Asst. Cooperative Extension Specialist / Plant Pathologist Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology.
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1 A new threat to California avocado industry Akif Eskalen (Ph.D.) Asst. Cooperative Extension Specialist / Plant Pathologist Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology University it of California, i Riversideid
2 It is an Ophiostoma fungus, Raffaelea lauricola similar to the Dutch Elm Disease. Pictures from: Fraedrich et al. 2008
3 The fungus is believed to have arrived with an Asian origin redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) Pictures from: Albert E. Mayfield 1/16 inch-long
4 The redbay ambrosia beetle likely arrived in solid wood packing material, such as crates or pallets. Pictures from: Albert E. Mayfield
5 The pouches or mycangia (arrows) in the head of a redbay ambrosia beetle where they carry the wilt fungus (Photo by Mike Ulyshen). Source:
6 Most likely the result of human transport of infested wood, either from Asia as a separate, new introduction or from previously infested areas in the southeastern t United States. Source: Photo by: T. Coleman
7 Avocado Persea americana California Bay Laurel Umbellularia californica Redbay Persea borbonia Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Sassafras Sassafras albidum Silk bay Northern Spicebush Lindera benzoin Lancewood Ocotea coriacea Swamp bay Persea palustris Love vine, Devil s gut Cassytha filiformis Pepperleaf sweetwood Licaria triandra Pondspice Persea humilis Litsea aestivalis
8 It has been shown that the native California bay laurel is susceptible to this disease. Thus, it is highly probable that the disease will establish in California if the beetle spreads into the western United States. Photo from: San Francisco State University Department of Geography by Alicia Mariscal, student in Geography 316, Fall 2001
9 Photo by: A.Eskalen
10 Picture from: Fraedrich et al
11 Photo by: A.Eskalen
12 Photos by: A.Eskalen
13 Plant Disease Note May 2010, Volume 94, Number 5, Page 634 DOI: /PDIS C First Occurrence of Laurel Wilt Disease Caused by Raffaelea lauricola on Redbay Trees in Mississippi Laurel wilt is a lethal, nonnative vascular wilt disease of redbay (Persea borbonia), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), and other trees in the Lauraceae (1,4). It is caused by a fungus (Raffaelea lauricola) and transmitted by the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus), a nonnative insect first detected in Georgia in 2002 (1,2). Since introduction of the pathogen and vector (presumably from Asia), laurel wilt has caused extensive mortality to redbays in Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina (1). In June 2009, a landowner in Gautier, MS reported dead redbay trees. Signs and symptoms were identical to those reported for laurel wilt along the Atlantic Coast (wilted, bronze red foliage, and dark gray-to-black vascular discoloration) (1). Infected trees have subsequently been confirmed in and near the Pascagoula River Basin. Size of infected redbays ranged from 5 to 20 cm (diameter at breast height). No heavily decomposed or fallen redbays were noted. Many individual specimens exhibited extensive drying of stem wood and dry, wilted, light brown foliage. This indicates that Miami Dade county
14 Avocado (Persea americana) (Ploetz and Pena, 2007)
15 February 2009, Savannah/Florida Photo by: A.Eskalen Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea sp. on backyard avocado trees in Florida
16 Photo by: A. Eskalen Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on backyard avocado tree in Florida
17 Photos by: A. Eskalen Laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola on backyard avocado tree in Florida
18 If the tree is wilted in a large proportion of its crown, and has black discoloration in the sapwood, it is likely infected with the laurel wilt fungus. Full confirmation of the disease requires taking samples of stained wood from the affected tree and isolating the laurel wilt fungus in the laboratory. Photos by: A.Eskalen
19 California Avocado Commission & Avocado growers Virginia McDonald Shannon C. Lynch Ben Faber Gary Bender Mary Bianchi From University of Florida Randy Ploetz Jonathan Crane Jorge Pena
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