Contemporary Research in India (ISSN ): Vol. 7: Issue: 4 December, 2017

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1 DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CASHEWNUT AND KERNEL Pooja R. Pawar 1, V. V. Aware 2, Seema V. Aware, 3 P. U. Shahare 4 1 Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agril. Engineering and 2 Professor (CAS), Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agril. Engineering and 3 Assistant professor, Department of Renewable Energy Sources, College of Agril. Engineering and 4 Professor and Head, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agril. Engineering and Received: 30/10/2017 Edited: 09/11/2017 Accepted: 17/11/2017 Abstract: Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) is one of the important tropical crops. Cashew kernels are excellent nutritive supplements and finds place from tasty dry nuts to a range of confectionary products all over the world. In commercial processing, steaming of raw cashewnut is obligatoryprocess to achieve ease of deshelling operation. The measured physical properties of length, breadth, thickness, geometric mean diameter and porosity were 31.65mm, mm, 14.69, mm, 0.67 for cashewnut and mm14.05 mm11.53 mm, mm, 0.65, respectively for kernel. Coefficient of static friction was found highest for galvanized iron as 0.51 to 0.52 for cashewnut and 0.61 to 0.66 for its kernels. Angle of repose was found more for cashewnut than kernels. Key words: Cashew nuts, kernel, physical properties, steaming, deshelling. Introduction Balasubramanian (2001) evaluated physical India is the largest producer, processor and properties of cashewnut and found that the 100 nut exporter of cashew in the world. The production of mass, true density and coefficient of friction on raw cashewnuts in India during was 6, various surfaces of raw cashew nuts increased with 70,300 M.T from an area of ha. India is the increased moisture content. The porosity and bulk first country to enter the global cashew trade. India density decreased linearly as the moisture content. processed about 1.14 million tonnes of raw cashew Bart-Plange et.al, (2012) studied physical and seeds through 3650 cashew processing industries mechanical properties of cashew nut and kernel and scattered in many states of country provided concluded that, the maximum compressive load, employment to over 0.5 million people, 95 % of maximum displacement, stress, strain, and young s these are women (Anon, 2009). Forty-six per cent of modulus increased linearly for cashewnut and its cashew processing is in the organized sector while 54 kernel. % is in the unorganized sector. Materials and Methods The major physical and mechanical Raw cashew nuts obtained from various properties such as shape, size density, porosity, cashew-growing farmers of konkan region. The coefficient of internal friction and angle of repose are samples were manually cleaned to remove foreign important in the analysis of behavior of product in materials, and broken or immature nuts. Random material handling. Also, the spatial dimensions such sampling method was followed to determine the size as length, breath and thickness are important in and shape of the cashewnut and kernels similar to design of cashewnut shelling machine. that reported by Dutta et al. (1988).A sample of 100 nuts was taken for determining various properties of UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

2 cashewnut and then individually shelled using available standing type cashewnut deshelling machine. For each individual cashew nut and corresponding cashew kernel, the three principal dimensions (Fig. 1), namely length, width and thickness were measured using digital vernier caliper with least count of 0.01 mm. Fig. 1 Principal dimensions of cashewnut and its kernel The dotted lines represent the kernel inside the cashewnut; L, l, length; W, w, width; T, t, thickness Geometric mean diameter The geometric mean diameter of the cashew nuts and kernel were calculated by using the following relationship (Mohsenin, 1986). Dg = (LBT ) 1/3 L = length B = breath T = thickness Sphericity The sphericity is defined as ratio of the surface area of a sphere with the same volume as the cashewnut to the surface area of the cashewnut and kernel, was determined using following equation (Mohsenin, 1986). Φ Bulk density The bulk density was calculated by the ratio of the weight of the cashewnut to the volume of the cylinder container (Singh and Goswami, 1996).The hectolitre apparatus was used for determination of bulk density of cashewnut and kernel. The cashewnut were poured into a calibrated container up to its top from a height of about 15 cm. Excess cashewnut were removed by strike-off plate of hectolitre apparatus indicating that volume of remaining of cashew nut was 1000 cm 3 and the bulk density was estimated. Three replications were made and average value was reported and expressed as kg/m 3. Similarly cashewnut kernel bulk density was calculated. W f ρbf = V UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor: v W f weight of cashewnut, kg ρ bf bulk density of cashewnut, kg/m 3 V v volume of container, m 3 True density The true density of cashew nuts was determined by the toluene displacement method (Deshpande et al,. 1991). In this method, a cashewnut, was weighed and dropped in 200 ml toluene taken in measuring cylinder of 1000 ml capacity. The increase in volume of sample was noted. The ratio of the mass of sample to the incremented volume gave the true density. Three replications were taken and average value of true density was reported and expressed as kg/m 3. Similarly, true density each of cashew nut and kernels samples, were determined.

