Some Physical Properties of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Fruit
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1 Americn-Eursin J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (4): 51-50, 008 ISSN IDOSI Publictions, 008 Some Physicl Properties of Sweet Cherry (Prunus vium L.) Fruit M. Nderiboldji, A. Khdivi khub, A. Tbtbeefr, M. Ghsemi Vrnmkhsti nd Z. Zmni 1 Deprtment of Agriculturl Mchinery Engineering, Fculty of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn Deprtment of Horticulturl Science, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn Deprtment of Agriculturl Mchinery Engineering, Fculty of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn 4 Deprtment of Horticulturl Science, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn Abstrct: Informtion bout physicl properties of cherry fruit is very importnt for understnding the behvior of the product during the post hrvest opertions such s hrvesting, trnsporting, sorting, grding, pckging nd storge processes. This reserch ws undertken to study some physicl properties of six Irnin sweet cherry cultivrs (Mshd, Sih Mshd, Dorgeh Krj, Shbestr, Sih Dneshkdeh nd Ghzvin). These properties include: liner dimensions, geometric men dimeter, projected re, criteri projected re, surfce re, sphericity, volume, mss, bulk nd fruit density, pckging coefficient, sttic coefficient of friction nd rtio of length to width, length to thickness nd length to mss. The peduncle length of cherry fruit vried from 7.04 to 7.1 mm with CV of 18%. The fruit length, width nd thickness rnged from 17.9 to 6.78, from to 4.57 nd from 14.6 to.41 with CV of 8.8, 7.71 nd 8.5%, respectively. The geometric men dimeter rnged from to 4.46 with CV of 7.81%. The criteri projected re of ech cherry cultivr resulted in different mens, vrying from to mm. The highest nd the lowest volume nd mss were found for Sih Mshd nd Mshd cultivrs with mens of 6.68 cm, 7.40 g nd.96 cm, 4.51 g, respectively. The gretest vlues of L/W, L/T nd L/M were obtined for Shbestr, Sih Dneshkdeh nd Mshd cultivrs respectively. Three surfces of iron, rubber nd glvnized iron sheet were selected for mesuring the sttic friction coefficient. Among six Irnin cherry cultivrs, Ghzvin showed the gretest friction coefficients on ll surfces. Key words: Sweet cherry physicl properties Irnin cultivrs fruit INTRODUCTION cherries in the world, ccounting for with 14, 1 nd 1% of world production, respectively []. Cherries hve been Mny of the stone fruits like sweet cherry populr fruit crop for consumption in Irn for mny (Prunus vium L.) hve been cultivted since ncient yers nd more recent ttention on the helth benefits of times. Cherries occupy the Cersus subgenus within cherries hs helped their boost consumption. Cherries in Prunus genous of Roscee fmily. The edible portion prticulr hve been found to offer good source of consists of the outer lyer of the mture ovry wll, ntioxidnts nd contin compounds believed to id in the flesh (mesocrp) nd the skin (exocrp). The pit pin relief of rthritis, gout nd hedches. (endocrp) encloses the seed. Sweet cherry is vigorous Agriculturl crops nd food products hve severl tree with strong picl control with n erect pyrimidl unique chrcteristics tht set them prt from cnopy shpe; grows to 18 m in wild but in cultivtion, engineering mterils. These properties determine the sweet cherries re mintined <4 m in height. Leves re qulity of the fruit nd identifiction of correltions reltively lrge, elliptic with cute tips, petiole nd between chnges in these properties mkes qulity strongly veined [1]. control esier []. Proper design of mchines nd In 004, United Sttes, Irn (hving cultivted re processes to hrvest, hndle nd store griculturl with 5700 hectres nd with verge nnul production mterils nd to convert these mterils into food nd of tones) nd Turkey were the lrgest producers of feed requires n understnding of their physicl Corresponding Author: Dr. M. Nderiboldji, Deprtment of Agriculturl Mchinery Engineering, Fculty of Biosystem Engineering, University of Tehrn, Krj, Irn 51
2 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (4): 51-50, 008 properties [4]. Informtion regrding dimensionl Shbestr, Sih Dneshkdeh nd Ghzvin cultivrs ttributes is used in describing fruit shpe which is often which were obtined from Experimentl Orchrd of necessry in horticulturl reserch for rnge of differing University of Tehrn locted in Krj (Longitude: 51 9 N purpose including cultivr descriptions in pplictions for nd Ltitude: 6 1 E). The number of fruits obtined plnt vriety rights or cultivr registers [5], evlution of from the forementioned cultivrs ws 40 for ech consumer preference, investigting heritbility of fruit cultivr. Smples of fruits were weighed nd dried in n shpe trits [6], or nlyzing stress distribution in the fruit oven t temperture of 78 C for 48 hours then weight skin [7]. Knowledge of shpe nd physicl dimensions re loss on drying to finl constnt weight ws recorded importnt in screening solids to seprte foreign mterils s moisture content [14]. nd in sorting nd sizing of cherry fruit. Qulity For ech cherry fruit, three liner dimensions were differences in cherry fruits cn often be detected by mesured, tht re length, width nd thickness. In differences in density. When cherry fruits re trnsported ddition, Cross Sectionl Ares (CSAs) in three hydruliclly, design of fluid velocities re relted to both perpendiculr directions of the fruit, using re density nd shpe. Volumes nd projected re of cherries mesurement system Delt-T Englnd ws determined must be known for ccurte modeling of het nd mss (Fig. ). trnsfer during cooling nd drying. Porosity of cherries Dimensionl chrcteristics obtined from this device cn be used for controlling temperture of stored cherry re bsed on imge processing. Cptured imges from fruits. An wreness of sweet cherry fruit surfce re cmer were trnsmitted to computer crd which works would be useful in determintion of mss of Cuticulr s n nlog to digitl converter. Digitl imges were then membrne per unit fruit surfce re emphsized by processed to the softwre nd the desired prmeters Peschel et l. [8]. The Cuticulr Membrne (CM) covers were determined. Through three norml imges of cherry fruit nd forms the interfce between plnt nd its fruit, this device ws cpble of determining length, width environment. The CM serves s protective brrier nd thickness dimeters s well s projected res ginst wter loss, nutrient leching, mechnicl dmge nd invsion by pthogens [9]. In ddition, there is perpendiculr to these dimensions. Totl error for these reltionship between surfce re vlue of fruit nd its objects is less thn %. This method hve been used nd crcking in wet conditions becuse the fruit surfce of reported by severl reserchers [15-17]. sweet cherry is stomt's [10, 11] nd stomt my be The geometric men dimeter, sphericity, criteri relevnt in the process of fruit crcking. projected re nd surfce re were clculted [18-0]. Reserchers tried vrious, digitl nd mechnicl PA 1, PA nd PA re CSA perpendiculr to length, width methods to mesure physicl properties of Agriculturl nd thickness, respectively. product for exmple Dte Plum [1], Tngerine [1], Tomto [14], Wtermelon [15] nd Mize [16]. Also, some D ( ) 1 g = LWT (1) physicl properties of sweet cherry fruit were determined nd reported by severl reserchers [5, 17, 18]. Due to the lck of informtion bout the physicl Φ=D g /L () properties of Irnin cherry cultivrs, which re very importnt for understnding behvior of product PA1+ PA+ PA CPA = during post hrvesting opertions such s hrvesting, () trnsporting, sorting, grding, pckging nd storge processes nd lso, in processing opertions such s cooling, drying nd ll het nd mss trnsfer processes, S = πd g (4) the min objective of this work ws to study some physicl properties to form n importnt dtbse for six Spredsheet softwre, Microsoft Excel 00 nd sweet cherry cultivrs in Irn. These properties include: SPSS 9.0 Softwre (1999) were used to nlyze the dt. liner dimensions, geometric men dimeter, surfce re, Fruit density ws determined by wter displcement projected re, fruit volume, pcking coefficient, mss, method/technique [1]. Rndomly selected cherry bulk nd fruit density nd sttic friction coefficient. fruits were weighed on digitl blnce with 0.01 g ccurcy. The fruits were lowered with metl sponge MATERIALS AND METHODS sinker into mesuring cylinder contining of wter such tht the fruits did not flot during immersion The Irnin cherry fruits used in this study, shown in in wter, weight of wter displced by the fruit ws Fig. 1, consisted of Mshd, Sih Mshd, Dorgeh Krj, recorded. 514
3 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (4): 51-50, 008 A B C D E F Fig. 1: Six Irnin sweet cherry cultivrs: A) Sih Dneshkdeh, B) Sih Mshd, C) Mshd, D) Shbestr, E) Dorgeh Krj, F) Ghzvin Fig. : Apprtus for mesuring dimensionl chrcteristics, re meter Delt-T Englnd Fig. : Apprtus for mesuring sttic coefficient of friction 515
4 m ρ t = V w Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (4): 51-50, 008 The volume nd in ftermth fruit density were 10x10cm (voiding fruit rolling phenomenon), strted clculted by following equtions [18]. sliding ws red off the protrctor ttched to the pprtus. The tngent of ngle ws reported s the m V w w = () coefficient of sttic friction. For this purpose, verge of ρ w five experimentl dt ws recorded for ech prmeter. (4) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Some dimensionl nd physicl properties of the six Bulk density ws determined using mss nd volume cherry cultivrs were shown in Tble 1 nd respectively. reltionship [] by filling n empty plstic continer of The moisture contents of cultivrs Mshd, Sih Mshd, predetermined volume. The fruits were left to fll from Dorgeh Krj, Shbestr, Sih Dneshkdeh nd Ghzvin constnt height, striking off top level nd weighting. The t the time of experiment ws 78.07, 78., 80.4, 8.4, fruit density vlue ws rtio of mss to volume vlues nd 8.% d.b respectively. Considering wter while porosity ws computed [] s: which is n importnt component in most fruits nd determines their perishbility [4], hence knowledge of ρt ρb ε= 100 (5) fruit moisture content nd wter ctivity is very useful ρt to forecst the stbility conditions in sweet cherry fruits in order to select formultions nd storge conditions in Pcking coefficient ( ) ws defined by rtio of the new products nd to improve drying processes nd volume of fruit (V) pcked to the totl volume (V 0) nd equipments [5]. clculted by the following eqution: From Tble 1, it cn be seen tht the dimensionl chrcteristics such s peduncle length nd length V λ= of the fruit s well s geometric men dimeter of six V0 Irnin cherry cultivrs were found to be sttisticlly significnt t the 1 nd 5% probbility levels, respectively. Coefficient of sttic friction of the fruit ws found The peduncle length of both Mshd nd Sih with respect to three structurl mterils nmely iron, Dneshkdeh fruits ws significntly greter thn tht of rubber nd glvnized iron sheet, using the inclined plne the other cultivrs, vrying from to mm nd pprtus s described by Dutt et l. [1], (Fig. ). The from 48.1 to 7.1 mm, respectively. The width of the Sih tble ws gently rised nd the ngle of inclintion to Mshd fruit (.87 mm) ws significntly greter thn the horizontl t which the smple, rrnged in box of the other studied cultivrs. The width of the Ghzvin fruit Tble 1: Dimensionl chrcteristics of sweet cherry fruits Cultivrs Properties Mshd Sih Mshd Dorgeh krj Shbestr Sih.Dneshkdeh Ghzvin Peduncle length (mm) 50.94± ± ± ± ± ±6.1 Fruit length (mm) 0.18± ± ±0.9.48± ± ±0.9 Fruit width (mm) 18.9±1.1.87± ± ± ± ±0.8 Fruit thickness (mm) 17.04± ± ± ± ± ±0.94 b Geo.Me.Di. (mm) 18.67± ± ± ±0.8 0.± ±0.7 b Fruit mss (g) 4.51± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 b Fruit volume (cm ).96± ± ± ± ± ±0.54 Sphericity 0.9± ± ± ± ± ±0.00 Surfce re (mm ) 1098.± ± ± ± ± ±98.45 PA 1 (mm ) 458.0± ± ± ± ± ±1. PA (mm ) ± ± ± ± ± ±.99 PA (mm ) ± ± ± ± ± ±5.05 b Criteri projected re (mm ) ± ± ± ± ± ±1.18 b Corresponding to 1% probbility, Corresponding to 5% probbility 516
