Ecography. Supplementary material

Transcription

1 Ecography ECOG Savage, J. and Vellend, M Elevational shifts, biotic homogenization and time lags in vegetation change during 40 years of climate warming. Ecography doi: /ecog Supplementary material

2 Appendix 1. Supplemental methods and results. Plot locations A fine-scale map of our study area permitted relatively accurate re-location of the locations where vegetation was surveyed in 1970 (Fig. A1). Taxa observed during the two time periods Table A1 provides a list of taxa and the number of plots where each was found in 1970 and in Compilation of Species Indices for Temperature, Light and Moisture (STI, SLI and SMI) In order to test the hypothesis of climate-warming impacts, for each species we calculated a Species Temperature Index (STI) as described in the main text. Species indices for light and moisture were obtained from the TOPIC (Traits of Plants in Canada) database (Aubin et al. 2007). In this database, ordinal values describing the degree of shade in habitats the species is known to grow in were documented for individual species, such as shade-tolerant, intolerant or mid- tolerant. We used these descriptors as a measure of each species association with light (i.e., SLI): 0 for shade tolerant, 1 for mid-tolerant and 2 for shade intolerant species. For hydric stress, the TOPIC database includes a descriptor of water preference, which represents the association of the species with different levels of soil moisture in five categories (xeric, xeric-mesic, mesic, humid-mesic and wet). We used these descriptors as the Species Moisture Index (SMI): 0 for species associated with dry habitats, 1 for xeric-mesic, 2 for mesic, 3 for humid-mesic up to 4 for wet habitats.

3 For a given habitat-association trait, some species were assigned more than one value in TOPIC, with each value associated with a confidence level which ranged from 1 (low confidence) to 5 (high confidence). Confidence levels 4 and 5 were considered high enough for attribution of the trait to the species; species for which we could not confidently assign one value were not retained. There were 103 species with only a single value of high confidence and 6 species with two adjacent values. We excluded species that were assigned two or more non-adjacent values of high confidence (i.e., 19 taxa that were found in a broad range of conditions and hence described as indifferent ). When a species was found in up to two contiguous light categories (or up to three contiguous moisture categories), the average of the two or three categories was used as a single value in subsequent analyses. When the trait values in TOPIC were associated with a confidence level less than 3 (10 species), or when a species was not documented in TOPIC or Humbert et al. (2007), we used the following resources to assign a value for as many species as possible: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) ( The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center ( Plants of Wisconsin ( E-Flora of British Columbia ( Flora of North America ( For species not included in TOPIC or in Humbert et al. (2007), no trait value was attributed when different information sources were in disagreement or when the species was reported to live in a wide range of conditions. The package FD was used in R to calculate CTI, CLI and CMI for each plot in both years (Laliberté and Legendre 2010).

4 Figure A1. A portion of the map of Mont Mégantic (scale 1: ) from Marcotte & Grandtner (1974) showing plot locations (dark circles). The portion of the map shown represents an area of 4.5 km (east-west) by 3.9 km (south-north), and elevation near the summit is shown in units of feet (3550 ft 1100m) with topographic lines separated by 25 feet.

5 Table A1. List of taxa found in 48 historic (1970) and contemporary (2012) plots in Parc national du Mont Mégantic, Québec. Rows listing multiple species were considered as a single taxon. Nomenclature followed TNRS (Taxonomic Name Resolution Service, which uses multiple databases but mostly the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) PLANTS database ( For a detailed list of species included in large groups (genera and families), or those found outside the plots, see Hall (1998). Taxon Family Stratum # plots in 1970 # plots in 2012 Abies balsamea (L.) Mill Pinaceae Tree Acer pensylvanicum L. Sapindaceae Tree Acer rubrum L. Sapindaceae Tree 9 14 Acer saccharum Marshall Sapindaceae Tree Acer spicatum Lam. Sapindaceae Shrub Actaea pachypoda Elliott / A. rubrum (Aiton) Willd. Ranunculaceae Herb 12 9 Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Asteraceae Herb 7 2 Allium tricoccum Aiton Amaryllidaceae Herb 1 0 Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen and possibly other Betulaceae Shrub 1 0 Alnus species Amelanchier arborea (F. Michx.) Fernald / A. bartramiana (Tausch) M. Rosaceae Shrub Roem. Aralia nudicaulis L. Araliaceae Herb Aralia racemosa L. Araliaceae Herb 2 3 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Araceae Herb 6 13 Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ssp. angustum (Willd.) R.T. Clausen Woodsiaceae Herb Betula alleghaniensis Britton Betulaceae Tree Betula papyrifera Marshall Betulaceae Tree Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Ophioglossaceae Herb 8 1 Botrychium matricariifolium (Döll) A. Braun ex W.D.J. Koch and Ophioglossaceae Herb 0 2 possibly other Botrychium species Calystegia sepium L. Convolvulaceae Herb 0 2 Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood Brassicaceae Herb 5 7 Carex alopecoidea Tuck. Cyperaceae Herb 0 2 Carex appalachica J.M. Webber & P.W. Ball/ C. brunnescens subsp. Cyperaceae Herb 6 13

6 sphaerostachya (Tuck.) Kalela Carex arctata Boott/ C. debilis var. rudgei L.H. Bailey Cyperaceae Herb 8 20 Carex blanda Dewey/ C. laxiflora Lam./ C. leptonervia (Fernald) Cyperaceae Herb Fernald Carex crinita Lam. Cyperaceae Herb 0 2 Carex deweyana Schwein. Cyperaceae Herb 1 12 Carex disperma Dewey/ C. trisperma Dewey Cyperaceae Herb 2 3 Carex intumescens Rudge Cyperaceae Herb Carex projecta Mack. Cyperaceae Herb 2 2 Carex scabrata Schwein. Cyperaceae Herb 3 7 Carex species (other than those already listed) Cyperaceae Herb 2 1 Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Brassicaceae Herb 0 2 Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Berberidaceae Herb 0 1 Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium (L.) Holub Onagraceae Herb 3 0 Chelone glabra L. Plantaginaceae Herb 2 1 Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook. Saxifragaceae Herb 2 4 Circaea alpina L. Onagraceae Herb 4 14 Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. Liliaceae Herb Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Ranunculaceae Herb Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. Orchidaceae Herb 0 1 Cornus alternifolia L. f. Cornaceae Shrub Cornus canadensis L. Cornaceae Herb Corylus cornuta Marshall Betulaceae Shrub Cypripedium acaule Aiton Orchidaceae Herb 2 5 Dalibarda repens L. Rosaceae Herb 4 1 Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T. Moore Dennstaedtiaceae Herb 0 22 Deparia acrostichoides (Sw.) M. Kato Woodsiaceae Herb Diervilla lonicera Mill. Caprifoliaceae Shrub 4 1 Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs and possibly other rare Dryopteridaceae Herb species in the Dryopteris intermedia group Dryopteris goldiana (Hook. ex Goldie) A. Gray Dryopteridaceae Herb 1 0 Epilobium ciliatum Raf. ssp. glandulosum (Lehm.) Hoch & P.H. Raven Onagraceae Herb 1 4 Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Orchidaceae Herb 1 8

7 Equisetum sylvaticum L. Equisetaceae Herb 3 3 Equisetum pratense Ehrh. or E. arvense L. Equisetaceae Herb 0 2 Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Asteraceae Herb 1 0 Eupatorium maculatum L. Asteraceae Herb 1 0 Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. Asteraceae Herb 23 3 Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Fagaceae Tree Fraxinus americana L. Oleaceae Tree 4 4 Fraxinus nigra Marshall Oleaceae Tree 1 0 Fragaria virginiana Mill. Rosaceae Herb 2 1 Galeopsis bifida Boenn. Lamiaceae Herb 0 8 Galium kamtschaticum Steller ex Schult. & Schult. f. Rubiaceae Herb 3 7 Galium obtusum Bigelow/ G. palustre L. and possibly other Galium Rubiaceae Herb 0 3 species Galium triflorum Michx. Rubiaceae Herb Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigelow Ericaceae Herb 1 2 Gaultheria procumbens L. Ericaceae Herb 0 1 Geum aleppicum Jacq./ G. laciniatum Murray/ G. macrophyllum Willd. Rosaceae Herb 1 4 Goodyera tesselata Lodd. Orchidaceae Herb 2 0 Gymnocarpium disjunctum (Rupr.) Ching Woodsiaceae Herb 5 4 Hieracium spp. Asteraceae Herb Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. Lycopodiaceae Herb Hydrocotyle americana L. Araliaceae Herb 0 1 Ilex mucronata (L.) Powell, Savolainen & Andrews Aquifoliaceae Shrub 3 4 Impatiens capensis Meerb. Balsaminaceae Herb Juncus tenuis Willd. Juncaceae Herb 0 1 Linnaea borealis L. Caprifoliaceae Herb 1 0 Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. Orchidaceae Herb 0 1 Lonicera canadensis Bartram ex Marshall Caprifoliaceae Shrub Lycopodium annotinum L. Lycopodiaceae Herb 1 6 Lycopodium clavatum L. Lycopodiaceae Herb 0 1 Lycopodium obscurum L. Lycopodiaceae Herb 4 7 Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Lamiaceae Herb 0 1 Maianthemum canadense Desf. Asparagaceae Herb 21 36

8 Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link Asparagaceae Herb Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro Onocleaceae Herb 1 2 Medeola virginiana L. Liliaceae Herb 5 6 Mitchella repens L. Rubiaceae Herb 4 6 Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray Ericaceae Herb 0 1 Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook. Asteraceae Herb Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene Asteraceae Herb Onoclea sensibilis L. Onocleaceae Herb 2 4 Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke and possibly rare O. Apiaceae Herb depauperata Phil. individuals Osmunda cinnamomea L. Osmundaceae Herb 3 8 Osmunda claytoniana L. Osmundaceae Herb 9 5 Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch Betulaceae Tree 1 1 Oxalis montana Raf. Oxalidaceae Herb Packera schweinitziana (Nutt.) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve Asteraceae Herb 1 0 Panax quinquefolius L. Araliaceae Herb 0 2 Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt Thelypteridaceae Herb Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Pinaceae Tree 6 5 Picea rubens Sarg. and possibly rare P. mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns Pinaceae Tree & Poggenb. individuals Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl./ P. psycodes (L.) Lindl. Orchidaceae Herb 1 6 Poaceae spp. Poaceae Herb Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh Asparagaceae Herb Polypodium virginianum L. Polypodiaceae Herb 4 4 Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Dryopteridaceae Herb 4 5 Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fée Dryopteridaceae Herb 2 3 Populus balsamifera L. Salicaceae Tree 1 2 Populus grandidentata Michx. Salicaceae Tree 0 1 Populus tremuloides Michx. Salicaceae Tree 4 2 Prunus pensylvanica L. f. Rosaceae Tree 1 11 Prunus serotina Ehrh. Rosaceae Tree 4 7 Prunus virginiana L. Rosaceae Tree Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller Dennstaedtiaceae Herb 2 2

9 Pyrola elliptica Nutt. / Orthilia secunda (L.) House / Pyrola chlorantha Ericaceae Herb 5 5 Sw. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Ranunculaceae Herb 0 1 Ranunculus acris L./ R. pensylvanicus L. f. Ranunculaceae Herb 1 0 Ribes glandulosum Grauer/ R. triste Pall. Grossulariaceae Shrub Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Grossulariaceae Shrub 4 5 Rubus idaeus L. Rosaceae Herb 5 24 Rubus pubescens Raf. and possibly one individual of R. allegheniensis Rosaceae Herb Porter Salix spp. Salicaceae Shrub 2 2 Sambucus racemosa L. var. racemosa Adoxaceae Shrub Solidago flexicaulis L./ S. macrophylla Banks ex Pursh Asteraceae Herb 19 6 Solidago canadensis L./ S. rugosa Mill. and possibly other Solidago Asteraceae Herb 0 1 species Sorbus americana Marshall Rosaceae Tree Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Liliaceae Herb Streptopus lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal Liliaceae Herb Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Asteraceae Herb 1 3 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Asteraceae Herb 0 5 Taxus canadensis Marshall Taxaceae Shrub 2 7 Thalictrum pubescens Pursh Ranunculaceae Herb 2 6 Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. Thelypteridaceae Herb Thuja occidentalis L. Cupressaceae Tree 2 1 Tiarella cordifolia L. Saxifragaceae Herb Tilia americana L. Malvaceae Tree 1 1 Trientalis borealis Raf. Primulaceae Herb Trillium erectum L. Melanthiaceae Herb Trillium undulatum Willd. Melanthiaceae Herb Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière Pinaceae Tree 1 0 Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. Ericaceae Shrub 3 5 Veratrum viride Aiton Melanthiaceae Herb 5 7 Viburnum lantanoides Michx. Adoxaceae Shrub Viburnum nudum L. var cassinoides (L.) Torr. & A. Gray Adoxaceae Shrub 9 9

10 Viola spp. Violaceae Herb 28 19

11 References Aubin, I. et al How resilient are northern hardwood forests to human disturbance? An evaluation using a plant functional group approach. Ecoscience 14: Hall, G Inventaire floristique du Parc du Mont-Mégantic. Ministère de l Environnement et de la Faune du Québec. Humbert, L. et al A shade tolerance index for common understory species of northeastern North America. Ecological Indicators 7: Laliberté, E. and Legendre, P A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits. Ecology 91: