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: The flowers are visited by butterflies, bees, skippers, and flies. Certain songbirds will feed on the seeds. BLOOM COLOUR: Lavender and purple/ yellow CULTURE: Prefers medium to dry, well-drained soil but is not particular about soil type. It will readily grow in loam, clay, or sand, even soil containing gravelly or rocky material. Sky Blue Aster consists of an erect, light green central stem with alternate leaves. The basal leaves are ovate with serrated edges while the smaller, upper leaves are more linear-oblong in shape. The plant will produce a panicle of flowerheads that consist of lavender ray florets surrounding yellow or reddish-purple disk florets. After the month long blooming period, the florets give way to small achenes that are wind-dispersed. PAGE 46

26 WILDFLOWERS SYMPHYOTRICHUM PILOSUM FROST ASTER HEIGHT: metres; 1-4 feet SPREAD: metres; feet to dry WILDLIFE: Bees, butterflies, wasps, and flies are attracted to the flowers of Frost Aster. Aphids, moth caterpillars, plant bugs as well as other insects feed on this plant. and yellow CULTURE: Prefers medium to dry soil and easily adapts to growing in loam, clay, or gravelly matter. Frost Aster has hairy stems that turn brown as they mature. The leaves are hairy, linear and alternately arranged. The plant produces compound flowers with white ray florets that surround yellow disk florets. The florets are later replaced by seeds that are wind-distributed. SYMPHYOTRICHUM UROPHYLLUM ARROW-LEAVED ASTER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Partial sun to dry WILDLIFE: Bees, flies, wasps, butterflies, and skippers are attracted to the flower of this plant. Many other insects including leaf beetles, aphids, leafhoppers, wasps, and moth caterpillars feed on this plant. BLOOM COLOUR: Blue/Lavender and Yellow CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture to dry soil that contains loam, rocky-loam, or clay loam. Arrow-Leaved Aster has light green to reddish brown, hairy stems with alternate leaves. The leaves range from cordate to ovate in shape and are hairy with serrated edges. The flowerheads consists of blue to lavender ray florets and the disk florets are cream to yellow but mature to a reddish purple. The florets later give way to achenes that are winddistributed. PAGE 47 TEUCRIUM CANADENSE CANADA GERMANDER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: The primary pollinators of this plant are various species of bees. Butterflies, skippers, and bee flies are also attracted to the flowers. to Lavender and Purple CULTURE: Prefers moist, well-drained soils. It is easily grown in a fertile, loam. Canada Germander has a hollow, hairy, four-angled central stem that is mostly unbranched with opposite leaves. The leaf blades are lanceolate to narrow-ovate, serrated and have deep venation. They also give off an aromatic scent when they are crushed. The major stems end in flowering spikes. The flowers are white to pale lavender in colour with a darker purple path near the base of the lower lip. Flowers are later replaced by rounded, slightly hairy nutlets. THALICTRUM DIOICUM EARLY MEADOW-RUE HARDINESS ZONE: 4-7 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May BLOOM COLOUR: Green white with a purplish tinge TOLERATES: Deer medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers moist, rich, humusy soil and dappled sun. Intolerant of hot and humid conditions. An Early Meadow Rue featuring lacy, fine-textured, gray-green, compound foliage and panicles of tiny, drooping flowers. Species name refers to the fact that plants are dioecious (male and female flowers are on separate plants). Male flower has yellowish stamens and female flower has purplish pistils. GARDEN USES: Provides early spring color and contrast to the perennial border, wildflower garden, meadow or naturalized area. Cool, graygreen foliage provides an attractive complement to later blooming perennials in the border. Hairy Meadow-Rue THALICTRUM PUBESCENS HAIRY MEADOW-RUE HEIGHT: metres; 3-7 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Part shade to full shade to wet WILDLIFE: The flowers of the plant attract and are pollinated by bees and butterflies. CULTURE: Prefers mesic to wet soil, humusy soil that is well-drained. Hairy Meadow-Rue has compound, rounded, alternate leaves that occur along the smooth, hollow stems. Basal leaves are also present. The clusters of flowers this plant produces are small and white and are later replaced by achenes. TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA FOAM FLOWER HEIGHT: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May or pink SUN: Part shade to full shade TOLERATES: Rabbit; deer medium, well-drained soil in part shade to full shade. Prefer organically rich, moisture-retentive soils. Wet soils, particularly in winter, can be fatal. Soil should not be allowed to dry out. Foamflower is clump-forming perennial which spreads rapidly by runners to form dense wide clumps of foliage. Foliage is evergreen in mild winters, often turning reddish bronze in autumn and winter. GARDEN USES: Shaded rock gardens, woodland gardens, border fronts, wild gardens, naturalistic plantings or moist areas along stream banks. Can be massed to form an attractive ground cover. Can be used as a ground cover plant. It is rather slow to spread, though, and needs weeding for the first year or so. Plants should be spaced about 60cm apart each way. This is one of the most attractive and prolific ground cover plants. TYPHA LATIFOLIA BROAD-LEAVED CATTAIL HARDINESS ZONE: 3-10 HEIGHT: metres; 4-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 4-6 feet BLOOM TIME: June-July (Male), Green (Female) BLOOM DESCRIPTION: WATER: Wet WILDLIFE: Attracts birds CULTURE: Cattails are aggressive, and if left alone will crowd out most other marginal plants. If not planted in pots or containers be aware that the roots go deep and they are hard to remove. This marginal aquatic perennial spreads by creeping rhizomes to form thick clusters. Cattails are valued for both fresh and dried flower arrangements. Large groups of cattails are often used as nesting areas and cover for wildlife. GARDEN USES: Water gardens or ponds. VERBENA HASTATA BLUE VERVAIN HEIGHT: metres; 2-6 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-September BLOOM COLOUR: Purplish-blue to wet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies TOLERATES: Wet soil medium to wet soils in full sun. Typically forms colonies in the wild by both thick, slowly spreading rhizomes and self-seeding. Requires consistently moist soils. May self-seed in gardens in optimum growing conditions. Can be short-lived (2-3 years). Blue Vervain is a rough, clump-forming perennial with a stiff, upright habit which typically grows 2-4 tall with small, tubular, blue-violet flowers that open from the bottom up in July s heat, giving this plant a candelabra-like appearance. GARDEN USES: Borders, meadows, prairies, native plant gardens or informal/naturalized areas. Narrow-Leaved Vervain VERBENA SIMPLEX NARROW-LEAVED VERVAIN HARDINESS ZONE: 5-10 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: Up to 0.3 metres; 1 foot WATER: Moist to dry WILDLIFE: Bees, butterflies, and skippers visit the flowers. BLOOM COLOUR: Lavender CULTURE: Prefers dry to slightly dry conditions in sandy or gravelly soil. Some sparrows also feed on the seeds. The stems of Narrow-Leaved Vervain are erect to ascending, slightly hairy with pairs of opposite leaves. The leaf blades are narrowly elliptic, slightly hairy and serrated. The plant produces racemes of lavender flowers with leafy bracts. The flowers later give way to nutlets. VERBENA STRICTA HOARY VERVAIN HARDINESS ZONE: 4-7 HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; feet to dry WILDLIFE: Butterflies, bees, skippers, and bee flies visit and pollinate the flowers. Other insects such as moth caterpillars, grasshoppers, and aphids feed on the foliage of this plant. Songbirds will occasionally feed on the seeds. BLOOM COLOUR: Lavender CULTURE: Prefers average to dry clay, sand, or gravelly soil. It tends to prefer poor soil to minimize competition with other plants. Hoary Vervain has light green to reddish, hairy stems with opposite leaves. The leaf blades are gray green, hairy, ovate in shape and have serrated edges. The main upper stems end in hairy floral spikes. The lavender flowers tend to not all bloom at the same time and are later replaced by nutlets. VERNONIA MISSURICA IRONWEED HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-August BLOOM COLOUR: Magenta purple to wet WILDLIFE: Attractive to bees, butterflies, birds TOLERATES: Deer; Wet soil medium to wet soils in full sun. Overall plant height may be reduced by cutting back stems in late spring. Remove flower heads before seed develops to avoid any unwanted self-seeding. Requires consistently moist soils. Ironweed typically occurs in moist open ground along streams, wooded swamps, low meadows, prairies, fields and waste places This is an upright perennial that typically grows 3-5. Flowers give way to rusty seed clusters. Flowers are very attractive to butterflies. GARDEN USES: Naturalize in cottage gardens, wildflower meadows, prairies or native plant gardens. Also effective as a background plant for borders. VERONICASTRUM VIRGINICUM CULVER S ROOT HEIGHT: metres; 4-7 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-4 feet SUN: Full to part sun WILDLIFE: Bees, butterflies, moths, flies, and wasps are attracted to the flowers of Culver to light blue CULTURE: Prefers moist to average soil that is rich and loamy. It will adapt to growing in soil containing some sand or clay. PAGE 48

27 WILDFLOWERS - GRASSES & SEDGES VIOLA SORORIA WOOLY BLUE VIOLET HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-August BLOOM COLOUR: Blue-purple, occasionally white or bicolour ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The flowers are not often visited by insects, but the caterpillars of many Fritillary butterflies feed on the foliage. TOLERATES: Clay soil, black walnuts, deer medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade. Prefers organic-rich, moist to average conditions. Does not spread by runners, but freely self-seeds in ideal conditions. The glossy, heart-shaped leaves of this violet are topped by purple flowers with conspicuous white throats; the three lower petals are somewhat hairy. The erect flower stem droops slightly, as if bending its head toward the ground. GARDEN USES: Massed in woodland garden, native plant garden, naturalized areas; ground cover in shady locations. PAGE 49 Golden Alexander ZIZIA AUREA GOLDEN ALEXANDER HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Attracts butterflies CULTURE: Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Golden Alexander features flat-topped clusters (compound umbels) of tiny yellow flowers in late spring atop stems growing to 3 feet tall. It is known for its ability to survive dry summers even though it prefers a moist habitat. GRASSES & SEDGES ANDROPOGON GERARDII BIG BLUESTEM HEIGHT: metres; 4-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet WILDLIFE: Seeds eaten by migrating sparrows BLOOM COLOUR: Purple TOLERATES: Dry soil, drought, air pollution, black walnuts, deer dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerant of a wide range of soils and growing conditions. Puts out lots of growth in moist, fertile soils, but is less apt to topple in dryish, infertile soils. Freely self-seeds in optimum growing conditions. Because Big Bluestem is a warm season grass, it will wait until the soil is warm to begin growing in the spring. Cut stems to the ground in late winter before new shoots appear. ANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS BROOM SEDGE HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet WATER: Dry WILDLIFE: A diversity of insects feed on this plant including leafhoppers, leaf beetles and caterpillars. Field Sparrows and Tree Sparrows will feed on the seeds and deer and cattle will feed on the foliage. In the winter, the dried-out foliage serves as a shelter for insects. CULTURE: Prefers barren soil containing clay, sand or gravel. It is able to survive in hot and dry weather and grows mostly during the summer and early fall. Broom Sedge is blue-green in colour until it reaches maturity and becomes a light brown and dry in appearance. This grass has flowering culms which develop into clusters of racemes. This plant pollinates by wind and a distinguishing characteristic is its hairy, flattened leaf sheaths. GARDEN USES: Erosion control BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA SIDE-OATS GRAMA HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet WILDLIFE: Leafhoppers and grasshoppers feed on this grass. Some songbirds and Wild Turkey will eat the seeds. Livestock and deer will feed on this grass and the seeds will cling to these animals which will help disperse them. BLOOM COLOUR: Brown/Purple CULTURE: This grass prefers dry conditions and grows easily in many soil types including clay loam, gravel, and sand. Side-Oats Grama has narrow, blue-grey leaves that form a dense clump. The plant terminates in a long raceme that has 25 to 50 floral spikes that hang downward. The spikes range from pale green to pale red. In the fall, the leaves change to a golden brown. GARDEN USES: Erosion control BROMUS CILIATUS FRINGED BROME HARDINESS ZONE: 2-7 HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet BLOOM TIME: July-September BLOOM COLOUR: Green WATER: Wet to medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Its seeds are eaten by small mammals and birds. TOLERATES: Seasonally dry soils; poorly drained soils; shade CULTURE: Easily grown on moist well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Actively grows during the spring and fall when soil temperatures are cool. Fringed Brome is a cool-season clumpforming perennial grass with drooping florets and an oat-like appearance. It is important as a highly palatable summer forage for livestock and wildlife with the ability to re-grow. It is also considered effective for erosion control. Can often be found with conifers such as cedars. GARDEN USES: Rain gardens; shoreline restoration; Native plant gardens BROMUS KALMII PRAIRIE BROME HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet to part sun to slightly dry WILDLIFE: Prairie Brome is a seed source for songbirds, grouse, wild turkey, and chipmunks. Rabbits, deer, elk, and livestock feed on the foliage. /Green CULTURE: Prairie Brome grows easily in moist to slightly dry conditions with soil containing clay-loam, sand, or gravel material. It has a short growing period during spring to early summer and hot and dry weather will damage or kill the plant. Winter hardiness is ideal for the next season This grass has blue-green foliage. The shoots produce flowering green culms with alternate leaves. Each culm ends in a cluster of spikelets and their weight causes the plant to droop. After blooming, the spikelets change from light green to light brown. GARDEN USES: Erosion control CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS BLUE-JOINT GRASS HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet BLOOM TIME: June and July BLOOM COLOUR: Pink-green WATER: Wet to medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: It provides good forage for deer, bison, and cattle. Waterfowl also eat the seeds. Bluejoint provides a valuable source of seed for birds as well as cover for groundnesting birds such as grouse, sparrows, and warblers. It also provides cover for small mammals. CULTURE: Blue-Joint Grass is easily grown in wet soils in full sun. It spreads quickly by shallow rhizomes. Plants can be divided in early to late spring or early fall. Blue Joint Grass is one of the more abundant native grasses on the continent. It is long-lived and very cold hardy. Blue-joint blooms in late spring to early summer with pink-green seeds that are attractive but not highly ornamental. The leaf blades are often bluish-green. CAREX AUREA GOLDEN-FRUITED SEDGE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May-July SUN: Full to part sun to wet FRUIT: Conspicuous orange-yellow seed heads WILDLIFE: Birds TOLERATES: Rocky, sandy soils CULTURE: This sedge grows easily in full to part sun, wet to moist conditions, in rocky or sandy soil that is calcareous. This cool season ornamental sedge slowly spreads out in all directions. Carex aurea dislikes hot weather and does not compete well with taller ground vegetation on fertile loam. The most interesting thing about this sedge is its colourful berry-like fruits (golden yellow to orange) containing the seeds. GARDEN USES: Massed in groups; rain gardens; alongside streams and ponds; damp areas; in containers; specimen Bebb s Sedge CAREX BEBBII BEBB S SEDGE HARDINESS ZONE: 3-6 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM COLOUR: Green CULTURE: Prefers wet to moist, sandy soil. Bebb s Sedge is very effective around pond edges or in moist, sandy soils. It has fine narrow leaves with flowering occurring in June followed by slender seed heads. Provides food and cover for smaller wildlife. GARDEN USES: Rain garden and along pond or river bank. CAREX CRINITA FRINGED SEDGE Fringed Sedge HEIGHT: metres; 1-5 feet BLOOM TIME: June-July BLOOM COLOUR: Green, yellow, brown to full shade WATER: Wet to medium WILDLIFE: Food and cover for assorted wildlife TOLERATES: seasonal flooding; drought; shade; deer CULTURE: This native sedge performs best in part shade, tolerating both full shade and full sun, growing well in moist to wet soils. Carex crinita is a cool season sedge, doing most of its growth when the temperatures are cool. Carex crinita grows in an arching shape and forms elegant clumps of blue-green foliage averaging about 3 feet tall with flower heads that persist well into the summer. GARDEN USES: Rain gardens; native gardens; containers; mass planting; naturalization PAGE 50

28 GRASSES & SEDGES CAREX EBURNEA BRISTLE-LEAVED SEDGE HARDINESS ZONE: 2-8 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part shade to full shade BLOOM COLOUR: Whitish-green TOLERATES: Deer, drought and heavy shade CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture soils but will tolerate drier sandy or rocky conditions. It will grow in various soil types including sand, loam or gravel. This sedge will spread slowly to form large colonies in ideal conditions by rhizomes. This sedge for dense, spherical clumps. Its leaves are thin, medium green and needle-like. GARDEN USES: Can be used as a ground cover or as a naturalizer in a rock garden. CAREX GRAYI GRAY SEDGE HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May October BLOOM COLOUR: Green to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The seeds and seed heads of sedges are fairly important sources of food for various waterfowl, upland game birds, and some songbirds. TOLERATES: Deer; erosion; temporary flooding CULTURE: Gray Sedge grows best in moist fertile soil in light shade. It thrives at or near water. Propagation is through seeding in the fall and division in the spring. Clumps may be easily divided in early spring. Dead foliage should be cut to the ground in late fall or early spring. The greenish yellow to brown seed heads of this sedge look like spiked clubs and are attractive in both fresh and dried flower arrangements. The fruits remain on the plant in winter, adding an interesting accent when the shadows reflect on snow. The grass-like leaves, which are up to 1/2 wide, are semi-evergreen. CAREX LUPULINA HOP SEDGE HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: June-August to Part sun WATER: Wet to medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Host for the Pearly Butterfly; seeds provide food for waterfowl. TOLERATES: Deer; seasonal flooding CULTURE: The preference is full sun to light shade, wet to moist conditions, and soil consisting of loam, clay-loam, silty loam, or sandy loam, and some decaying organic material. Occasional inundation by slow-moving or stagnant water is readily tolerated Hop Sedge is one of the larger and showier sedges. Lush and calming, this native sedge loves wet woods and ditches. Rippling softly under the sun, it blooms in creamy spikelets from June through August. It reaches up to 3 in height with wide green leaf blades and spiked hop-looking seed heads that form in early summer. The seed heads are long lasting and provide an attractive feature for late fall and winter display. GARDEN USES: Rain garden; pond edge CAREX PENSYLVANICA PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE HEIGHT: metres; foot SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May-July BLOOM COLOUR: Reddish-brown to shade ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Excellent cover and food source for foraging small songbirds and the insects and small animals they love to eat. TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: Pennsylvania Sedge prefers dappled sunlight and mesic to dry conditions with good drainage. A sandy or loose loam with abundant organic matter is preferred. It spreads by above ground runners and grows actively when soil temperatures are cool. Can be grown in full sun if given sufficient water. Pennsylvania Sedge is soft, grass-like, and an early spring bloomer. The clumps spread rather quickly, forming a soft backdrop for wildflowers, or a naturalizing ground-cover in prairies. Turning pale brown as the weather cools, this native sedge gives wonderful fall and winter colour! GARDEN USES: Groundcover; lawn; containers CAREX PLANTAGINEA PLANTAIN-LEAVED/ SEERSUCKER SEDGE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-June BLOOM COLOUR: Purple/brown SUN: Part shade to dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Food source for the caterpillars of the woodland butterflies (Satyrodes spp) and seeds feed various birds. TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: The preference is light to medium shade and consistently damp soil with some organic matter. This sedge is typically found in protected areas where the temperature is cool and the humidity is high. The bold foliage of this species makes it a welcome textural surprise in the woodland garden. The almost evergreen foliage is bright green with a wrinkled look and purple-brown subtle flowers in May. This clump forming perennial grows quickly to form an attractive mass. GARDEN USE: Rock Garden; ground cover CAREX VULPINOIDEA FOX SEDGE HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet WATER: Wet WILDLIFE: Insects such as sedge grasshoppers, skipper and butterfly caterpillars, and leafhoppers will feed on the foliage of the plant. Certain wetland birds feed on the seeds including Mallards, Swamp Sparrows, Trumpeter Swans and Canada Geese. This sedge also provides cover for many wetland species. BLOOM COLOUR: Green TOLERATES: Temporary flooding CULTURE: Easily grown in moist to very wet soils. It prefers soil containing loam, silt, clay, or gravel. The culms of this sedge are light green and smooth. Narrow, alternate leaves occur on the lower portions of the culms. The fertile culms produce several spikelets that start out green but mature to a golden yellow or brown colour. This sedge can spread aggressively with minimal competition. GARDEN USES: Along water edges, ponds, or in rain gardens. Canada Wild Rye ELYMUS CANADENSIS CANADA WILD RYE HEIGHT: metres; 2-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WILDLIFE: Leafhoppers and leaf beetle larvae will feed on Canada Wild Rye. Cottontail Rabbits, deer, and livestock can graze on the immature foliage. BLOOM COLOUR: Green, erosion CULTURE: Prefers moist to dry conditions and will grow in almost any soil type including loam, clay, gravel, or sand. This grass has unbranched culms with alternate leaves that occur along their lengths. The culms are light green in colour and the leaves are ascending and hairless. The culms produce nodding spikes that range from 5-9 ELYMUS HYSTRIX BOTTLEBRUSH GRASS HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet FLOWERS: Showy flowers WILDLIFE: Attracts birds BLOOM DESCRIPTION: Green maturing to brown BLOOM COLOUR: Brown, green TOLERATES: Dry soil, drought, dense shade, air pollution, black walnut dry to medium, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Adapts to a wide range of soil conditions including heavy clay. Easily grown from seed and will readily self-seed in the garden under optimum growing condition. ELYMUS RIPARIUS RIVERBANK WILD RYE HEIGHT: metres; 3-4 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: July-August /green SUN: Part shade to shade to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Birds are attracted to the large seeds. TOLERATES: Deer CULTURE: Riverbank wild rye is easily grown in all medium moist soils in a part shade location. This grass particularly likes rich organic soils. Riverbank Wild Rye is a 3 to 4 tall native perennial cool season bunch grass and is the tallest of the native wild rye species. This plant is usually found in moist, often sandy, ground in woodland edges and field margins, but most often, as the name implies, along the banks of rivers and creeks. River Bank Wild Rye flowers in early summer. The tall gracefully arching seed heads makes this plant valuable for ornamental uses. GARDEN USES: Mixed border; native plant garden; woodland edge planting; rain garden ELYMUS TRACHYCAULUS SLENDER WHEATGRASS HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet SPREAD: up to 0.6 metres; 2 feet BLOOM TIME: July-August BLOOM COLOUR: Green/brown/yellow wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Upland game birds and small mammals utilize the seed for food and the foliage for cover. This grass establishes quickly and is considered good for forage. ; long wet periods CULTURE: Slender Wheat Grass actively grows during the spring and fall when soil temperatures are cool. Slender Wheatgrass is a perennial, cool-season, short-lived, coarse, tufted bunchgrass of medium height with thick, blue-green leaves and flowers arranged in slender spikes, which turn a nice red as they mature. The root system is dense, consisting of coarse and fine fibrous roots which extend 12 inches (30 cm) or more in depth. The dense root system makes this species moderately drought tolerant. GARDEN USES: Native garden ELYMUS VILLOSUS SILKY/HAIRY WILD RYE HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet BLOOM TIME: June-July BLOOM COLOUR: Green ECOLOGY AND WILDLIFE: This plant provides valuable cover for wildlife in woodland settings. SUN: Part sun to full shade to moist TOLERATES: All soil types medium to moist well-drained soils in part sun to full shade. Adapts to a wide range of soil conditions including heavy clay. Easily grown from seed and will readily self-seed in the garden under optimum growing conditions. A graceful grass that likes shady areas, this woodland native produces a nodding tuft of tan seeds in midsummer. It provides a nice accent for shade gardens with its silky-soft leaves that kids fingers will enjoy. Like most Elymus grasses, Silky Wild Rye is a short-lived clumping perennial grass. GARDEN USES: Woodland garden; shaded border PAGE 51 PAGE 52

29 GRASSES & SEDGES PAGE 53 ELYMUS VIRGINICUS VIRGINIA WILD RYE HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet WILDLIFE: A variety of insects including leafhoppers, aphids, leaf beetles, and caterpillars feed on this grass. BLOOM COLOUR: Green CULTURE: Prefers fertile soil containing loam or clay loam in moist conditions. Virginia Wild Rye is a cool season native grass. Its foliage ranges from green to silver-blue in colour. The culms produce floral spikes consisting of densely packed spikelets. The floral spikes are partially enclosed in the upper leaves. Initially green, the spikes mature to a tan/brown colour. GARDEN USES: Erosion control Tall Manna Grass GLYCERIA GRANDIS TALL MANNA GRASS HEIGHT: metres; 2-5 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May-August BLOOM COLOUR: Purple/green to part sun WATER: Wet to medium wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Provides food and cover for waterfowl and food for muskrats and deer. TOLERATES: Seasonal flooding CULTURE: Tall Manna Grass is best grown in saturated soils in full sun. It will tolerate periods of submersion. Glyceria grandis is a species of manna grass widespread in its distribution throughout the US and Canada. It is most commonly found in wet areas such as riverbanks and ponds. This is a rhizomatous perennial grass bearing thin stems which approach two meters in maximum height. The sturdy leaves each have a prominent central vein. The tops of the stems are occupied with spreading, multi-branched inflorescences bearing many small, oval-shaped spikelets. GARDEN USES: Wetland gardens; wet site landscaping GLYCERIA STRIATA FOWL MANNA GRASS HEIGHT: 0.6 metres; 2 feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet WATER: Wet to medium WILDLIFE: Most livestock and Canada Geese will eat the foliage. It also provides some cover for wildlife. BLOOM COLOUR: Green CULTURE: Prefers wet to mesic, fertile soil that is loamy. Fowl Manna Grass has erect, unbranched culms that range from light to medium green in colour. Green to gray-blue alternate leaves occur along the culms and are generally flat and up to 12 inches long. The culms produce panicles of spikelets which are initially light green to light purple but mature to a light tan colour. GARDEN USES: Erosion control JUNCUS TENUIS PATH RUSH HARDINESS ZONE: 2-9 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet to light shade WATER: Wet to medium WILDLIFE: The foliage is a food source for a variety of insects. Some birds will feed on the seed heads of this plant. BLOOM COLOUR: Green TOLERATES: Some drought CULTURE: Prefers wet to medium moisture, heavy clay-loam, clay, or gravelly soil. Path Rush has slender, unbranched, medium green stems with narrow leaf blades. The sheaths of young leaves are initially light green but become tan to brown as they mature. The plant produces clusters of very small flowers that are light green but change eventually to tan. GARDEN USES: Water edges, groundcover, erosion control. JUNCUS TORREYI TORREY S RUSH HEIGHT: metres; 2-3 feet to wet WILDLIFE: Leaf beetles and moth larvae will feed on Torrey BLOOM COLOUR: Green CULTURE: Prefers moist to temporarily wet soil. It can be grown in mud, sand, or clay. Hairy Wood Rush LUZULA ACUMINATA HAIRY WOOD RUSH HARDINESS ZONE: 4-8 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: April-May BLOOM COLOUR: Tan/red-brown SUN: Full Sun, Partial Sun, Full Shade WATER: Wet - medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Cover for small creatures TOLERATES: Dense deciduous shade CULTURE: Easily grown in full sun to part-shade in fertile, organic, moist soil. It can be used as a woodland groundcover if planted closely together. Luzula acuminata is a great little native clumping rush that spreads slowly by rhizomes. The leaves are flat and shiny and about a half-inch (1 cm) wide with white cobwebby hairs. Tan and red-brown flowers appear on inch ( metre) stalks in April and May. This is a small but distinctive plant with attractive, hairy, semi-evergreen foliage. GARDEN USES: Use near pond edges, in bog gardens or in shallow water. Also an excellent filler plant in a moist mixed gardens. LUZULA MULTIFLORA COMMON WOOD RUSH HARDINESS ZONE: 2-7 HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: Up to 0.45 metres; feet SUN: Partial sun to dry BLOOM COLOUR: Green/Brown-yellow CULTURE: Prefers dry to medium moisture soil containing clay, sand, or rocky material. Common Wood Rush has slender, light green, erect culms with alternate leaves. The leaves are pale to medium green, hairy, and hull-shaped. At the ends of the culms, flower clusters are produced. The clusters are initially green but mature to a light or dark brown. The plant is wind-pollinated. PANICUM VIRGATUM SWITCH GRASS HARDINESS ZONE: 5-9 HEIGHT: metres; 3-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-3 feet SUN: Partial to full sun WILDLIFE: A wide variety of caterpillars and insect larvae feed on the foliage of this grass. Various songbirds and wetland birds as well as small mammals feed on the seeds. It also provides cover for birds and mammals, especially during the winter. BLOOM COLOUR: Pink-tinted TOLERATES: Dryer conditions CULTURE: Prefers full sun in medium to wet conditions in fertile, sandy or clay soils, though it will tolerate a wide range of other soil types. Switch grass can spread aggressively. Switch Grass has smooth, mostly erect culms with alternate leaves. The leaves are medium green and tend to be flat. The plant has darker and swollen nodes. The fertile culms produce panicles of spikelets that when in bloom, are light to reddish green in colour. SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM LITTLE BLUESTEM HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; feet to dry WILDLIFE: Skipper caterpillars, grasshoppers, small beetles and, leafhoppers feed on the foliage of this plant. Songbirds such as Field Sparrows and Tree Sparrows feed on the seeds. BLOOM COLOUR: Purple/Reddish brown CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture to dry soil that is less fertile. Little Bluestem will adapt to various soil types such as gravel, loamy, or sandy soil. This grass has tan to red-brown culms with alternate leaves that tend to occur near the lower section of the culms. Both the leaves and the leaf sheaths are green to blue in colour. The plant has swollen and reddish nodes. The fertile culms produce racemes of spikelets and later, hairy, white seed heads develop. SCIRPUS ATROVIRENS BULRUSH HEIGHT: metres; 4-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-4 feet SUN: Full to partial sun to wet WILDLIFE: Various insects such as leaf beetles, grasshoppers, moth larvae, and aphids feed on the foliage of this plant. Wetland birds feed on the seed heads and muskrats will feed on the culms. BLOOM COLOUR: Green to brown CULTURE: Prefers moist to wet soils and will also grow in shallow standing water. It will grow in various soil types such as clay, gravelly, sandy, and humusy soil. Bulrush is an unbranched plant that consists of culms with alternate, linear leaves and light green leaf sheaths. The plant produces umbels of spikelets. While blooming, the spikelets are a yellow-green but they later mature to a dark brown. The plant is windpollinated. GARDEN USES: Water edges SCIRPUS CYPERINUS WOOL GRASS HEIGHT: metres; 3-5 feet SPREAD: metres; 2-4 feet SUN: Full to partial sun WATER: Wet to moist WILDLIFE: Various small insects such as semi-aquatic leaf beetles, moth larvae, and aphids feed on Wool Grass. Waterfowl readily feed on the foliage and the seedheads of this plant. It also provides good cover and nesting areas for wetland wildlife. Muskrats and Meadow Vole feed on this plant as well. BLOOM COLOUR: Green to brown TOLERATES: Shallow water CULTURE: Prefers wet to moist soil consisting of mud, sand, or gravel. Wool grass has both sterile and fertile shoots. The fertile shoots are unbranched, longitudinally veined culms with alternate leaves and are much taller than the infertile culms. They produce clusters of spikelets which consist of densely arranged florets. The infertile shoots are in lower tufts at the base of the plant. The foliage turns a light brown colour in the fall. GARDEN USES: Water edges, rain gardens SCIRPUS MICROCARPUS SMALL-FRUITED RUSH HARDINESS ZONE: 3-8 HEIGHT: metres; 2-5 feet BLOOM TIME: May-June BLOOM COLOUR: Brown WATER: Wet to medium wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Provides valuable food and nesting material for birds of all types and refuge for small animals in the dense growth of this plant. TOLERATES: Fluctuating water levels; deer CULTURE: Small-Fruited Rush is easily grown in full sun to part shade in moist soil to standing water. Grows most actively during the spring and fall when soil temperatures are cool. The Small-Fruited Rush is a stout plant with triangular stems, growing to 5 feet tall. Multiple stems emerge from each plump rhizome which are oblong and have thick, rough skins, resembling arrowroot. Many extremely sharp leaves, in sets of three, branch from both the base and the stems and have a marked crease down the centre. GARDEN USES: Bog garden; pond edge PAGE 54

30 GRASSES & SEDGES - VINES SCIRPUS PENDULUS NODDING/RED BULRUSH HARDINESS ZONE: 3-9 HEIGHT: metres; 2-4 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May-June BLOOM COLOUR: Brown/red WATER: Wet to medium ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: An important food and cover plant for water fowl and other wildlife. TOLERATES: Rocky ground CULTURE: The preference is full sun to light shade, wet to mesic conditions, and soil with organic matter to retain moisture. However, it tolerates rocky ground if there is sufficient moisture. Nodding Bulrush is a 2 to 4 tall native featuring a rather elegant drooping reddish inflorescence and yellow-green foliage. During July and August the fruits mature into hard brown nutlets (achenes). Great for erosion control, this Bulrush should be planted in wet meadows, ditches, pond and stream edges, swamps, sedge meadows and other wet areas. GARDEN USES: Bog garden; Rain garden Indian Grass SORGHASTRUM NUTANS INDIAN GRASS HEIGHT: metres; 3-7 feet SUN: Full to part sun to slightly dry WILDLIFE: Various insects including grasshoppers, plant hoppers, leafhoppers, and caterpillars feed on the foliage of this grass. These insects in turn are an important food source for many songbirds. The foliage also provides good