3 Wk ρ k = V k W K = kernel weighed (kg) V k = displacement of toluene in the cylinder (m 3 ) Porosity Porosity of cashewnut and kernel was determined using their bulk density and true density values (Mohsenin, 1986). Porosity, % = (1 ) 100 Angle of repose A box from acrylic sheet, measuring 300 x 300 x 300 mm, was used to determine angle of repose. The box was placed on a horizontal floor and filled with cashewnut. The front side of the box was then quickly removed, allowing the cashewnut to slide down and assume a natural slope. The height (x) of the free surface of the cashewnut from the floor surface and the diameter (y) of the heap formed outside the box was measured using scale (Kachru et al., 1994). Similarly the angle of repose for kernel was determined. Three such replications were taken each for cashewnut and kernel. θ= tan -1 θ = angle of repose, deg x = height of the free surface of the cashewnut from the floor surface, mm y= diameter of the heap formed outside the box, mm. Determination of coefficient of friction The static co-efficient of friction of cashew nut shells against three different structural materials, namely galvanized iron, plywood and glass were determined. Test was replicated three times with each type of structural material. The experimental apparatus used in the friction studies consisted of a frictionless pulley fitted on a frame, a bottomless rectangular box, a loading pan and test surfaces. A topless and bottomless plywood box of dimensions 150 x 100 x 40 mm 3 was filled with cashew nut shells and placed on the horizontal test surface. Weights were then added to the loading pan until the box began to slide along the test surface. The normal force applied N f was the weight of the shells in the box and the frictional force F was the weights added to the pan. Similar procedure was followed for determining coefficient of friction of kernel. (Chaudhari et.al., 2013). µ = where, N f = weight of the shells, g F = weights added to the pan, g µ = co-efficient of static friction Results and discussions Physical properties of cashew nut such as spatial dimensions i.e. length, breath and thickness were measured. Also, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, porosity of cashew nuts and kernel were calculated. Bulk density, true density, angle of repose, coefficient of friction etc. were also determined. Spatial dimensions of cashew nut and kernel The sample of 100 cashew nuts was randomly selected from ungraded cashenwut. Measurements of three perpendicular dimensions of the cashew nut and cashew kernel were taken using digital vernier calliper (make: Mututoyo Corp., Japan) with an accuracy of 0.01 mm.the measured physical properties are given in Table 1. Table 1 Physical and mechanical properties of cashew nuts and its kernel Physical properties Cashewnut Kernel Length, mm (± 2.030) 24.52(± 2.55) Breadth, mm 23.88(± 2.05) 14.05(± 2.52) Thickness,mm 14.69(±1.53) 11.53(± 1.55) Geometric Mean Diameter, mm 23.21(± 0.73) 16.73(± 0.36) UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

4 Sphericity 0.67(± 0.023) 0.65(± 0.061) Bulk density, g/cc True density, g/cc Porosity Angle of repose, deg( ) Static coefficient of friction Galvanized iron Plywood Wood Spatial dimensions The mean values for length, breadth and thickness of cashewnut were 31.55, and 14.69mm, The mean values for GMD and sphericity of were mm and 0.67, As mentioned above the spatial measurements viz., length, breath and thickness of cashew kernel were 24.52, 14.05and mm, The mean values for GMD and sphericity of cashew kernel were mm and 0.65, Aware et.al (2007) found sphericity as 0.75 for cashewnuts and 0.74 for kernels. Bulk density The mean value of bulk density of cashew nut and kernel was and kg/m 3, True density The mean true density of cashew nut and kernel was found to be 1.07 and 1.47 g/cc, Aware et.al (2007) found bulk density and true density as and kg/m 3, Porosity Mean porosity of cashew nut and kernel was found to be 54.33% and %, Angle of repose The values of angle of repose for cashew nut and cashew kernel were found to be 35 and 31 degree, Static coefficient of friction Three replications for each surface were taken. The average values of static coefficient of friction for cashew nut obtained on galvanized iron, plywood and glass were 0.52, 0.47 and 0.33, The mean values of static coefficient friction of cashew kernel obtained for galvanized iron, plywood and glass were 0.63, 0.54 and 0.37, Conclusions 1. The range of spatial dimensions for cashewnut of length, breadth and thickness were to 38.71, to and to 14.69mm, respectively and for kernel were to 24.52, 9.3 to and 9.02 to mm, 2. The range of bulk density of cashewnut and its kernel were to 0.55 g/cc and to g/cc, 3. The ranges of true density of cashewnut were 1.01 to 1.13 g/cc and its kernel were 1.05 to 1.7 g/cc. 4. The range of porosity of cashewnut and its kernel were 46 to 67 % and 43.4 to 64.2 %, 5. The coefficient of friction on galvanized iron was highest for cashewnut and its kernel and lowest on glass surface. 6. The range of angle of repose for cashewnut and its kernel were 34 to 36 and 29 to 32 degree, References Aware V.V., Nalawade S.M.,Powar N.C. and Jadhav S.K Determination of Physical Mechanical Properties of Raw and Steamed Cahewnut. The Cashew vol no. XXI (3) pp: Anonymous, Cashew production technology. Technical Note, National Research Center for Cashew, (ICAR), Puttur, Karnataka, pp: UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor:

5 Bart-Plange, A. Mohammed-Kamil, A. P., Addo A. and Teye E Some physical and mechanical properties of cashew nut and kernel grown in ghana.i.j.s.n., 3(2): Chaudhari, A.P., Thakor N.J, Sonawane S.P. and Sawant A.A Physical properties of cashew nut shellsinternational Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 6(1): Dutta, S K; Nema V K; Bharadwaj R K Physical properties of gram. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 34(4), Deshpande, S D; Bal S; Ojha T P Physical properties of soya bean. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 50, Kachru, R.P., Gupta, R.K. and Alam, A Physico-chemical constituents and engineering properties of food crops. ScientificPublishers, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) India. Mohsenin, N.N Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, USA, (1). Singh, K.K. and Goswami T.K Physical properties of cumin seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering 64(2) : UGC Approved Journal (Sr. No Journal No ) / NAAS Score 2017: 3.23, GIFactor: