Susceptibility of mung bean varieties to Callosobruchus chinensis under storage conditions

Transcription

1 Legume Research, 39 (4) 2016 : Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Susceptibility of mung bean varieties to Callosobruchus chinensis under storage conditions V.R. Parmar* and B.H. Patel 1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand , India. Received: Accepted: DOI: /lr.v0iOF.7486 ABSTRACT Investigations were carried out during 2013 on mung bean for their susceptibility against Callosobruchus chinensis L. under storage. Among the mung bean varieties; Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4 and K-851 were found resistant based on oviposition preference (7.97/20 seeds, 8.74, 8.99, 9.17 and 9.49, respectively), population growth (345.09, , , , and , respectively), per cent weight loss (6.11%, 7.43%, 8.08%, 9.28% and 11.04%, respectively) and per cent germination loss (29.27%, 36.03%, 34.91%, 40.36% and 40.42%, respectively) against C. chinensis. Variety VMS-6 was also found resistant based on oviposition preference (9.61), population growth (437.56) and germination loss (43.87%) whereas GM-2 was resistant based on oviposition preference (10.72). Key words: Callosobruchus chinensis, Germination loss, Mung bean, Ovipostion preference, Population growth, Weight loss. INTRODUCTION Pulses, the food legumes have been grown by farmers since millennia providing nutritionally balanced food to the people of India (Nene, 2006) and many other countries in the world. Pulses are important source of protein and help to meet the most important nutritional need of people. The major pulse crops those have been domesticated and are under cultivation including black gram, chickpea, cowpea, mung bean, lentil, moth bean, pea, pigeon pea etc. mung bean [Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek] is under cultivation since prehistoric time in India. India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world accounting for 65 per cent (35.5 lakh ha) of world s area and 54 per cent (18.2 lakh tonnes) of world s production of pulses with an average productivity of 512 kg/ha. In Gujarat, mung bean is grown in an area of 2.08 lakh ha, producing 1.05 lakh tonnes with an average productivity of 505 kg/ha during 2012 (Anonymous, 2012). In storage totally 25 species of insects have been recorded on pulses. Of these coleopteran causes major damage to stored grains and its products. Among them, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) has got great economic importance (Southgate, 1979) and most destructive in stored pulses. The losses in pulses during post harvest handling and storing has been estimated about 8.5 per cent in India (Pingale et al., 1956) and recorded zero per cent germination due to C. chinensis infestation after six months in stored green gram. Since the use of synthetic insecticides or fumigants against this insect is not practicable due to undesirable residues, alternate methods for beetle control are needed. Keeping in view the importance of mung bean grain and damage by pest, studies were carried out on the susceptibility of different mung bean varieties against C. chinensis in middle Gujarat condition. Hence, the present study was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS The adults of C. chinensis obtained from the laboratory culture maintained at Department of Entomology AAU. Anand were used for further studies on varietal susceptibility. Ten varieties (Table 1) of mung bean were evaluated for their susceptibility to C. chinensis. All varieties were evaluated based on physical characters of grain, oviposition preference, population growth, weight loss and germination loss during storage. For the purpose, 4 different laboratory experiments were carried out as below. Evaluation based on seed characters (morphological): Various physical characters of seeds of different varieties of mung bean were determined by standard methods. The weight of 100 seeds of each variety of mung bean was taken accurately by means of an electronic balance. To record the thickness of seed coat 10 grains from the stored bulk were selected randomly and pieces of the seed coats were Table 1: Varieties of mung bean tested for their susceptibility to C. chinensis under storage condition 1. GM-1 6. Samrat 2. GM-2 7. VMS-6 3. GM-3 8. K GM-4 9. Local 5. Vishal 10. Meha (c) *Corresponding author s parmar1091@gmail.com. 1 Directorate of Extension Education, Anand Agricultural University, Anand , India.

