Family: Musaceae. Species: M. acuminata M. balbisiana

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1 Family: Musaceae Genus: Musa Species: M. acuminata M. balbisiana

2 Major species of economic importance Musa acuminata (A genome) Musa balbisiana ( genome) Ploidy levels of commercial bananas Diploid, AA and Triploid, AAA, AA, A Tetraploid, AAAA, AA, A Major evolutionary events Probably millennia ago

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4 anana Desert banana, fresh consumption AAA Plantain Cooking, Meal, Vegetable banana Plátano, banano macho AA or A

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7 Reached Europe by 1516 A AA A efore 200 AD Industry developed in Late 19th Century A AAA AA A AA AAA AA AA AA AAA

8 Temperature Frost free Mean temperature of 27 C (80 F) Minimum winter temp of 15.5 C (60 F) Moisture Rain, 100 mm (4.0 ) per month Soil Good drainage is needed Slightly acid, ph 5.5 to 6.5

9 January 15.5 C isotherm 1,270 mm isohyets 1,270 mm isohyets June 15.5 C isotherm (Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

10 January 15.5 C isotherm 1,270 mm isohyets June 15.5 C isotherm (Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University 1,270 mm isohyets

11 January 15.5 C isotherm T T T T T T T T T 1,270 mm isohyets T T T T 1,270 mm isohyets T T June 15.5 C isotherm (Figure 6.1 from Simmonds, 1966) Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University T T

12 Wind mph -leaf damage, twisting, breakage 40 mph -considerable damage 60 mph - complete destruction Why Pseudostem not as strong as woody stem Large leaves that catch wind Shallow root system

13 Region ananas Plantains Africa 7,051 22,478 Asia 40, Americas 24,378 1,835 Total 72,167 25,309 FAOSTAT database,

14 Region ananas Plantains Africa 10% 89% Asia 56% 4% Americas 34% 7% Total (1,000s mt) 72,167 25,309 FAOSTAT database,

15 Perennial herb All leaves/inflorescence origin from under ground corm Spreads via rhizomes Plants walk Largest plant without woody trunk Pseudostem, leaf bases Fruits once

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17 Gros Michel (ig Mike) Leading cv for 100 years Good production, cycle months Tall plants (4-8 m), wind damage Good post harvest qualities Ripened uniformly Resistant to bruising and discoloration Shipped as bunches Susceptible to Panama disease Replaced by Cavendish -resistant to Panama disease

18 Cavendish Currently the leading cv for export Heavy production, cycle 11 months Smaller plant (2-3 m) -less wind damage Marginal post harvest qualities Does not ripen uniformly - use special chambers Susceptible to bruising and discoloration Shipped packed in boxes Resistant to Panama disease

19 Active breeding in Africa, South America, and Asia

20 Three types of flowers on inflorescence Female flowers -develop into fruit Hermaphroditic flowers Male flowers Fruit is a berry

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25 Female Male

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30 Three months from flowering to harvest Female Male

31 Other erries Tomato Kiwi Grape Persimmon Seed Remnants

32 Propagation Vegetative Rhizomes that are 6-8 diameter Planted within hours of digging Special fields for production of rhizomes for new orchards Nematode problems Hot water treatment (65 C) Chemical dips

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35 Density 2.9 m (8.5 ) square 1,812 pl/ha (725 pl/ac) Size of export plantation Need to supply 36,000 mt/year Yield 40 mt/ha -> 1,000 ha Supply 1,000 mt/ship every 10 days Four years to attain commercial production

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39 anana plants Take 8-9 months to flower leaves Six leaves needed for good production unch take 3 months to develop Fruiting cycle for Dwarf Cavendish is 11 months anana plants walk

40 anana plants walk Select and train sucker for next crop to not interfere with growing bunch When harvest fruit the sucker should be 2 m (5-6 ) Eliminate suckers that are Poorly positioned Too small Unhealthy

41 Fruiting Stem 1st Replacement Daughter 2nd Replacement Grand daughter Fruiting Mat

42 Weekly inspection Last true hand is 4 long Remove terminal end of bunch Mark with ribbon -colors change with the week Cover with perforated polyethylene bag Why Protection Pests Damage from leaves Dust and dirt Advance ripening

43 Forty tons of bananas per hectare 80 kg N = 80 kg N 20 kg P 2 O 5 = 9 kg P 240 kg K 2 O = 200 kg K

44 52% of plant weight is the raceme Prop with poles Guide lines to base of adjacent plant Leaf pruning can reduce problems with wind damage

45 Crew harvests at 3-4 day intervals Look for colored ribbons which indicate age of bunch Minimum size 5 hands Pick green,with certain size anana bunch weighs lbs Two man operation Hung on hook on cable system

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47 Cable system runs from banana field to the packing house

48 Separate into hands Wash to prevent staining Pack in boxes

49 Pack in boxes Only pack unblemished fruit

50 Storage temperature F elow 56 F may cause chilling injury ananas are ripened for marketing F Ethylene treatment

51 100 gm edible pulp 85 calories, mostly carbohydrates Vitamin, A, C, 1, 2, niacin Minerals, very high in K Reduce risk of high blood pressure and strokes

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