Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) grown under diffuse glass. Christien Sauviller Research Centre Hoogstraten Meerle, Belgium

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1 Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) grown under diffuse glass Christien Sauviller Research Centre Hoogstraten Meerle, Belgium

2 Pepper production in Belgium Bell pepper: red, green, yellow, orange Heated greenhouse Production: March -> November 126 ha = 311 acres Small family businesses 37,000 tonnes per year, 38 million Horticultural producer co-operatives North of Belgium: Hoogstraten, Mechelen

3 What is diffuse glass? Float glass: regular or low-iron Altered surface structure Incoming light is scattered 4 mm glass R A T I

4 What is diffuse glass? Degree of light scattering = haze percentage of the outgoing light that has undergone a change of direction of more than 2.5 relative to the incoming light I 2.5 O Higher haze: more light scattering, lower light transmission Optimal haze: between 50% and 75%

5 What is diffuse glass? Alleged advantages: Better light penetration in the crop Positive for vertically growing crops e.g. pepper, tomato, cucumber Less shade Lower crop temperature Better red/far red ratio Promising results research The Netherlands in cucumber and tomato Hoped-for results: better production and fruit quality

6 Diffuse glass at RCH Pepper research: 5,000 m², 7 compartments 2 compartments of +/- 500 m² for research diffuse glass

7 Diffuse glass at RCH Regular glass Diffuse glass

8 Diffuse glass: Hortifuse 5.7 Van Looveren n.v., Belgium

9 Materials and methods: general Type of glass LT vertical LT hemispheric Haze Reference: Float 90.3 % 83.5 % -- glass 90+ (low iron) Hortifuse % 79.8 % 58 % Variety (red) Viper (Enza) Date of sowing 13 Dec Nov Date of planting 2 Feb Dec Cultivation system V-system, 3 stems per plant Density 2.37 plants/m², 7.1 stems/m² Start end harvest 20 Apr. 8 Nov. 4 Apr. on-going

10 Materials and methods: light PAR light: Photosynthetically Active Radiation ( nm) Close to greenhouse roof - > transmission Different heights in crop (Above) yop of crop 60 cm-> 180 cm under top of crop - > light penetration in crop

11 Results: light PAR (mol m-2 day-1) top/depth Proportional light penetration in crop Float 90+ glass Diffuse glass cm below top 180 cm below top

12 Results: light PAR (mol m-2 day-1) PAR 1 m below top greenhouse Float 90+ glass Diffuse glass 0.0

13 Results: light PAR (mol m-2 day-1) PAR at different depths in crop Float 90+ glass Diffuse glass 0.0 Jun./30 Jul./1 Jul./2 Jul./4 Jul./5 Jul./6 Jul./8 Jul./9 Jul./10 cm

14 Materials and methods: photosynthetic capacity University of Ghent (UGent) Light intensities: 0 -> 1800 PAR µmol m-2 s-1 Leaves at different depth in crop: 30 cm, 100 cm, 150 cm below top of crop May, September 2012

15 Results: photosynthetic capacity Net photosynthesis (µmol CO 2 m-2 s-1) Light response curve Float 90+, -30 cm Diffuse, -30 cm Float 90+, -100 cm Diffuse, -100 cm Float 90+, -150 cm Diffuse, -150 cm PAR (µmol m-2 s-1)

16 Materials and methods: leaf temperature Leaf at top of plant, not shaded IRtc sensor and RHT sensor

17 degrees Celcius Results: leaf temperature Leaf temperature, 11/Mar. 2012, sunny day Float 90+ glass Diffuse glass Temperature not always lower when sunny

18 Materials and methods: crop development + results Length, fruit set, leaf size Type of glass Length (cm) Number of fruits set Length leaf (cm) 2011 Width leaf (cm) Float a* a 12.3 a 6.6 a Diffuse 305 a a 12.8 a 7.0 a * T-test, P Type of glass Length (cm) Number of fruits set Length leaf (cm) Width leaf (cm) Float Diffuse Statistic tests still to be carried out

19 Materials and methods: yield and fruit quality Yield: kg/m², number of fruits, fruit weight Harvest frequency: 1 to 2 times a week 2011: 20 Apr. 8 Nov. 2012: 4 Apr. on-going Grading size: diameter of shoulder in mm, +55 mm -> mm Grading fruit quality: Flandria (best), class I, class II, unmarketable Fruit quality: sunscald, blossom end rot, ripeness spots

20 Results: yield Yield 2011: 20 Apr. 8 Nov. Type of glass * T-test, P 0.05 Kg/m² % Number of fruit Grading (size) 2011: 20 Apr. 8 Nov. Fruit weight (g) Float a* a 202 a Diffuse 29.1 a a 198 a Type of glass +55 mm +63 mm +73 mm +83 mm +95 mm +105 mm Float 90+ 0% 2% 22% 65% 10% 0% Diffuse 0% 4% 25% 61% 10% 0%

21 Results: yield Yield 2012: 4 Apr. 24 Oct. Type of glass Kg/m² % Number of fruits Statistic tests still to be carried out Grading (size) 2012: 4 Apr. 24 Oct. Fruit weight (g) Float Diffuse Type of glass +55 mm +63 mm +73 mm +83 mm +95 mm +105 mm Float 90+ 0% 1% 9% 72% 18% 0% Diffuse 0% 1% 11% 75% 12% 0%

22 Results: fruit quality 2011: 27 Apr. 2 Nov. Type of Flandria Class 1 Class 2 Unmarketable glass Float % 6.5% 2.5% 2.2% Diffuse 88.2% 7.6% 1.8% 1.4% 2012: 28 Mar. 10 Oct. Type of Flandria Class 1 Class 2 Unmarketable glass Float % 6.5% 4.0% 0.6% Diffuse 90.0% 6.6% 2.9% 0.5%

23 Results: fruit quality 2011: 27 Apr. 2 Nov. Type of glass Sunscald 2012: 28 Mar. 10 Oct. Blossom end rot Ripeness spots Float % 0.2% 0.2% Diffuse 0.9% 0.6% 2.5% Type of glass Sunscald Blossom end rot Ripeness spots Float % 1.0% 0.2% Diffuse 0.2% 0.5% 0.0%

24 Conclusion Proportionally better light penetration in crop Slightly more light in deeper layers of crop, but only very small % of light above canopy > contribution to photosynthesis? No more light in top layers of crop > due to lower light transmission characteristics Younger leaves more efficient at high irradiation, older leaves equal to less efficient Leaf temperature lower when sunny, not always!

25 Conclusion Yield results inconclusive (2011 higher, 2012 lower) Fruit quality not better Cool summer 2011, summer 2012: august sunny, only 1 week hot Future for diffuse glass in greenhouse bell pepper? With anti-reflection (AR) coating? (compensate loss of light transmission) Without AR? Reduced use of screen for solar reflection? Cost diffuse glass: Float 90+ x 1.88 Cost diffuse glass + AR: Float 90+ x 4.41

26 Acknowledgements Flemish Government, Agriculture and Fisheries Policy area, Department Sustainable Agricultural Development

27 Thank you!

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