2 638 LEGUME RESEARCH - An International Journal separated from the seeds. The thickness of seed coats was measured with the help of vernier callipers. The shape of seeds, colour and texture of seed coat were also been observed. For the purpose, 10 seeds from each variety were selected randomly and the observations were recorded. Correlation between physical characters of varieties (100 seed weight and seed coat thickness) and oviposition by the pest was also worked out (Pankaj and Singh, 2011). Evaluation based on oviposition preference: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four repetitions. Under each repetition, 200 bold grains i.e., 20 grains of each variety of mung bean were selected randomly and fixed (using solution of Acacia gum) randomly on white paper sheet (10 x 20 cm) in such a way so that each grain remained 1 cm apart from each other and crease on the top. For the purpose, 10 x 20 cm area of paper sheet was divided into 200 square blocks and each grain was fixed in the centre of the block. Such four sheets, one sheet as one repetition were prepared. Each sheet with grains was placed in galvanized cage (Diameter: 35 cm, Height: 10.5 cm) individually. Ten pairs of C. chinensis (3 days old) were released in each cage for egg laying and cage was covered with two fold muslin cloth kept in position by means of rubber band to prevent the adults from escaping. After 5 days of oviposition, the adults were discarded from each cage and the observations on number of eggs laid on 20 grains were observed under binocular microscope. The data on number of eggs laid on 20 grains under each repetition of different varieties were subjected to ANOVA after transforming them to square root transformation. Evaluation based on population growth: The experiment was carried out by completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 repetitions. For each variety, three samples of grains each of 50 g (one sample for one repetition) were filled in plastic tube (Diameter: 7.00 cm and Height: 8.00 cm) individually. Ten pairs of C. chinensis (3 days old) were released in each tube for egg laying and each tube was covered with two fold muslin cloth kept in position by means of rubber band to prevent the adults from escaping. After 7 days of oviposition, the adults were discarded from each tube. The observations on number of adults (live + dead) developed in each repetition were made after six months of storage. The data on number of adults developed after six months of storage were subjected to ANOVA after transforming them to square root transformation. Evaluation based on weight loss: For this purpose, 100 grains were selected randomly after six months of storage from each sample and segregated into beetled grain and germ eaten grain. The beetled, germ eaten and 100 undamaged grains were weighed using monopan electronic balance. Based on data, per cent loss in weight was calculated sample/ repetition-wise using following formula (Srivastava et al., 1973). L= (W+ G) - 100/S (W 1 +G 1 ) Where, L = Per cent loss in weight W = Percentage (by number) of beetled grains G = Percentage (by number) of germ eaten grains S = Weight of 100 undamaged grains W 1 = Weight of beetled grains G 1 = Weight of germ eaten grains Evaluation based on germination loss: For each test, four samples (one sample as one repetition) of mung bean grains (100 seeds selected randomly under each sample) were drawn from each bulk of treatment. The test was carried out on circular Whatmans filter paper No.1. The filter paper was kept in Petri plates (diameter 10 cm) and moist for germination of seeds. The seeds were spread on germination paper at uniform distance in Petri plate. The Petri plate was covered with the lid carrying the moist filter paper and kept in a seed germinator maintained at 21 ± 1 C temperature and 95 ± 2 % relative humidity. Little quantity of distilled water was sprinkled on filter paper once a day to keep it moist. The number of germinated grains were counted after 7 days of incubation. Based on germination counts, per cent germination was calculated repetition-wise. Based on per cent germination before release of adults, per cent loss in germination was worked out repetition-wise. The data on per cent germination and loss in germination was subjected to ANOVA after transforming them to arcsine (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Categorization of varieties: The mung bean varieties were grouped into four categories of susceptibility to C. chinensis viz., resistant (R), less susceptible (S), moderately susceptible (MS) and highly susceptible (HS) based on four parameters viz., oviposition preference, population growth, per cent loss in weight and germination loss. For the purpose, mean value of individual variety ( ) was compared with mean value of i all varieties ( ) and standard deviation (SD) following the scale as adopted by Choudhary (2012). The retransformed data were used for computation of, i and SD in each parameter. The scale used for categorization of different varieties was as under. Category of resistance Resistant (R) Less Susceptible (LS) Moderately Susceptible (MS) Scale i < i > < ( + SD) i > ( + SD) < ( + 2 SD) Highly Susceptible (HS) i > ( + 2 SD) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Evaluation based on morphological characters: The morphological characters of the seeds of different varieties of mung bean are presented in Table 2. All the seeds were green in colour except local, cylindrical in shape and rough in texture. The results revealed that there was no significant relation between oviposition preference and

3 Volume 39 Issue 4 (2016) 639 Table 2: Oviposition preference of C. chinensis on different varieties of mung bean and their morphological characters Variety Length Width Seed coat 100 seed Oviposition (mm) (mm) thickness( 100)(mm) weight (gm) (No. of eggs laid/ 20 grains) GM a 3.31e 1.13a 4.00c 4.18e(16.97) GM b 3.31e 1.13a 3.81b 3.35bc(10.72) GM j 3.12c 2.10b 5.41f 3.08ab(8.99) GM g 3.38f 2.13b 4.61e 3.11ab(9.17) Vishal 4.27f 3.43g 1.10a 5.61g 2.91a(7.97) Samrat 4.06d 3.04a 2.05b 3.60a 3.04ab(8.74) VMS i 3.75h 2.13b 4.60e 3.18ab(9.61) K e 3.14d 2.13b 4.01d 3.16ab(9.49) Local 4.46h 3.37f 1.10a 4.01d 3.73cd(13.41) Meha (c) 4.05c 3.10b 1.08a 3.81b 3.87de(14.48) ANOVA S. Em. ± C.D. at 5 % C. V. % Correlation coefficient (r) * ** ** - Notes:Figures in parentheses are retransformed values, those outside are x 0.5 transformed values.treatment mean with letter(s) in common are at par with each other.all seeds of varieties were green except local as well as smooth and cylindrical. width (r = ) of different varieties. Whereas, it was significant and negatively correlated (r = *) with the length of seed. This indicates that varieties having higher seed length preferred less by the female adult for the oviposition and vise-versa. However, it was highly significant and negatively correlated with weight of 100 seeds and seed coat thickness (r = ** and **). Evaluation based on oviposition preference: The data on number of eggs/20 seeds are presented in Table 2. The lowest (7.97) number of eggs were recorded in variety Vishal followed by Samrat (8.74), GM-3 (8.99), GM-4 (9.17), K- 851 (9.49) and VMS-6 (9.61), which were found at par with each other. Adult of C. chinensis gave equally preference to GM-2 and local mung bean as they were statistically at par. However, GM-2 was also at par with VMS-6, K-851, GM- 4, GM-3 and Samrat at one end. Significantly the highest (16.97) number of eggs was recorded in GM-1 and proved to be more preferred variety for oviposition followed Meha (14.48). Evaluation based on population growth: The data on number of adults developed after six months due to initial oviposition in a week by twenty adults of C. chinensis in mung bean under storage in laboratory are presented in Table 3. The lowest (345.09) number of adults were emerged in variety Vishal which was at par with Samrat (371.99), GM- 3 (397.50), GM-4 (405.52), K-851 (437.56) and VMS-6 (437.56). The later five intern at par with GM-2 (502.16). The highest (598.77) number of adults were emerged from the variety GM-1. However, it was at par with Meha (567.37), Local (543.32), GM-2 (502.16), VMS-6 and K-851 which were found equally susceptible to C. chinensis. Evaluation based on germination loss: The data on per cent germination in different varieties of mung bean before Table 3: Susceptibility of mung bean varieties against C. chinensis based on population growth and weight loss after six months of storage Varieties Number of adults emerged* Weight loss (%) ** GM e(598.77) 28.52f(22.80) GM bcde(502.16) 25.00de(17.86) GM abc(397.50) 16.51b(8.08) GM abcd(405.52) 17.74bc(9.28) Vishal 18.59a(345.09) 14.31a(6.11) Samrat 19.30ab(371.99) 15.82ab(7.43) VMS abcde(437.56) 23.60d(16.03) K abcde(437.56) 19.41c(11.04) Local 23.32cde(543.32) 26.50e(19.91) Meha (c) 23.83de(567.37) 26.82ef(20.36) S. Em. ± C.D. at 5 % C. V. % Notes: 1. Figures in parentheses are retransformed values, those outside are * x 0.5 and arcsine** transformed values. 2. Treatment mean with letter(s) in common are at par with each other. artificial infestation, six months of storage under infestation and per cent loss in germination due to infestation by C. chinensis are presented in Table 4. The data on per cent germination before artificial infestation (Table 4) revealed that the per cent germination among varieties ranged from to with an average of The difference among varieties was non-significant indicating uniform germination among the varieties. The data on per cent germination after six months of storage showed significant difference among the varieties (Table 4). The significantly higher (65.00) per cent germination was recorded in variety Vishal followed by GM- 3 (60.99) and Samrat (57.99). Among the varieties under

