AGRICULTURAL WAGES IN INDIA

Transcription

1 WAGES IN INDIA DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND CO-OPERATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI

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4 The following officers and staff of the Directorate are associated with the preparation of this publication: Agriculture Wages Division Shri Kuldip Kumar Shri Brijesh Prasad Smt. Manju Singh Shri Anand Kumar Economic Officer Technical Assistant (Economics) Assistant Graph Technical Assistant (Economics) III

5 Explanatory Notes CONTENTS Daily Agricultural Wages in Tables 1.1 State Wise Summary Statement of Daily Wages (in Rs.) Field 1 (Male) State Wise Summary Statement of Daily Wages (in Rs.) of 2 Field (Female) State Wise Summary Statement of Daily Wages (in Rs.) of 3 Skilled (Male) Daily Agricultural Wages (in Rs.) Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttrakhand West Bengal Appendixes Appendix. I Proforma for Agricultural Wages (For -Wise) 160 Appendix. II Proforma for Agricultural Wages (For Operation-Wise) 161 Appendix. III Methodology of Collection of Wage Rate for 162 Agricultural and Skilled Rural V VI IV

6 EXPLAINATORY NOTES (1) Agricultural wages constitute one of the major items of cost of cultivation of agricultural crops. Consequently, data on agricultural wages prevailing in selected villages/centres, spread over the length and breadth of the country, is collected by the Directorate of Economics & Statistics (DES), Ministry of Agriculture, on monthly basis. (2) Data relate to agricultural year, i.e. July June. (3) Simple arithmetic averages (monthly and annual) have been worked out on the basis of data received on daily wages for different villages/centers as reported in the monthly returns from the State Governments. (4) Directorate of Economics & Statistics compiles wage data for the following categories for different operations: (a) Skilled carpenter, blacksmith and cobbler, (b) Field labour -ploughing, sowing, weeding reaping & harvesting, (c) Other Agricultural watering, carrying load, cleaning silt, digging well embarkation, tilling, plucking etc. and (d) Herdsman (5) The States of Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Maharashtra, do not give operation wise details as they furnish the data for the group (i.e. field labour) as a whole. All the remaining States figuring in the present publication furnish operation-wise data. (6) Normal daily working hours do not exceed 8 hours in any of the reporting villages/centers. (7) The proforma prescribed for the purpose is at Appendix I & Appendix II. (8) The data, as per the prescribed proforma, is collected on monthly basis. The primary reporting agencies are required to send the returns pertaining to a particular month, by 2 nd of the succeeding month, to the concerned district headquarters. After scrutiny and consolidation, the authorities at district Headquarters forwarded them to their respective State Headquarters which in turn send them to DES so that they receive the information positively by the end of the second week of the succeeding month. (9) The wages paid could either be in cash or in kind or in both cash and kind. Hence, the total of the wages in cash as well as the money value of the wages paid in kind to be given in the proforma. (10) Data given in the publication is collected from each district of the State. However, some of the States/UTs have not been sending the information. And in respect of the States which are sending the data, the coverage i.e. the number of Districts and villages/centres covered is not sufficient. They are being requested to enlarge the coverage. M Man W Woman denotes data not available. V

7 Daily Agricultural Wages in Wages constitute a major component of cost of cultivation in the country, because of the labour intensive nature of agricultural operations. Like any other commodity, price of labour i.e. wage is also determined by market forces of supply and determined by market forces of supply and demand and further, as in any other market imperfections make it deviate from the norms. These factors also explain the wide variations in wage rates among various states. Data on annual average daily wage rate for field labour (male) at all India and State level (Table: 1.1) shows that the all India annual average wage rate during as Rs /day, with Kerala paying the highest wage to field labour (male) i.e. Rs /day, while Chhattisgarh figured as the lowest wage payer among all states i.e. Rs /day. Agriculture is a seasonal occupation with clearly defined peak and lean seasons, and this phenomenon has also been clearly brought out in the Table, with wage within States varying between months. Month wise average daily wage rate remained around Rs. 140/day for month of July to October; Rs. 149/day for November to March and Rs. 158/day for April to June. Comparatively low wage rate is prevailed during lean agricultural season and rainy season. In peak agricultural season high wage rate was given due to higher demand of labour for sowing and harvesting. daily wage rate for field labour (female) at all India and State level (Table: 1.2) is also showed the same trend. Kerala paid the highest wage to field labour (female) i.e. Rs /day, Chhattisgarh paid the lowest wage i.e. Rs. 66.5/day. All-Indian annual average wage rate was Rs /day. During lean agricultural season, wage rate ranged from Rs to Rs A noticeable trend is the variation between wages of male and female agricultural labourer for the same category of work. In case of skilled labour, highest wage rate i.e. Rs /day and lowest wage rate i.e. Rs /day were paid in Kerala and Chhattisgarh respectively. At all India level, the wage rate is Rs /day (Table: 1.3). Wage differential between lean and peak season was discernible in the skilled labour category also During July to October (lean season), wage rate for skilled labour was comparatively low because during monsoon season the demand of skilled labour falls. The average wage rate for November to June was, by the same analogy, higher since demand for skilled workers increases in rural areas during this period owing to higher demand for agricultural tools and equipments. While variations in wage rates between States can be explained by the interplay of market forces and degree of market imperfections, variations in wage rates within a State between districts and within districts, between villages/centres could be seen in various Tables ( Table 2.1 to 2.20), of course to lesser degree. These variations may be due to continued the stickiness in labour. VI

8 Table 1.1 : State Wise Summary Statement of Daily Wages (in Rs.) Field (Male) ANDHRA PRADESH State July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June ASSAM BIHAR CHHATTISGARH GUJARAT HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH JHARKHAND KARNATAKA KERALA MADHYA PRADESH MAHARASHTRA ORISSA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN TAMIL NADU TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH UTTRAKHAND WEST BENGAL Annual All India

9 Wage Rate (in Rs.) State Wise and All India Daily Wage Rate of Field (Male) Ref. Table: 1.1

10 Table 1.2 : State Wise Summary Statement of Daily Wages (in Rs.) of Field (Female) State July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June ANDHRA PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHHATTISGARH GUJARAT HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH JHARKHAND KARNATAKA KERALA MADHYA PRADESH MAHARASHTRA ORISSA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN TAMIL NADU TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH UTTRAKHAND WEST BENGAL All India Annual

11 Wage Rate (in Rs.) State Wise and All India Daily Wage Rate of Field (Female) Ref. Table: 1.2

12 Wage Rate (in Rs.) All India Daily Wage Rate of Field Male & Female July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June Field (Male) Field (Female) Ref. Table: 1.1 & 1.2

13 Table 1.3 : State Wise Summary Statement of Daily Wages (in Rs.) of Skilled (Male) State July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June ANDHRA PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHHATTISGARH GUJARAT HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH JHARKHAND KARNATAKA KERALA MADHYA PRADESH ORISSA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN TAMIL NADU TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH WEST BENGAL All India Annual

14 Wage Rate (in Rs.) State Wise ans All India Daily Wage Rate of Skille (Male) State Annual ANDHRA PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHHATTISGARH GUJARAT HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH JHARKHAND KARNATAKA KERALA MADHYA PRADESH ORISSA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN TAMIL NADU TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH WEST BENGAL 0.00 All India Ref. Table: 1.3

15 2. Daily Agricultural Wages (in Rs.) Table 2.1 State : ANDHRA PRADESH District : ADILABAD Center : BASAR FIELD FIELD M District : ANANTAPUR W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W Center : BUKKAPATINAM FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : CHITTOR Center : GOLLAPALI FIELD FIELD M District : CUDDAPHA W M W Center : CHINUR FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W

