101 Is the species highly domesticated?

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1 Famil: Apocaceae Taxo: Strophathus gratus Som: Roupellia grata Wall. & Hook. (basiom) Commo Name: Climbig oleader Spider tresses Poiso arrow vie Strophathus glabre du Gabo Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 1/11/2012 Strophathus gratus (Apocaceae) Page 1 of 7

2 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hbridizes aturall 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score 0 Prit Date: 1/11/2012 Strophathus gratus (Apocaceae) Page 2 of 7

3 Supportig Data: Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Climbig Oleader - Strophathus gratus Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H. (eds.). Flora of Chia vol. 16 (Getiaaceae through Boragiaceae). Sciece Press, Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis dex.htm Chog, K.Y./Ta, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plat Flora of Sigapore: Native, Naturalized ad Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversit Research, Natioal Uiversit of Sigapore, Sigapore Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Climbig Oleader - Strophathus gratus Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H. (eds.). Flora of Chia vol. 16 (Getiaaceae through Boragiaceae). Sciece Press, Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis dex.htm Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Chog, K.Y./Ta, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plat Flora of Sigapore: Native, Naturalized ad Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversit Research, Natioal Uiversit of Sigapore, Sigapore Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. [Is the species highl domesticated? No] "Domesticatio of Strophathus gratus is beig attempted at the Platecam compoud at Mutegee, Cameroo. Plats grow subspotaeousl aroud Pgm villages i wester Cameroo. Spodias trees are sometimes used as support." NA [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "Strophathus gratus occurs i the forest area of West Africa ad wester Cetral Africa, from Seegal east to south-wester Cetral Africa Republic ad orth-wester DR Cogo ad south to Gabo." [Qualit of climate match data 2-high] "Strophathus gratus occurs i the forest area of West Africa ad wester Cetral Africa, from Seegal east to southwester Cetral Africa Republic ad orth-wester DR Cogo ad south to Gabo." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Strophathus gratus occurs i primar ad secodar moist forest, ofte at forest margis or o river baks, from sea-level up to 650 m altitude." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Hardiess: USDA Zoe 9b: to -3.8 C (25 F) USDA Zoe 10a: to -1.1 C (30 F) USDA Zoe 10b: to 1.7 C (35 F) USDA Zoe 11: above 4.5 C (40 F)" [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Strophathus gratus occurs i the forest area of West Africa ad wester Cetral Africa, from Seegal east to south-wester Cetral Africa Republic ad orth-wester DR Cogo ad south to Gabo." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Taiwa [ative to W ad WC Africa]. Cultivated for medicie. The juice is used as a arrow poiso." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated ol" [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "This plat has bee said to grow i the followig regios: Los Ageles, Califoria Lake Belvedere Estates, Florida Merritt Islad, Florida Mulberr, Florida Palm Beach, Florida Humble, Texas Plao, Texas" [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece i Taiwa] "Taiwa [ative to W ad WC Africa]. Cultivated for medicie. The juice is used as a arrow poiso." [Naturalized beod ative rage? No] No evidece [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece i Sigapore] "Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill.; shrub; exotic; cultivated ol" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No] No evidece Prit Date: 1/11/2012 Strophathus gratus (Apocaceae) Page 3 of 7