5 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (4): 51-50, 008 Tble : Some physicl nd frictionl properties of sweet cherry fruits Cultivrs Properties Mshd Sih Mshd Dorgeh krj Shbestr Sih.Dneshkdeh Ghzvin Bulk density (kg/cm ) ± ± ± ± ± ±8.5 Fruit density (kg/cm ) ± ± ± ± ± ±64.5 Porosity (%) 44.70± ± ± ± ± ±0.44 pckging coefficient 0.55± ± ± ± ± ±0.004 Sttic friction coefficient iron Sheet 0.11± ± ± ± ± ±0.015 Glvnized iron sheet 0.191± ± ± ± ± ±0.015 Rubber 0.91± ± ± ± ± ±0.015 ws found to be 1.78 mm, followed by the Shbestr, Considering the ltter result, it ws cler tht the lrge Sih Dneshkdeh, Dorgeh Krj nd Mshd cultivrs, number of Mshd fruit could be pcked in the which hd men of 1.4, 0.76, 0.1 nd 18.9 mm, predetermined volume compred with the other cultivrs. Februry 7, 008respectively. The importnce of these The surfce re vlues of the studied cultivrs were xil dimensions in determining perture size of mchines, found to be significnt t 1% probbility level. These prticulrly in seprtion of mterils hs been discussed properties could be beneficil in proper prediction of by Mohsenin [18] nd Omobuwjo et l. [6]. These sweet cherry drying rtes nd hence drying times in the dimensions my be useful in estimting the size of dryer. If in the drying equipment simultion models for mchine components. For exmple, it my be useful in sweet cherry, such s the chnges of volume (tht estimting the number of fruits to be engged t time, contins chrcteristic dimension s the fruit rdius) nd the spcing of slicing discs nd number of slices expected surfce re to volume rtio of individul fruit re not from n verge fruit. The mjor xis hs been found to be considered, the estimtes could led to importnt errors. useful by indicting the nturl rest position of the Therefore, this requires the knowledge of the reltion mteril nd hence in the ppliction of compressive force between the volume nd surfce re chnges, on the to induce mechnicl rupture [7]. As fr s sweet cherry opertion conditions of the dryer nd the verge fruit ws concerned, this dimension will be useful in wter content of the sweet cherry fruits. These volume pplying shering force during slicing. nd re chnges lso modify trnsport properties of The highest geometric men dimeter vlues were individul fruits, s well s the thickness nd porosity of found for Sih Mshd nd Shbestr cultivrs with men the pcked bed [8]. of.64 nd 1.46 mm, respectively but the smllest ones The smple mss of cherries ws determined to hve belongs to Mshd nd Dorgeh Krj cultivrs, with different mens nd these vlues vried from 4.51 to 7.9 verge of nd mm respectively. g. In ddition, Sih Mhsd hd more weight thn other Projected re perpendiculr to fruit length (PA 1) ws cultivrs. The vrition in those prmeters ws found to found to be sttisticlly significnt t 1% probbility be significnt t the 5% probbility level. This property level. According to the results, the ltter property my be useful in the seprtion nd trnsporttion of the vlues were 458.0, 566.4, , , nd fruit by hydrodynmic mens [9] mm for Mshd, Sih Mshd, Dorgeh Krj, As shown in Tble the porosity nd bulk density Shbestr, Sih Dneshkdeh nd Ghzvin cherry fruit vlues were found to be sttisticlly significnt t 1% cultivrs, respectively. Bsed on sttisticl nlyses, probbility level. According to the results, the men criteri projected re nd fruit volumes were found to be porosity vlues for Mshd, Sih Mshd, Dorge significnt t 5% probbility level. The criteri projected Krj, Shbestr, Sih Dneshkdeh nd Ghzvin re of ech cherry cultivr resulted in different mens, fruits were found to be 44.7, 48.44, 45.1, 40.98, 4.89 nd vrying from to mm. The volume of the Sih 40.97%, respectively. The Shbestr cultivr hd mshd cultivr (6.68 cm ) ws significntly greter thn 661. kg/m bulk density, followed by the Sih tht of the other ones. The volume vlues of the Ghzvin Dneshkdeh nd Ghzvin cultivrs with mens of nd Shbestr fruits were 5.65 nd 5.6 cm, respectively, nd 67.5 kg/m, respectively. Mshd, Dorgeh followed by the Sih Dneshkdeh (4.76 cm ), Dorgeh Krj nd Sih Mshd rnked t the next plces with Krj (4.4 cm ) nd Mshd (.96 cm ) cultivrs. men of 61.4, 60.1 nd 574 kg/m, respectively. 517
6 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (4): 51-50, 008 Tble : Some dimensionl chrcteristics rtios of the studied sweet cherry cultivrs Vrieties Prticulrs Rtio Mshd L/W L/T L/M Sih.Mshd L/W 1.08 L/T 1.05 L/M.89 Dorgeh krj L/W 1.04 L/T 1.16 L/M 4.66 Shbestr L/W L/T 1.19 L/M.955 SihDneshkdeh L/W L/T 1.14 L/M 4.09 Ghzvin L/W L/T 1.17 L/M.797 The pckging coefficient of the cherry fruits resulted in different mens, vrying from 0.5 ( Sih. Mshd ) to ( Ghzvin ). Bsed on Topuz et l. [0], these results were probbly due to volume nd shpe of the fruit. The pckging coefficient incresed with decrese in fruit volume. For instnce, Sih Mshd fruit hd the lowest pcking coefficient, with the highest fruit volume (6.675 cm ). Post hrvest tretment with low O nd/or high CO concentrtions is n ttrctive lterntive for controlling fungl decy, mintining fruit qulity nd extending post hrvest life of fruits [1]. Considering this fct, hving ny informtion on pckging coefficient of sweet cherry could result in efficient control of fruit qulity during storge. The sttic coefficient of friction on the exmined surfces ws found to be sttisticlly significnt t the 1% probbility level. On the iron sheet surfce, the coefficient of sttic friction of the Sih Dneshkdeh nd Ghzvin cultivrs were found to be the lowest nd the highest coefficients with mens of nd 0.409, respectively. On the rubber surfce, the coefficient of sttic friction of the Ghzvin fruit, with men of 0.49, ws significntly greter thn tht of the other cultivrs. This vlue for the Shbestr, Dorgeh Krj nd Sih Mshd ws found to be 0.41, 0.8 nd 0.49, respectively nd ws followed by the Mshd nd Sih Dneshkdeh, with men of 0.91 nd 0.51 respectively. Similr to the surfces stted bove, on the glvnized iron sheet, the highest coefficient of sttic friction ws obtined for Ghzvin fruit with men of 0.16 while the corresponding vlue ws for Sih Dneshkdeh s the lowest coefficient. The reltionl sttistics such s L/W, L/T nd L/M with respect to dimensionl properties of ll sweet cherry fruit types were found to be meningful t 1% probbility level (Tble ). The highest nd the lowest of L/W vlue ws found for Shbestr nd Dorgeh Krj cultivrs with mens of nd 1.040, respectively. In the cse of L/T vlue, The Sih Dneshkdeh cultivr hd 1.14 rtio, followed by the Sih Mshd nd Shbestr with mens of 1.05 nd 1.19, respectively. Mshd, Ghzvin nd Dorgeh Krj rnked t the next plces with mens 1.184, 1.17 nd 1.160, respectively. Mshd cultivr showed the gretest L/M mong the other cultivrs with men of but Sih Mshd hd the minimum rtio s.89. Nerly similr results were found for hckberry, rose, medlr nd wild plum fruits by Demir et l. [0], Demir nd Ozcn [], Hciseferogullri et l. [] nd Clisir et l.[4]. Dt obtined in this reserch will hve potentil for pplying in hrvest, trnsporttion, clssifiction, processing, storing, pckging nd other processes relted to sweet cherry fruits. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors pprecite full support of Vice chncellor of reserch nd technology of University of Tehrn for conducting this reserch. In ddition, the uthors pprecite full support of Horticulturl Science nd Agriculturl Mchinery Engineering Deprtments of University of Tehrn for their kind coopertion nd technicl ssistnces. It is necessry to grtefully cknowledge Mr. M. Krimi for kindly coopertion in nlyzing the experimentl dt. REFERENCES 1. Anonymous, 007. Avilble from cherry.htm.. United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture., 004. Economic Reserch Service (ERS). Food Consumption (percpit) Dt System. Avilble t: oodavilquerible.spx 518
7 Am-Eurs. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (4): 51-50, 008. Muskovics, G., J. Felfoldi, E. Kovcs, R. Perlki nd 16. Kermt Jhromi, M., S. Rfiee, A. Jfri nd T. Klly, 006. Chnges in physicl properties A. Tbtbeefr, 007. Determintion of dimension during fruit ripening of Hungrin sweet cherry nd Are properties of dte (Behri) by Imge (Prunus vium L.) cultivrs. Scienti Horticulture, Anlysis. Interntionl Conference on Agriculturl, 40: Food nd Biologicl Engineering nd Post 4. Stroshine, R. nd D. Hmnn, Physicl Hrvest/Production Technology, Khon Ken, Properties of Agriculturl Mterils nd Food THAILAND, 1-4 Jnury. Products. West Lfyette, Ind.: Copy Ct. 17. Khoshnm, F., A. Tbtbeefr, M. Ghsemi 5. Beyer, M., R. Hhn, S. Peschel nd M. Hrz, 00. Vrnmkhsti nd A.M. Borghei, 007. Mss Anlysing fruit shpe in sweet cherry (Prunus vium modeling of pomegrnte (Punic grntum L.) L.). Scienti. Horticulture, 96: fruit with some physicl chrcteristics. Scienti 6. White, A.G., P.A. Alspch, R.H. Weskett nd Horticulture, 114 (1): 1-6. L.R. Brewer, 000. Heritbility of fruit shpe in per. 18. Mohsenin, N.N., Physicl Properties of Euphytic, 11: 1-7. Plnt nd Animl Mterils: Structure, Physicl 7. Considine, J. nd K. Brown, Physicl spects of Chrcteristics nd Mechnicl Properties. Updted fruit growth-theoreticl nlysis of distribution of nd Revised Edition. Gordon nd Brech Science surfce growth forces in fruit in reltion to crcking Publishers, New York. nd splitting. Plnt Physiol, 68: Sitkei, G., Mechnics of Agriculturl 8. Peschel, S., R. Frnke, L. Schreiber nd M. Knoche, Mterils. Budpest: Akdemii Kido Composition of cuticle of developing sweet 0. Demir, F., H. Dogn,, M. Ozcn nd cherry fruit. Phytochemistry, 68: H. Hciseferogullri, 00. Nutritionl nd physicl 9. Jeffree, C.E., Structure nd ontogeny of plnt properties of hckberry (Celtis ustrlis L.). J. Food cuticles. In: Kerstiens, G. (Ed.), Plnt Cuticles. BIOS Eng., 54: Scientific Publishing Ltd., Oxford, pp: Dutt, S.K., V.K. Nem nd R.K. Bhrdwj, Glenn, G.M. nd B.W. Poovih, Cuticulr Physicl properties of grm. J. Agric. Eng. Res., properties nd posthrvest clcium pplictions 9: influence crcking of sweet cherries. J Am. Soc.. Frser, B.M., S.S. Verm nd W.E. Muir, Hortic. Sci., 114: Some physicl properties of fb bens. J. Agric. 11. Bukovc, M.J., M. Knoche, A. Pstor nd R.G. Fder, Eng. Res., : The cuticulr membrne: criticl fctor in. Jin, R.K. nd S. Bl, Properties of perl rininduced crcking of sweet cherry fruit. Hortic. millet. J. Agric. Eng. Res., 66: Sci., 4: Fennem, O.E., 000. Qu_ mic de los limentos. d. 1. Renfu, L., 001. Predicting firmness nd sugr Ed. Acribi. content of sweet cherries using ner-infrred diffuse 5. Vullioud, M., C. Mrquez nd A. Michelis, 004. reflectnce spectroscopy. Trnsction of ASAE, Desorption isotherms for sweet nd sour cherry. J. 44: Food Eng., 6: Demir, F. nd I.H. Klyoncu, 00. Some nutritionl, 6. Omobuwjo, T.O., E.A. Aknde nd L.A. Snni, pomologicl nd physicl properties of cornelin Selected physicl, mechnicl & erodynmic cherry (Cornus ms L.). J. Food Eng., 60: properties of Africn bredfruit (Treuli fricn) 14. AOAC., Officil methods of nlysis (14th seeds. J. Food Eng., 40: Edn.). Wshington, DC: Assocition of Officil 7. Owolrfe, O.K. nd H.O. Shotonde, 004. Some Anlyticl Chemists. physicl properties of fresh okro fruit. J. Food Eng., 15. Rfiee S., M. Kermt Jhromi, A. Jfri, 6: A.R. Keyhni nd R. Mirsheh, 006. Determintion 8. Ocho, M.R., A.G. Kesseler, B.N. Pirone, of dimension nd mss of dte (Deiri). In the C.A. Mrquez nd A. DeMichelis, 00. Volume nd Proceedings of the Interntionl Conference on re shrinkge of whole sour cherry fruits (Prunus Innovtions in Food nd Bioprocess Technologies, cersus) during dehydrtion. Drying Technology, 1-14 December Thilnd. 0:
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