16 Center : CHINUR District : EAST GODAVARI BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M Center : KOTHAPALLI FIELD FIELD M District : GUNTUR W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W Center : NIZAPATNAM FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : KARIMNAGAR Center : CHEPPAIL FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : KHAMMAM 5

17 Center : CHERLA FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : KRISHNA Center : PAMARRU FIELD FIELD M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : KURNOOL Center : SIRVEL FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : MEDAK Center : SANGA REDDY FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W

18 Center : SANGA REDDY District : MEHABUBNAGAR M W Center : VELDANDA FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : NALGONDA Center : ATMAKUR FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : NELLORE Center : TUMMUR FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W

19 District : NIZAMABAD Center : CHANDOOR FIELD FIELD M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : PRAKASAM Center : KARAMCHEDU FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : RANGAREDDY Center : MEDCHAL FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M

20 Center : MEDCHAL District : SRIKAKULAM CARPENTER M COBBLER M Center : KORASAWADA FIELD FIELD M District : VISAKHAPATNAM W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W Center : PONUGALLU FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : VIZIANAGARAM Center : BONANGI FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M

21 Center : BONANGI District : WARANGAL CARPENTER M COBBLER M Center : CHAGALLU FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : WEST GODAVARI Center : KOYYALAGUDEM FIELD FIELD M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M Table 2.2 State : ASSAM District : CACHAR Center : SALCHEPARA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W

22 Center : SALCHEPARA FIELD SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : DARRANG Center : UPACHUPARA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M W M W SOWER M WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : DIBBRUGARH 11

23 Center : KHOWANG FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : GOALPARA Center : DAKALDAL FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M

24 Center : DAKALDAL District : JORHAT COBBLER M Center : KHANGLA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M Center : NAHATIAKHONGIA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M BLACKSMITH M

25 Center : NAHATIAKHONGIA District : KAMRUP CARPENTER M COBBLER M Center : KHATIAMARI FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : KOKRAJHAT Center : TITAGURI FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W M W

26 Center : TITAGURI District : MANGALDOI CARPENTER M Center : UPAHUPARA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M W M W SOWER M W WEEDER M M W BLACKSMITH M District : NORTH LAKHIMPUR CARPENTER M COBBLER M Center : DULHAT FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M W

27 Center : DULHAT District : NOWGAON CARPENTER M COBBLER M W Center : TUPAKUCHI FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : SIBBSAGAR Center : DHEMAGI DASHANPAM FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M

28 Center : DHEMAGI DASHANPAM M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M Table 2.3 State : BIHAR District : AURANGABAD Center : HASAULI FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M SOWER M M BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : BANKA Center : BHARKOHAT FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M SOWER M WEEDER M M

29 Center : BHARKOHAT District : BUXAR BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M Center : DALSAGAR FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M WEEDER M W M BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : DARBHANGA Center : SIRNIYA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M SOWER M WEEDER M M W CARPENTER M District : JAMUI Center : GODDI FIELD PLOUGHMAN M

30 Center : GODDI FIELD M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : KHAGARIA Center : BABUBAGICHA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : MADHEPURA Center : DEEGHE FIELD PLOUGHMAN M

31 Center : DEEGHE FIELD M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : MADHUBANI Center : BHAKHARAEN FIELD PLOUGHMAN M SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : MONGHYR Center : NAUVAGARHI FIELD PLOUGHMAN M

32 Center : NAUVAGARHI FIELD M W SOWER M HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M District : MUZAFFARPUR Center : BHALUI RASOOL FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : NALANDA Center : DIYAWAN FIELD PLOUGHMAN M

33 Center : DIYAWAN FIELD SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : PATNA Center : DEEGHA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M SOWER M WEEDER M BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : ROHTAS Center : KUSHA FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M

34 Center : KUSHA FIELD SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M M BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : SAHARSA Center : MURALI FIELD PLOUGHMAN M M W SOWER M W WEEDER M W HERDSMEN HERDSMEN M W M W BLACKSMITH M CARPENTER M COBBLER M District : SAMASTIPUR 23