4 Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece Weeds - Idex [Olie Database] Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Strophathus speciosus [Olie Database]. species/strophathus_sp eciosus/ [Cogeeric weed? Possibl] Strophathus speciosus listed as a weed [o other iformatio o or evidece of impacts was foud] Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Fujii, Y./Parvez, S. S./Parvez, M.M./Ohmae, Y./Iida, O.. Screeig of 239 medicial plat species for allelopathic activit usig the sadwich method. Weed Biolog ad Maagemet. 3: Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Roecklei, J.C./Leug, P. (eds.). A Profile of ecoomic plats. Trasactio Publishers, New Bruswick, NJ Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Schmelzer, G.H./Achiga-Dako, E.G./Bosch, C.H. (Eds.). Medicial plats of Tropical Africa. Coclusios ad recommedatios based o PROTA 11(1): Medicial plats. PROTA Foudatio, Nairobi, Kea [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Liaa up to 25 m log or less ofte a shrub, with clear or white exudate; stem up to 10 cm i diameter, i older plats ofte with cork ridges; braches with ma leticels, dark brow to purplish brow. Leaves decussatel opposite, simple ad etire; stipules abset; petiole 5 17 mm log; blade ovate or elliptical to obovate, 5 18 cm 2 9 cm, base rouded or cueate, apex acumiate, margis etire, ofte somewhat revolute, thil leather, glabrous." [Allelopathic? Ukow - Possibl] "Whe usig 10 mg leaf litter i the sadwich method, we foud that out of the 239 species tested, 223 ad 17 species caused ihibitor ad promotive resposes to lettuce radicle growth, respectivel (Table 1)." [S. gratus exhibited some ihibitor effect, but the results are ot coclusive] [Parasitic? No] "Liaa up to 25 m log or less ofte a shrub " [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] Several species listed for their use as forage plats. No evidece for Strophathus gratus, which is ol metio for its medicial uses. The toxic properties likel make the plat upalatable. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] "Liaa up to 25 m log or less ofte a shrub, with clear or white exudate" [probabl upalatable to aimals, but o evidece foud] [Toxic to aimals? Probabl es] "Seeds of Strophathus gratus are ver toxic ad have bee used extesivel i the preparatio of arrow poiso throughout its distributio area. The seeds are mostl groud with the stick plat juice ad the arrow tip is dipped ito the mixture. I the raiforest area of Cetral Africa, the stem bark or roots are used similarl; the are ofte mixed with other plat products, especiall the latex of Periploca igresces Afzel., but also of Rauvolfia spp. Game wouded b a poisoed arrow dies quickl, ad the flesh ca be eate without problem, although the flesh immediatel surroudig the woud is discarded. The seeds are also used as fish poiso. I souther Nigeria Strophathus gratus is cultivated b huters for the seeds. A leaf ad stem decoctio is take i Sierra Leoe ad Côte d Ivoire to treat goorrhoea. I Ghaa a decoctio of bark is take to treat weakess, ad a leaf paste is applied to sakebites. I Côte d Ivoire, Ghaa ad Nigeria a leaf paste is put oto sores, icludig guiea worm sores. I Nigeria a leaf ifusio is take to treat costipatio, ad is rubbed o the bod to cure fever. A root decoctio is said to be a aphrodisiac." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Ukow] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "Table 5: Summar of ke issues for research ad developmet of 406 medicial plat species i Africa Strophathus gratus Discourage use i traditioal medicie because of toxicit" Prit Date: 1/11/2012 Strophathus gratus (Apocaceae) Page 4 of 7

5 Rogers, G.K.. Ladscape Plats for South Florida - Rose-Allamada, Climbig Oleader. Palm Beach State College, Palm Beach Gardes, Florida strophathus_gratus.html Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Climbig Oleader - Strophathus gratus Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Rogers, G.K.. Ladscape Plats for South Florida - Rose-Allamada, Climbig Oleader. Palm Beach State College, Palm Beach Gardes, Florida strophathus_gratus.html Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Climbig Oleader - Strophathus gratus. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "Be careful, this plat resembles its relative Oleader b cotaiig powerful heart toxis. Rose- Allamada is oe of the few botaical sources of the drug ouabai (WAW bae), which is a aturall occurrig huma hormoe ivolved i regulatig heart fuctio. The toxi has a log histor as a Africa arrow poiso ad i traditioal medicie, this leadig to a moder role i cardiolog, mostl i Europe ad i research. This is ot a plat to ejo where childre or pets might ibble. Also o the dowside, remember that the flowerig is seasoal; the rest of the ear there's just a gloss gree vie." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "Dager: Seed is poisoous if igested Parts of plat are poisoous if igested" [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? Ukow] "Liaa up to 25 m log or less ofte a shrub" [fire ecolog ukow, although could potetiall act as a fuel ladder itro trees] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl Yes] "Full su or partial shade are requiremets." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl Yes] "Su Exposure: Su to Partial Shade Light Shade" Desert Tropicals. Climbig Oleader - Strophathus gratus. Fauco, P., gratus.html [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl Yes] "Su Exposure: Full su to shade" Rogers, G.K.. Ladscape Plats for South Florida - Rose-Allamada, Climbig Oleader. Palm Beach State College, Palm Beach Gardes, Florida strophathus_gratus.html Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? No] "Toda's species leas the opposite wa, preferrig cosistetl moist soil, this well draied ad eriched orgaicall." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Yes] "Liaa up to 25 m log or less ofte a shrub, with clear or white exudate;" [Forms dese thickets? No] "Strophathus gratus occurs i primar ad secodar moist forest, ofte at forest margis or o river baks, from sea level up to 650 m altitude." [No evidece] [Aquatic? No] "Liaa up to 25 m log or less ofte a shrub " [Terrestrial] [Grass? No] Apocaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Apocaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Liaa up to 25 m log or less ofte a shrub " [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "Because of its wide distributio, Strophathus gratus is ot threateed b geetic erosio. No cocerted efforts to coserve geetic resources or breedig programmes are kow." Prit Date: 1/11/2012 Strophathus gratus (Apocaceae) Page 5 of 7