cover for wildlife. BLOOM COLOUR: Brown CULTURE: Prefers moist to slightly dry soil that is well-drained. This plant will tolerate various soil types including heavy clay and those containing gravelly material. Indian Grass has smooth, unbranched culms with dark, hairy nodes and flat, alternate leaves. The foliage is blue-green in colour but changes to a tan/orange in the fall. The fertile culms produce panicles of brown spikelets with yellow stamens that are cross pollinated by wind and eventually fall to the ground. GARDEN USES: Erosion control SPARTINA PECTINATA PRAIRIE CORD GRASS HEIGHT: metres; 4-7 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-4 feet BLOOM TIME: July-August -brown to wet WILDLIFE: Songbirds ; erosion CULTURE: Best grown in fertile, moist to wet loams in full sun to part shade. Plants tolerate sandy or rocky soils. This grass will spread by rhizomes to form large colonies. When planted on dry soils, they tend to grow and spread less aggressively. Propagate by division. Prairie Cord Grass is a coarse, tough, warm season perennial grass that typically grows in a dense, arching clump to 4-7 tall when in flower. Glossy dark green leaves (to 4 long and to 5/8 wide) have sharp edges (wear gloves when working with this grass). Leaves turn golden-yellow in the fall. GARDEN USES: Large ponds or water gardens. Excellent for stabilizing soils and for erosion control on slopes, hills or along streams. SPOROBOLUS ASPER ROUGH DROPSEED HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; 1-3 feet WILDLIFE: Several insects such as grasshoppers feed on this plant. Small birds including Field Sparrows and White-crowned Sparrows feed on the seeds. BLOOM COLOUR: Green CULTURE: Prefers medium moisture to dry soil. The plant will adapt to various soil types such as loamy, sandy, or gravelly soil. Rough Dropseed has unbranched, erect, smooth culms with alternate leaves. The leaf blades are flat or curve upward at the margins and the sheaths have longitudinal veins. The culms produce panicles of spikelets. The spikelets are initially white but mature to a purple-green colour. After blooming, the spikelets become tan. SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS SAND DROPSEED HARDINESS ZONE: 4-8 HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May-October WATER: Dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Used to some extent by antelope, deer, small mammals, and upland game birds. The forage value declines rapidly with maturity. ; deer CULTURE: Sand Dropseed adapts to most soils but thrives on sandy sites. It is a warm-season grass, actively growing during the summer when soil temperatures are warm. Sand Dropseed is a long-lived perennial warm season bunchgrass. Topping out at about three feet, this is one of the shorter prairie grasses. Sand Dropseed is a very essential grass for wind erosion control on sandy soil sites. It inhibits water pollution by reducing the blowing of sand into stream channels. GARDEN USES: Rooftop garden; Xeriscape garden; mixed ornamental gardens. VINES CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA VIRGIN S BOWER HEIGHT: vine metres; feet SPREAD: metres; 3-6 feet BLOOM TIME: August to October to wet FRUIT: Attractive plume-like seed heads TOLERATES: Deer, black walnut medium to wet, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. This species will thrive and bloom in considerable shade. Blooms occur on current year s growth. May be pruned back hard (to 8-12 from the ground) to strong leaf buds in fall after flowering or in late winter to early spring. Needs adequate supply of nutrients during the growing season to support rush of growth. Virgin s Bower is a fragrant, fallblooming clematis with a vigorous, deciduous, twining vine featuring sweetly aromatic, pure white flowers from late August to October in a profuse bloom which typically covers the foliage. Flowers give way to attractive, plumelike seed heads (hence the sometimes common name of old man s beard). MENISPERMUM CANADENSE MOONSEED HARDINESS ZONE: 5-8 HEIGHT: metres; 8-20 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-6 feet SUN: Part shade to partial sun WILDLIFE: The caterpillars of Moonseed Moth feed on the vine. Some birds such as the Eastern Towhee will feed on the fruit which are poisonous to humans and most mammals. The foliage can provide cover for wildlife. BLOOM COLOUR: Whitish green CULTURE: Prefers moist to moderate moisture soil that is sandy or loamy and fertile. Moonseed is a woody vine. Stems are initially green and hairy but become hairless and woody as they age. The leaves are alternately arranged and have shiny upper surfaces but are slightly hairy and paler underneath. The non-woody stems produce whitish green, male and female flowers. The female flowers give way to dark, blue-black fruits which contain crescent moon shaped seeds. GARDEN USES: On a support structure, ground cover contact info@stwilliamsnursery.com Riverbank Grape VITIS RIPARIA RIVERBANK GRAPE HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: 8-10 metres; feet BLOOM TIME: May to July ish-green WATER: Moist to slightly dry ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Fruit is an important food source for many gameand song birds. Several mammals consume the fruit. Bees and flower flies visit the flowers, seeking pollen. The caterpillars of many moths, particularly Sphinx moths, feed on the foliage of this plant. TOLERATES: Black walnut CULTURE: Easily grown in full sun to light shade, and moist to slightly dry conditions. This plant is not particular about soil type or texture. Can smother and kill shrubs and small trees. This climbing multi-stemmed vine produces fragrant flowers becoming small green berries in the summer months and aging into variously coloured fruits of black, purple and amber. The grapes are edible but very sour. Good autumn colour, creating swags of green and burgundy. GARDEN USES: Hedge, screen; naturalizing PAGE 55 PAGE 56

31 ST.WILLIAMS NURSERY & ECOLOGY CENTRE FERNS ATHYRIUM FILIX-FEMINA COMMON LADY FERN HEIGHT: metres; 1-3 feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part sun to full shade ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: The fronds of lady fern provide a food source for grizzly bears, elk and deer. TOLERATES: Rabbits; heavy shade; deer CULTURE: Easily grown in rich, medium moisture, well-drained soil in part shade to full shade. Tolerates drier soils than many other ferns. Will tolerate full sun, however, only if soil is kept constantly moist. Shelter from wind to protect fronds from breaking. Protect the crown with dry mulch in late autumn. Divide clumps in spring every few years to reposition crowns at the soil level. Athyrium filix-femina is a deciduous fern that features lacy-cut, finely-divided, light green fronds which grow in a dense circular shuttlecock-like clump to three feet tall. This deciduous fern prefers more acid conditions but can be found in a wide variety of soil types. GARDEN USES: Woodland or shade garden CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA BULBLET BLADDER FERN HEIGHT: metres; feet SPREAD: metres; feet SUN: Part to full shade WATER: Moist to medium TOLERATES: Deer; drought The most unique feature of the Bulblet Bladder Fern is the small green BB sized seeds, or bulblets, that it produces. These resemble tiny peas and can be found on the underside of the frond on late July and August. GARDEN USES: Woodland gardens; cliffs Ostrich Fern MATTEUCCIA STRUTHIOPTERIS OSTRICH FERN HEIGHT: metres; 2-6 feet SPREAD: metres; 3-8 feet SUN: Part shade to full shade to wet ECOLOGY & WILDLIFE: Seasonal cover and hiding places for ground frequenting birds. They also serve as protection for frogs and toads. TOLERATES: Rabbit, Heavy Shade, Erosion, Clay Soil, Wet Soil CULTURE: Ostrich Fern prefers moist, rich, well-drained, neutral to acidic soils in full to partial shade. Do not allow to dry out. Spreads freely by rhizomes. Propagate by division every few years in the spring. One of the most common native ferns, plants form large, upright clumps of big green fronds. In spring the unfurling fiddleheads are often harvested as a gourmet treat. Roots are spreading, and plants can form quite a large patch in time. Cinnamon-brown fertile fronds push up from the centre of each clump in summer, and these remain attractive all winter long. GARDEN USES: Woodland garden; massed in wet areas near streams or ponds. PAGE 57 PAGE 58

32 Terms & Conditions Species Index SPECIES INDEX PRICES: Prices are F.O.B St. Williams Nursery and are subject to change without notice. All orders are subject to a $35 per order packaging and handling fee. Please note that St. Williams Nursery & Ecology Centre has a $250 minimum order. Herbaceous plugs must be ordered by the half tray (multiples of 36). Woody plugs and bare root must be ordered in multiples of 10. Potted stock, 1-3 gal have a minimum order of 5 units. No minimum for potted stock 5 gal and up. Please visit for current availability and pricing. TERMS: Non-credit customers must submit full payment with order and prior to pickup or delivery. All credit customers must submit a 25% deposit upon order confirmation. Terms on approved credit accounts are net 30 days. Overdue accounts will be charge interest at 2% per month (24% per annum) plus collection costs. All orders placed to reserve stock for spring delivery cancelled after Feb 15th will forfeit their deposit. ORDERS: Orders are booked and acknowledged based on preliminary field counts and subject to final grade out at the time of harvesting. Changes made to orders within 48 hours of delivery or pickup will be subject to a 25% restocking fee (25% of the value of the product changed or cancelled). CONTRACT GROWING: Custom-grown orders require a 50%, or more, deposit to begin growing the plants or seed. The deposit amount and time required to grow will be determined on a case-by-case basis. In most instances, order cancellations forfeit deposits. If order is not shipped within 30 days of original ready date, a 5% (of order total) monthly holding fee will be applied. CONDITIONS OF SALE: All orders are accepted subject to weather, errors in inventory or any other reason beyond our control. We reserve the right to refund all or any part of payment made. PRODUCT PICKUP AND SHIPPING: Product must be picked up at the nursery unless otherwise arranged. All plants that are shipped travel at the risk of the buyer; claims for delay or damage should be made immediately to the transport company. Orders not picked up or shipped within 30 days of original ready date, will be charged a 5% (of order total) monthly holding fee. In the event an order needs to be held over the winter months (December- March) additional holding fees will apply. CLAIMS: Claims on unsatisfactory plants or seed must be reported to St. Williams Nursery & Ecology Centre within 24 hours of receipt. Returned products are not accepted. DECIDUOUS TREES Acer nigrum (Black Maple)... 8 Acer pensylvanica (Striped Maple)... 8 Acer rubrum (Red Maple)... 8 Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple)... 8 Acer spicatum (Mountain Maple)... 8 Acer x freemanii (Freeman Maple)... 8 Betula alleghaniensis (Yellow Birch).. 9 Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch)... 9 Carpinus caroliniana (Blue Beech)... 9 Carya cordiformis (Bitternut Hickory). 9 Carya glabra (Pignut Hickory)... 9 Carya laciniosa (Shellbark Hickory)... 9 Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory) Castanea dentata (American Chestnut) Celtis occidentalis (Common Hackberry) Fagus grandifolia (American Beech). 10 Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky Coffee Tree) Juglans cinerea (Butternut) Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip Tree) Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum) Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) Platanus occidentalis (American Sycamore) Populus balsamifera (Balsam Poplar) 12 Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) Populus grandidentata (Large-Toothed Aspen) Populus tremuloides (Trembling/Quaking Aspen) Prunus pensylvanica (Pin Cherry) Prunus serotina (Black Cherry) Quercus alba (White Oak) Quercus bicolour (Swamp White Oak) 13 Quercus ellipsoidalis (Hill s Oak) Quercus macrocarpa (Bur Oak) Quercus muehlenbergii (Chinquapin Oak) Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) Quercus prinoides (Dwarf Chinquapin Oak) Quercus rubra (Red Oak) Quercus shumardii (Shumard Oak).. 14 Quercus velutina (Black Oak) Salix amygdaloides (Peachleaf Willow) Salix nigra (Black Willow) Sassafras albidum (Sassafras) Staphylea trifolia (Bladdernut) Tilia americana (American Basswood) 16 Ulmus americana (American Elm) Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm) Ulmus thomasii (Rock/Cork Elm) CONIFERS & EVERGREEN TREES Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir) Juniperus virginiana (Red Cedar) Larix laricina (Tamarack) Picea glauca (White Spruce) Picea pungens (Colorado Spruce) Thuja occidentalis (Eastern White Pine) Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) 18 SHRUBS & SMALL TREES Alnus rugosa (Speckled Alder) Amelanchier alnifolia (Saskatoon Berry) Amelanchier arborea (Downy Serviceberry) Amelanchier humilis (Low Serviceberry) Amelanchier laevis (Smooth Serviceberry) Amelanchier sanguinea (Round-Leaved Serviceberry) Aronia melanocarpa (Black Chokeberry) Betula pumila (Dwarf Birch) Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea) Celtis tenuifolia (Dwarf Hackberry).. 20 Cephalanthus occidentalis (Buttonbush) Cercis canadensis (Redbud) Cornus alternifolia (Alternative-Leaved(Dogwood).. 21 Cornus amomum (Silky Dogwood) Cornus drummondii (Rough-Leaved Dogwood) Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) 21 Cornus racemosa (Gray Dogwood) Cornus rugosa (Round-Leaved Dogwood) Cornus stolonifera (Red Osier Dogwood) Corylus americana (American Hazelnut) Diervilla lonicera (Bush Honeysuckle) 22 Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-Hazel) 22 Ilex verticillata (Winterberry Holly).. 22 Lindera benzoin (Spicebush) Lonicera canadensis (American Fly Honeysuckle) Malus coronaria (Wild Crabapple) Physocarpus opulifolius (Ninebark). 23 Potentilla fruticosa (Shrubby Cinquefoil) Prunus americana (American Plum). 23 Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) Ptelea trifoliata (Hoptree) Rhus aromatica (Fragrant Sumac) Rhus copallina (Winged/Shining Sumac) Rhus typhina (Staghorn Sumac) Ribes americanum (Wild Black Currant) Rosa blanda (Smooth Rose) Rosa carolina (Pasture Rose) Rosa palustris (Swamp Rose) Rubus allegheniensis (Common Blackberry) Rubus ideaus (Red Rasberry) Rubus occidentalis (Black Rasberry). 25 Rubus odoratus (Purple Flowering Raspberry) Salix bebbiana (Bebb s/beaked Willow) Salix discolour (Pussy Willow) Salix eriocephala (Wooly-Headed/ Heartleaf Willow) Salix exigua (Sandbar/Coyote Willow) 26 Sambucus canadensis (Common Elder) Sambucus racemosa (Red Elderberry) 26 Spiraea alba (Meadowsweet) Spiraea tomentose (Steeplebush) Viburnum acerfolium (Maple-Leaved Viburnum) Viburnum cassinoides (Wild Raisin/Witherod) Viburnum dentatum (Arrowwood) Viburnum lentago (Nannyberry) Viburnum trilobum (Highbush Cranberry) WILDFLOWERS Actaea pachypoda (Doll s Eyes/White Baneberry) Actaea rubra (Red Baneberry) Agastache nepetoides (Yellow Giant Hyssop) Allium cernuum (Nodding Wild Onion) 28 Anaphalis margaritacea (Pearly Everlasting) PAGE 59 PAGE 60