4 640 LEGUME RESEARCH - An International Journal Table 4: Susceptibility of mung bean varieties C. chinensis based on germination Varieties Germination (%) Germination Before adult release Six months after adult release loss (%) GM (94.14) 30.56a (25.85) 58.36e (72.48) GM (94.14) 43.83c (47.96) 44.36c(48.88) GM (94.14) 51.35def (60.99) 36.22ab (34.91) GM (91.30) 47.30cde(54.01) 39.44bc (40.36) Vishal (91.97) 53.73f (65.00) 32.75a (29.27) Samarat (91.04) 49.60de (57.99) 36.89ab (36.03) VMS (91.04) 45.56cd (50.98) 41.48bc (43.87) K (94.14) 48.46cdef (56.02) 39.36bc (40.22) Local (91.97) 36.78b (35.85) 51.32d(60.94) Meha (c) (91.30) 36.24b (34.95) 51.63d (61.47) ANOVA S. Em. ± C.D. at 5 % NS C. V. % Notes: Figures in parentheses are retransformed values, those outside are arcsine transformed values. Treatment mean with letter(s) in common are at par with each other. investigation, variety GM-1 recorded significantly the lowest (25.85) per cent germination. GM-2, VMS-6, GM-4 and K-851 recorded germination per cent between to and were at par. Varieties Meha and Local recorded and per cent germination, respectively and were found at par with each other. The per cent germination loss due to infestation of C. chinensis after 6 months of release was also worked out and presented in Table 4. The lowest (29.27) per cent loss in germination was observed in variety Vishal followed by GM-3 (34.91%) and Samrat (36.03%). The later two interns were at par with K-851 (40.42%), GM-4 (40.36%) and VMS-6 (43.87%). GM-2 recorded per cent loss in germination and was at par with VMS-6 (43.87%), GM-4 (40.36%) and K-851 (40.42%). Varieties Local and Meha recorded and per cent loss in germination, respectively. Significantly the highest (72.48) per cent germination loss was occurred in GM-1, most susceptible to C. chinensis. Categorization of varieties for their susceptibility to C. chinensis: The mung bean varieties were also categorized in to resistant (R), less susceptible (LS), moderately susceptible (MS) and highly susceptible (HS) to C. chinensis following the scale adopted by Choudhary (2012). The data were presented in Table 5. Based on oviposition preference: Varieties Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4, K-851, VMS-6 and GM-2 recorded less than eggs/20 grains and were categorized as resistant (R) to C. chinensis. Variety Local recorded more than but less than eggs/20 grains and hence it was tagged as less susceptible (LS). While, variety Meha recorded more than but less than eggs/20 grains and grouped under moderately susceptible (MS) variety. GM-1 recorded more than eggs/ 20 grains and fall under highly susceptible (HS) category. Based on population growth: The varieties Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4, K-851 and VMS-6 recorded less than adult emergence and were categorized as resistant (R) to C. chinensis. Varieties GM-2 and Local recorded more than but less than adult emergence and hence categorized as less susceptible (LS). While, considering the data on emergence of adult after six months of release, varieties Meha and GM-1 recorded more than emergence of adult which was less than and as such, these varieties were grouped in moderately susceptible (MS) category. None of the variety fall under highly susceptible category (HS) as none of the varieties recorded more than adult emergence due to the infestation of C. chinensis in mung bean. Based on per cent weight loss: Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4 and K-851 recorded less than per cent weight loss and were categorized in to resistant (R) category. Varieties VMS-6, GM-2 and Local recorded more than but less than per cent weight loss and hence categorized under less susceptible (LS) category. Varieties Meha and GM-1 recorded weight loss in the range of to per cent and were considered as moderately susceptible (MS). None of the varieties fall under highly susceptible category (HS). Based on per cent loss in germination: Vishal, Samarat, GM-3, GM-4, K-851 and VMS-6 recorded less than per cent loss in germination and were categorized in to resistant (R) group to C. chinensis. GM-2 and Local were categorized under less susceptible (LS) varieties as it recorded more than but less than per cent germination loss. Meha and GM-1 emerged out as moderately

5 Volume 39 Issue 4 (2016) 641 TABLE 5: Categorization of different varieties of mung bean for their susceptibility against C. chinensis based on different parameters Category of resistance Scale Varieties Based on oviposition preference = SD = 2.97 Resistant (R) < Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4, K-851, VMS-6, GM-2 Less susceptible (LS) > < Local Moderately susceptible (MS) > < Meha Highly susceptible (S) > GM-1 Based on number of adults emerged = SD = Resistant (R) < Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4, K-851, VMS-6 Less susceptible (LS) > < GM-2, Local Moderately susceptible (MS) > < Meha, GM-1 Highly susceptible (S) > Based on per cent loss in weight = SD = 6.16 Resistant (R) < Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4, K-851 Less susceptible (LS) > < VMS-6, GM-2, Local Moderately susceptible (MS) > < Meha, GM-1 Highly susceptible (S) > Based on per cent loss in germination = SD = Resistant (R) < Vishal, Samarat, GM-3, GM-4, K-851, VMS-6 Less susceptible (LS) > < GM-2, Local Moderately susceptible (MS) > < Meha, GM-1 Highly susceptible (S) > susceptible varieties to C. chinensis because per cent loss in germination was more than but less than None of the variety was found in highly susceptible category in respect to germination loss. Thus, it can be concluded that Vishal, Samrat, GM-3, GM-4 and K-851 were emerged out as resistant (R) varieties based on all the four parameters to C. chinensis. VMS-6 and GM-2 were also found resistant (R) based on number of eggs laid/ 20 grains. Variety VMS-6 was also found resistant based on population growth and germination loss, while less susceptible based on weight loss. Variety GM-2 found less susceptible based on population growth, weight loss and germination loss. Local variety was found less susceptible on the basis of all four parameters. Variety Meh a found moderately susceptible based on all parameters. GM-1 was proved as moderately susceptible on the ground of population growth, weight loss and germination loss, while highly susceptible in respect to oviposition preference. The susceptibility of mung bean varieties to Callosobruchus was studied at different places (Khattak et al., 1987, Raghvani et al., 2001, Shafique and Ahmad, 2002 and Chakraborty et al., 2004) earlier. Pankaj and Singh (2011) revealed that seed characters such as size, colour, shape, volume and texture of seed coat did not perform any significant role in oviposition preference of C. chinensis in stored mung bean. However, in the present investigation seed length, seed coat thickness and weight of 100 seeds had a significant impact on oviposition preference given by female adult of C. chinensis. These all three parameters were negatively associated with the number of eggs laid by the female adult. Hence, the varieties having higher length of seed, higher seed width and bold seed (100 seed weight) were less preferred by the adult of C. chinensis for egg laying. Singh and Sharma (1982) estimated % loss of germination due to damaged grains by the beetle while in

6 642 LEGUME RESEARCH - An International Journal the present investigation % loss in germination was occured by C. chinensis. The earlier workers studied the susceptibility of different mung bean varieties against C. chinensis in storage were apart from the varieties/genotypes under present investigation and hence the findings could not be compared except Bajiya et al. (2011) who reported variety K-851 was moderately susceptible to C. chinensis. In present investigation, K-851 came under resistant varieties based on all four parameters viz., based on number of eggs laid/20 grains, number of adult emerged, per cent weight loss and per cent loss in germination. The contradictory results occurred might be due to different location (Ludhiana) of study or variation in the temperature range during the study period. REFERENCES Anonymous (2012). Bajiya, R. S., Bhargava, M. C. and Singh, S. (2011). Relative susceptibility of some mung bean, Vigna radiata varieties to Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) during storage. J. Insect Sci. (Ludhiana), 24: Chakraborty, S., Chaudhuri, N. and Senapati, S. K. (2004). Correlation between seed parameters and relative susceptibility of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes to Callosobruchus chinensis L. during storage. Annls Plant Protect. Sci., 1: Choudhary, M. D. (2012). Varietal susceptibility and evaluation of grain protectants against Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus on cowpea under storage condition. M. Sc. thesis submitted to Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Khattak, S. U. K., Hamed, M., Khatoon, R. and Mohammad, T. (1987). Relative susceptibility of different mung bean varieties to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J. Stored Prod. Res., 23: Nene, Y. L. (2006). Indian pulses through the millennia. Asian Agri-history, 10: Pankaj, N. and Singh, H. K. (2011). Correlation of seed characters of pulses with host suitability and preference of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Indian J. Ent., 73: Pingale, S. V.; Kandalkar, S. B. and Swaminathan, M. (1956). Effect of insect infestation on stored bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Bull. Central Food Tech. Res. Inst., 5: Raghvani, K. L., Juneja, R. P., Buhecha, K. V., Godhani, B. G. and Makwana, P. M. (2001). Relationship between insect population of Callosobruchus analis F. and level of infestation in green gram. Insect Environ., 6: Shafique, M. and Ahmad, M. (2002). Screening of pulse grains for resistance to Callosobruchus analis (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Pakistan J. Zool., 34: Singh, D.P. and Sharma, S.S., Studies on grain damage and germination loss caused by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in different varieties of moong and mash during storage. Bull. Grain Tech., 20: Southgate, B. J. (1979). Biology of bruchidae. Ann. Rev. Ent., 24: Srivastava, B. P. and Dadhich, S. R. (1973). Laboratory evaluation of malathion as a protectant for prevention of damage by pulse beetles to stored gram (Cicer arietinum L.) Part I : Biological effectiveness. Bull. Grain Tech., 11: Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. pp-334.