6 Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Seeds spidle shaped, mm mm, glabrous, slightl rough, at apex with a log beak up to 6 cm log, i upper cm with log hairs up to 13 cm log. Seedlig with epigeal germiatio; cotledos elliptical to obovate, mm log, apex rouded...the 1000 seed weight of Strophathus gratus is g. Uder glasshouse coditios i temperate climates ripewood cuttigs are rooted i earl sprig i moist sad i a closed case with bottom heat. Strophathus gratus should preferabl be grow i full light i a fertile, moist but well-draied loam rich i orgaic matter ad with additioal leaf mould." Top Tropicals. Strophathus gratus. Top Tropicals Botaical Garde, ratus.htm [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Propagate from softwood cuttigs or seeds." Beetje, H.J.. A moograph o the geus Strophathus (Apocaceae). Meded Ladbouwhogeschool Wageige. 82(4): Specer, J.L./Witers, H.F.. Compatibilit, Polliatio, ad Disease i Relatio to Fruit Yields of Strophathus itermedius i Puerto Rico. Botaical Gazette. 118(3): Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Specer, J.L./Witers, H.F.. Compatibilit, Polliatio, ad Disease i Relatio to Fruit Yields of Strophathus itermedius i Puerto Rico. Botaical Gazette. 118(3): Beetje, H.J.. A moograph o the geus Strophathus (Apocaceae). Meded Ladbouwhogeschool Wageige. 82(4): Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & [Hbridizes aturall? Possibl Yes] "Some specimes collected i the wild seem to be itermediate betwee S. gratus ad S. tholloii" [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "Small platatios of S. gratus (Hook.) Baill. i Java flowered abudatl but failed to set fruit. The plats were foud to be highl self-icompatible, ad atural cross polliatio apparetl could be effected ol b specialized vectors ot preset i Java (9)." [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "Strophathus gratus is a obligate cross polliator." [Requires specialist polliators? Possibl Yes] "Ufortuatel, the ields of Strophathus fruits from plats i cultivatio are characteristicall low. I their ative habitats the vies ofte climb trees to a height of 100 feet or more. The flowers occur at the highest levels, ad fertilizatio of the blossoms apparetl depeds o isects which live i the tree- tops (1). Small platatios of S. gratus (Hook.) Baill. i Java flowered abudatl but failed to set fruit. The plats were foud to be highl self-icompatible, ad atural cross polliatio apparetl could be effected ol b specialized vectors ot preset i Java (9). Fruit-set was accomplished quite readil b artificial cross-polliatio" [Requires specialist polliators? Ukow] "Except for a report of the butterfl Daais chrsippus visitig flowers of a cultivated S. speciosus (MARLOTH 1932), o data o polliators of Strophathus seems to exist. Idicatios for psichophil or butterfl polliatio ca be foud i the morpholog of the flowers, the fragrace reported for ma species, ad the predomiat colour patter: white or ellow outside, sometimes cotrasted with pik, red, or purple, ad white or ellow iside with a coroa that is most ofte red or purple, with red or purple streaks ad spots leadig from the coroa lobes to the base of the ather coe (Fig. 2). Movemets of the corolla tails i the wid could also be attractive to possible polliators (FAEGRI & VAN DER PIJL 1979)." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Ukow] "Uder glasshouse coditios i temperate climates ripewood cuttigs are rooted i earl sprig i moist sad i a closed case with bottom heat." Top Tropicals. Strophathus gratus. Top Tropicals Botaical Garde, ratus.htm [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Ukow] "Propagate from softwood cuttigs or seeds." Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & [Miimum geerative time (ears)? Ukow] Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Wiersema, J.H./Leó, B.. World Ecoomic Plats: A Stadard Referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "Seeds spidle shaped, mm mm, glabrous, slightl rough, at apex with a log beak up to 6 cm log, i upper cm with log hairs up to 13 cm log. Seedlig with epigeal germiatio; cotledos elliptical to obovate, mm log, apex rouded" [Ulikel. Seeds adapted for wid dispersal ad ot for attachmet to dispersal aget]. [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] Orametal Prit Date: 1/11/2012 Strophathus gratus (Apocaceae) Page 6 of 7

7 Top Tropicals. Strophathus gratus. Top Tropicals Botaical Garde, [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "A accessor to our garde. This climbig vie has umbels of soft pik flowers with a burgud throat. The leaves are shi ad smooth ad the blossoms smell like roses. " ratus.htm [Orametal] Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. A moograph o the geus Strophathus (Apocaceae). Meded Ladbouwhogeschool Wageige. 82(4): Sadberg, F./Corriga, D.. Natural remedies: their origis ad uses. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Sadberg, F./Corriga, D.. Natural remedies: their origis ad uses. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Beetje, H.J.. Strophathus gratus (Wall. & Roal Botaic Gardes Kew. Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "Before exportatio the tuft of hair is ofte removed from the seed. However, the preferred method for exportig seed is iside the fruit ad with the tuft of hairs attached, to limit adulteratio." [Seeds themselves exported as a product. No evidece of other cotamiatio of produce] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? Yes] "The mature fruit splits alog the adaxial side logitudiall, exposig the seeds to the wid (Fig. 3). The seed coma reacts mechaicall to chages i atmospheric humidit, beig almost erect ad pressed closel together i damp air, ad spreadig i dr air; b this motio the seeds move, to some extet, out of the fruit." [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? Yes] "Each flower gives rise to two diverget follicles which, whe ripe, are cm log ad cm broad ad bowed outwards. Each follicle cotais seeds, which are furished with feather aws." [Propagules water dispersed? Potetiall] "Strophathus gratus occurs i primar ad secodar moist forest, ofte at forest margis or o river baks " [distributio alog river suggests seeds or pods ma float] [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Each flower gives rise to two diverget follicles which, whe ripe, are cm log ad cm broad ad bowed outwards. Each follicle cotais seeds, which are furished with feather aws." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "Seeds spidle shaped, mm mm, glabrous, slightl rough, at apex with a log beak up to 6 cm log, i upper cm with log hairs up to 13 cm log. Seedlig with epigeal germiatio; cotledos elliptical to obovate, mm log, apex rouded" [Ulikel. Seeds adapted for wid dispersal ad ot for attachmet to dispersal aget]. [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Ukow] "Seeds spidle-shaped, mm mm, glabrous, slightl rough, at apex with a log beak up to 6 cm log, i upper cm with log hairs up to 13 cm log." [seeds ot adapted for iteral aimal dispersal] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ulikel] "Fruit cosistig of 2 ellipsoid follicles cm cm, taperig ito a arrow ad obtuse apex ad edig i a large kob, 2-valved, diverget at 180, wall thick ad hard, slightl grooved, glabrous, with ma leticels, ma-seeded. Seeds spidle-shaped, mm mm, glabrous, slightl rough, at apex with a log beak up to 6 cm log, i upper cm with log hairs up to 13 cm log." [Seed desities ukow] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] Other Strophathus species have orthodox seed storage WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 1/11/2012 Strophathus gratus (Apocaceae) Page 7 of 7