33 SPECIES INDEX Anemone canadensis (Canada Anemone) Anemone virginiana (Thimbleweed). 29 Angelica atropurpurea (Purple Angelica) Antennaria neglecta (Field Pussytoes) Apocynum androsaemifolium (Spreading Dogbane) Apocynum cannabinum (Indian Hemp) 29 Aquilegia canadensis (Wild Columbine) Aralia nudicaulis (Wild Sarsaparilla). 30 Aralia racemosa (American Spikenard) Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-In-The-Pulpit) Asarum canadense (Wild Ginger) Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed) Asclepias sullivantii (Sullivant s Milkweed) Asclepias syriaca (Common Milkweed) Asclepias tuberosa (Butterfly Weed) 31 Asclepias Verticillata (Whorled Milkweed) Asclepias viridiflora (Green Milkweed) 31 Astragalus canadensis (Canada Milk-Vetch) Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold) Campanula americana (Tall Bellflower) Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell).. 32 Chelone glabra (Turtlehead) Cirsium muticum (Swamp Thistle) Coreopsis tripteris (Tall Coreopsis).. 33 Desmodium canadense (Showy Tick-Trefoil) Desmodium paniculatum (Panicled Tick-Trefoil) Doellingeria umbellata (Flat Topped Aster) Echinacea pallida (Pale Purple Coneflower) Erigeron pulchellus (Poor Robins Plantain) Eupatorium maculatum (Joe-Pye Weed) Eupatorium perfoliatum (Common Boneset) Eupatorium rugosum /Ageratina altisima (White Snakeroot) Euphorbia corollata (Flowering Spurge) Eurybia macrophylla (Large-Leaved Aster) Euthamia graminifolia (Grass-Leaved Goldenrod) Euthamia gymnospermoides (Viscid Bushy Goldenrod) Fragaria vesca (Woodland/White Strawberry).. 35 Fragaria virginiana (Wild Strawberry) 35 Gentiana andrewsii (Closed Gentian) 35 Geranium maculatum (Wild Geranium) Geum rivale (Purple/Water Avens).. 36 Geum triflorum (Prairie Smoke) Hedyotis longifolia (Long-Leaved Bluets) Helenium autumnale (Common Sneezeweed) Helianthus divaricatus (Woodland Sunflower) Helianthus giganteus (Tall Sunflower) 37 Helianthus strumosus (Pale-Leaved Sunflower) Heliopsis helianthoides (Sweet Ox-Eye) Hepatica americana (Round-Lobed Hepatica) Hibiscus moscheutos (Swamp Rose Mallow) Hypericum ascyron (Great St. John s-wort) Iris versicolour (Wild Blue Flag) Iris virginica (Southern Blue Flag) Lespedeza capitata (Round-Headed Bushclover) Lespedeza hirta (Hairy Bushclover) Liatris cylindracea (Cylindrical Blazing Star) Liatris spicata (Spiked Blazing Star). 38 Lilium michiganense (Michigan Lily). 38 Lobelia cardinalis (Cardinal Flower). 39 Lobelia siphilitica (Great Blue Lobelia) 39 Lobelia spicata (Pale-Spiked Lobelia) 39 Lupinus perennis (Wild Lupine) Maianthemum canadense (Canada Mayflower) Maianthemum racemosum (False Solomon s Seal) Maianthemum stellatum (Starry False Solomon s Seal) Menyanthes trifoliata (Buckbean/Bogbean) Mertensia virginica (Virginia Bluebell) Mimulus ringens (Monkey Flower) Monarda didyma (Oswega Tea) Monarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot). 40 Oenothera biennis (Common Evening-Primrose) Parnassia glauca (Grass-Of-Parnassus) Pedicularis canadensis (Wood Betony) Penstemon digitalis (Foxglove Beardtongue) Penstemon hirsutus (Hairy Beardtongue) Penthorum sedoides (Ditch Stonecrop) Physostegia virginiana (False Dragonhead) Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple) Potentilla arguta (Tall Cinquefoil) Pycnanthemum tenuifolium (Slender Mountain Mint) Pycnanthemum virginiana (Virginia Mountain Mint) Ranunculus fascicularis (Early Buttercup) Ratibida pinnata (Gray-Headed Coneflower) Rudbeckia hirta (Brown-Eyed Susan;Blackeyed Susan) Rudbeckia laciniata (Green-Headed Coneflower) Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot). 43 Saxifraga virginiensis/ Micranthes Virginiensis (Early Saxifrage) Senecio aureus (Golden Ragwort) Silphium laciniatum (Compass Plant) 43 Silphium terebinthinaceum (Prairie Dock) Solidago bicolor (White Goldenrod).. 44 Solidago caesia (Blue-Stemmed Goldenrod) Solidago flexicaulis (Zig-Zag Goldenrod) Solidago juncea (Early Goldenrod) Solidago nemoralis (Gray Goldenrod) 45 Solidago ohioensis (Ohio Goldenrod) 45 Solidago ptarmicoides (Upland White Goldenrod) Solidago riddellii (Riddell s Goldenrod) Solidago rigida (Stiff Goldenrod) Solidago rugosa (Rough-Leaved Goldenrod) Solidago squarrosa (Stout Goldenrod) 45 Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Heart-Leaved Aster) Symphyotrichum ericoides (Heath Aster) Symphyotrichum laeve (Smooth Aster) Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Lance-Leaved Aster) Symphyotrichum nova-angliae (New England Aster) Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (Sky Blue Aster) Symphyotrichum pilosum (Frost Aster) Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Arrow-Leaved Aster) Teucrium canadense (Canada Germander) Thalictrum dioicum (Early Meadow-Rue) Thalictrum pubescens (Hairy Meadow-Rue) Tiarella cordifolia (Foam Flower) Typha latifolia (Broad-Leaved Cattail) Verbena hastata (Blue Vervain) Verbena simplex (Narrow-Leaved Vervain) Verbena stricta (Hoary Vervain) Vernonia missurica (Ironweed) Veronicastrum virginicum (Culver s Root) Viola sororia (Wooly Blue Violet) Zizia aurea (Golden Alexander) GRASSES & SEDGES Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem). 49 Andropogon virginicus (Broom Sedge) 49 Bouteloua curtipendula (Side-Oats Grama) Bromus ciliatus (Fringed Brome) Bromus kalmii (Prairie Brome) Calamagrostis canadensis (Blue-Joint Grass) Carex aurea (Golden-Fruited Sedge). 50 Carex bebbii (Bebb s Sedge) Carex crinita (Fringed Sedge) Carex eburnea (Bristle-Leaved Sedge) 51 Carex grayi (Gray Sedge) Carex lupulina (Hop Sedge) Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Sedge) Carex plantaginea (Plantain-Leaved/ Seersucker Sedge) Carex vulpinoidea (Fox Sedge) Elymus canadensis (Canada Wild Rye) 52 Elymus hystrix (Bottlebrush Grass).. 52 Elymus riparius (Riverbank Wild Rye) 52 Elymus trachycaulus (Slender Wheatgrass) Elymus villosus (Silky/Hairy Wild Rye) 52 Elymus virginicus (Virginia Wild Rye) 53 Glyceria grandis (Tall Manna Grass). 53 Glyceria striata (Fowl Manna Grass). 53 Juncus tenuis (Path Rush) Juncus torreyi (Torrey s Rush) Luzula acuminata (Hairy Wood Rush) 53 Luzula multiflora (Common Wood Rush) Panicum virgatum (Switch Grass) Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem) Scirpus atrovirens (Bulrush) Scirpus cyperinus (Wool Grass) Scirpus microcarpus (Small-Fruited Rush) Scirpus pendulus (Nodding/Red Bulrush) Sorghastrum nutans (Indian Grass).. 55 Spartina pectinata (Prairie Cord Grass) Sporobolus asper (Rough Dropseed). 55 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Sand Dropseed) VINES Clematis virginiana (Virgin s Bower). 56 Menispermum canadense (Moonseed) Vitis riparia (Riverbank Grape) FERNS Athyrium filix-femina (Common Lady Fern) Cystopteris bulbifera (Bulblet Bladder Fern) Matteuccia struthiopteris (Ostrich Fern) PAGE 61 PAGE 62

34 Restore Growing to Biodiversity PAGE 63

35 RY FARM RD. CONC. RD. 6 HIGHWAY 24 E QUARTER LINE CONC. RD. 4 CHARLOTTEVILLE RD. 2 CONC. RD. 3 CHARLOTTEVILLE RD. 1 LAKESHORE RD. 885 Hwy 24 W. P.O. Box 150 St. Williams, ON, Canada N0E 1P0 PHONE: (519) TOLL FREE: TREE (8733) FAX: (519) info@stwilliamsnursery.com sales@stwilliamsnursery.com WEB: