Ectomycorrhizal fungi in dry and wet dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand - diversity and use as food
|
|
- Chrystal Davis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ectomycorrhizal fungi in dry and wet dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand - diversity and use as food 1 Dell B, 1,2 Sanmee R, 2 Lumyong P and 2 Lumyong S 1 School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia 2 Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Abstract Wild mushrooms are annually harvested for food from dry and wet dipterocarp forests of northern Thailand. Most of the species gathered fruit in association with host trees and form symbiotic associations know as ectomycorrhizas. This paper documents the diversity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and collection as food. Forest fungi were collected from dipterocarp-dominated (mostly Dipterocarpus and Shorea spp.) primary and secondary forests in four provinces of northern Thailand, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Mae Hong Son and Phayao Provinces, over three years. For comparative purposes, the diversity of larger fungi was also investigated in forests dominated by the Fagaceae or the Pinaceae. The dry dipterocarp forests had greater diversity of fruiting ECM fungi than the wet dipterocarp forests (11 families, 21 genera and 52 spp.; 8 families, 15 genera and 24 spp., respectively). The dominant genera in the dry dipterocarp forests were Russula (11 spp.), Boletus (7 spp.) and Amanita (5 spp.) whereas in the wet dipterocarp forests, Amanita (5 spp.) was the main genus followed by Lactarius = Russula (3 spp. each). Overall, ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in dipterocarp forests (57 spp.) was intermediate between oak (161 spp.) and pine (15 spp.) forests. However, 65% of the ECM fungi that were associated with dipterocarps were not observed fruiting in other forest types. In the wet season, 19 ECM fungal species in ten genera were taken from dipterocarp forests (19 spp. from dry forests, 8 spp. from wet forests) by local people for sale in village, roadside and town markets. The market value of the most valuable fungus, the earth star (hed phor) Astraeus hygrometricus, ranged from Baht (7-10 US$)/kg. Aspects of fungal conservation and their use in reforestation are discussed. Introduction The uplands of Northern Thailand support a diverse mosaic of forest types determined principally by elevation, moisture and disturbance (Gardner et al. 2000). More than fourteen genera of forest trees have symbiotic associations with higher fungi in the region. Deciduous dipterocarps (dry dipterocarp forests) occur at low elevation ( m), on shallow soils (Khamyong et al. 1996), whereas the semi-evergreen dipterocarps (wet dipterocarp forests) occur on moist soils at mid-elevation ( m). The Fagaceae (Castanopsis, Lithocarpus and Quercus) are a dominant component of hill evergreen forests. Pinus kesiya and P. merkusii are locally prominent on dry sites at mid-elevation. A common feature of these forests is their dependence on ECM fungi for their growth and survival. 1
2 The Dipterocarpaceae are well-known as an ECM family of trees in SE Asia (e.g. Smits 1994, Lee et al. 1997). In spite of the likely importance of ECM fungi for the health of dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand, the subject has received little attention. There is no comprehensive higher fungal flora of Thailand though there are useful popular accounts of the more common species (Rachabunditayasathan 1996, Chansrikul 1998). Information on selected groups of fungi in northern Thai forests are available in Boonthavikoon (1998) and in unpublished theses including Konsab (1998), Phongmanee (1999), Phuthima (1999) and Tongglam (1999). Unlike for southwest China where the human use of forest fungi has been well documented, there is little information available on the extent and scope of mushroom collecting in northern Thailand (Dell et al. 2000). Furthermore, ethnobotanical studies in the region (e.g. Anderson 1993) have neglected the importance of forest fungi. The purpose of this paper is to begin the process of documentation of forest fungi in northern Thailand and their cultural value. Materials and methods Sporocarps of wild macro-fungi were systematically sampled from forests in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Mae Hong Son and Phayao Provinces in northern Thailand, during the wet seasons (June-September) of The fungi were collected under ectomycorrhizal dipterocarps (Dipterocarpus alatus, D. costatus, D. obtusifolius, D. tuberculatus, D. turbinatus, Hopea odorata, Shorea obtusa, S. siamensis), oaks (Castanopsis acuminatissima, C. argyrophylla, C. armata, C. diversifolia, C. echinocarpa, C. ferox, C. indica, C. tribuloides, Lithocarpus polystachyus, L. tenuinervis, Quercus kerrii, Q. kingiana, Q. mespilifoliodes, Q. vestita), and pines (Pinus kesiya, P. merkusii). Specimens were photographed, their morphological and anatomical features described in detail (Sanmee 2004) and they were then lodged in the Fungal Herbarium of Chiang Mai University. Edible ECM fungi were observed in the Chiang Mai city market (Suthep), in road-side stalls of Weing Par Pao District in Chiang Rai Province, and in the local market (Mae Tam Market) in Phayao Province during the wet season in 1996 and Field collections were made at the following sites: A. Dry dipterocarp forests A1. Mae Wang Conservation Forest, Sanpanthong District, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation m asl. A2. Huay Hong Krai, Doi Saked District, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation ca. 400 m asl. A3. Doi San Phai, Ban Mae Sard, Chiang Rai Province. Elevation ca. 700 m asl. A4. Doi Pu Ya, Mae Hon Song Province. Elevation m asl. A5. Doi Kum Phra, Mae Hon Song Province. Elevation m asl. B. Wet dipterocarp forests B1. Near Phra-Tard-Doi-Suthep Temple, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation ca. 900 m asl. B2. Lum Namn Chiang Dao Research Centre, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation m asl. B3. Khun Chae National Park, ZZ Province. Elevation 900-1,000 m asl. 2
3 B4. Ban Huay Teecha, Soap Mei District, ZZ Province. Elevation ca. 800 m asl. B5. Doi Luang National Park, ZZ Province. Elevation m asl. C. Oak forests C1. Huay Kog Ma, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,000-1,300 m asl. C2. Sun Gu, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,400-1,500 m asl. C3. Khun Chang Kian, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,200-1,300 m asl. C4. Phar Dum, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation ca. 1,400 m asl. A2, B1 and B3. D. Pine forests D1. Yord Doi Pui, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Elevation 1,600-1,685 m asl. D2. Baw Gaow experimental station, Mae Hon Song Province. Elevation m asl. B1, B3 and B5. Results The diversity of ECM fungi fruiting in secondary and primary forests in northern Thailand was low under pines, intermediate under dipterocarps and high under oaks (Table 1). There were three times as many ECM fungal species fruiting under oaks than under dipterocarps. A total of 57 species of putative ECM fungi were collected under dipterocarps of which 65 % were not collected in other vegetation types suggesting preferential association of these species with dipterocarp hosts. The most abundant basidiomes were species of Amanita, Astraeus, Heimiella, Pterygellus, Mycoamaranthus and Russula. Three genera (Russula, Boletus and Amanita) dominated under dipterocarps contributing 42% of the diversity of ECM fungi compared to two genera under pines (Lactarius and Amanita with 60% of diversity) and four genera under oaks (Russula, Lactarius, Amanita and Boletus with 56.5% of diversity). The dry dipterocarp forests had greater diversity of fruiting ectomycorrhizal fungi (Table 2) than the wet dipterocarp forests (11 families, 21 genera and 52 spp.; 8 families, 15 genera and 24 spp., respectively). The percentage of fungal species restricted to dry or wet dipterocarp forests was ca. 63 or 21%, respectively. Overall, 19 species were collected in both wet and dry forest types. The dominant genera in the dry dipterocarp forests were Russula (11 spp.), Boletus (7 spp.) and Amanita (5 spp.) whereas in the wet dipterocarp forests, Amanita (5 spp.) was the main genus followed by Lactarius = Russula (3 spp. each). Edible forest fungi are routinely collected for food in Northern Thailand and sold in local markets. In the wet season, 19 ECM fungal species in ten genera were removed from dipterocarp forests (19 spp. from dry forests, 8 spp. from wet forests) by local people for sale in village, roadside and town markets. The fungi are mostly sold to local consumers in small quantities. However, the earth star (hed phor) Astraeus 3
4 hygrometricus is collected in large quantities and much is preserved in cans for domestic consumption as well as export. Currently, this is the most valuable fungus, and prices of fresh sporocarps ranged from Baht (7-10 US$)/kg. Discussion In terms of the presence of above-ground sporocarps of ECM fungi, the dry dipterocarp forests of northern Thailand have a much higher diversity than the wet dipterocarp forests. Furthermore, more than half of the ECM fungal species associated with dipterocarps did not fruit in the collection years in nearby forests dominated by ECM trees in the Fagaceae or Pinaceae. The ECM fungal flora of Thailand is still relatively poorly researched and new species of common ECM fungi continue to be described as groups are examined in more detail (e.g. Lumyong et al. 2003, Sanmee et al. 2003b, Kanchanaprayudh et al. 2004, Phosri et al. 2004). However, the number of putative ECM fungal species collected in this study compares favourably with results from other projects in the region. For example, Chalermpongse (1987) surveyed a dry-deciduous dipterocarp forest and a semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest in Amphur Pak Thong Chai and reported 35 species of ECM fungi fruiting over three years in the wet season. The deciduous forest had twice as many ECM species (29) as the evergreen forest. Smits (1994) collected over 80 species of putative ECM fungi in wet dipterocarp forests in East-Kalimantan. Overall, the diversity of ECM fungi in dipterocarp forests is lower than in temperate forests. Generally, the ECM fungi collected are consumed fresh within the Thai Provinces. The ECM fungi that are collected by local people in remnant primary and secondary stands of hill-side forests are sold in road-side, local (Fig. 1a) and city markets. Even in local markets, these wild mushrooms command higher prices than cultivated mushrooms, most vegetables or rice (Dell et al. 2000). People prefer to consume them due to their flavour and texture (Sanmee et al. 2003a). Although some species of Russula and Lactarius have a bitter flavour, local cuisine results in tasty dishes. According to Sanmee et al. (2003a), Astraeus hygrometricus is the most popular and the most expensive ECM fungus consumed in northern Thailand. It commands a high price because it is available early in the fungal fruiting season, is readily sold in the large cities, has desirable flavour and is processed in cans or bottles for export (40 oz = 40 baht, 70 oz = 60 baht) (Fig. 1b). For the other genera eaten, the price depends on the selling place, as wild ECM mushrooms in the city markets are more expensive than in the road-side or local markets. The latter markets occur in poorer socioeconomic areas and are closer to the collecting sites. Wild edible mushrooms were cheaper than cultivated mushrooms in 1994 (Jones et al. 1994), but they are now more expensive than cultivated mushrooms. The nutritive value of some of the ECM fungi from northern Thailand have recently been determined (Sanmee et al. 2003a), and they compare favourably with cultivated mushrooms. Edible ECM fungi are also collected from under oaks and pines in northern Thailand. The number of edible species collected (under oaks > under dipterocarps > under pines) reflects the relative diversity of ECM fungi referred to earlier. However, Boonthavikoon (1998) reported that there were more species of edible fungi in Pinus kesiya plantations than in the natural forests. The wild ECM fungi are generally sold as presentation plates of single species and non ECM forest mushrooms are sold 4
5 alongside. The latter include several species of Termitomyces that fruit in association with underground colonies of termites. The wild mushroom collectors make skilful use of the knowledge transmitted down orally from their ancestors. In the city, the workers travel to the mountains for collecting mushrooms from early morning ( h) until the afternoon ( h). During this period, traders wait at designated locations and the collectors take the mushrooms from the forest to the traders at regular intervals. The traders transport the mushrooms to sale in the city market markets. In the rural areas, the collectors and the traders are often a single family, usually from one of the Hill Tribes in the region. Often the husband is the collector and the wife conducts sales at the side of the road (Sanmee et al. 2003). As the human population increases in Northern Thailand the pressures on remnant vegetation and the conservation estate will become more severe. Potential damaging impacts of over-harvesting of fungi include soil erosion and loss of biodiversity (Dell et al. 2000). Research into the biology of edible ectomycorrhizal and other forest fungi is still at its infancy in Thailand. There is a need for ethnomycological, ecological and fungal conservation studies. Burning of dry dipterocarp forests is thought to promote higher yields of mushrooms such as hed phor and some communities therefore use yearly firing. Fire may also be used so people can easily find hed phor on the soil surface. The impact of fire frequency on soil erosion, biodiversity, and other factors needs careful study. In the long term, it is anticipated that some of the more valuable edible forest fungi will be able to be grown using suitable host trees in agroforestry systems. This should reduce some of the pressure off key conservation areas and at the same time allow the local hill tribes to continue to collect for their own use. However, before this can be achieved, a small number of target fungi will need to be identified for commercialisation, and culture and inoculation systems developed for local conditions. At the same time, use of ECM fungi should be encouraged as standard practice in all land restoration and reforestation projects where ECM hosts are present. For this to be effective, investigations into the host range, associated microflora, inoculum production and site conditions favourable for fungal growth and fruit body formation are required. References Anderson, E.F Plants and People of the Golden Triangle. Ethnobotany of the Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand. Dioscorides Press, Portland. Boonthavikoon, T Diversity of mushrooms in the natural pine-deciduous dipterocarp forest and pine plantation in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin Botany 26: Chalermpongse, A Mycorrhizal survey of dry-deciduous and semi-evergreen dipterocarp forest ecosystems in Thailand. In: Kostermans AJGH. (ed) Proceedings Third Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps, Bogor, Indonesia April 1985, pp UNESCO, Jakarta. Chansrikul, A Mushrooms of Thailand. 6 th ed., Thai Watthanapanich Printing Ldt., Bangkok. (in Thai). Dell, B., Malajczuk, N., Dunstan, W., Gong, M. Q., Chen, Y. L., Lumyong, S., Lumyong, P., Supriyanto & Ekwey, L Edible forest fungi in SE Asia - current practices and future management. In Proceedings of the International Workshop Biotechnology Applications for Reforestation and Biodiversity Conservation, Nepal, 1999, BIO-REFOR, pp
6 Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. & Anusarnsunthorn, V A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. Asia Books Co., Ltd., Bangkok. 560 pp. Jones, E. B. G., Whalley, A. J. S. & Hywel-Jones, N. L A fungus foray to Chiang Mai market in northern Thailand. The Mycologist 8: Kanchanaprayudh, J., Zhou, Z., Yomyart, S., Sihanonth, P., Hogetsu, T. & Watling, R A new species of Pisolithus abditus, an ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with dipterocarps in Thailand. Mycotaxon 88: Khamyong,S., Pramprasit, S. & Pinthong, J The relationship between plant associations and soil characteristics in a dry dipterocarp forest in Thailand. In: Appanah,S., Khoo, K.C. (eds) Proceedings Fifth Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps, ChiangMai, Thailand, 7 10 November 1994, pp FRIM, Kuala Lumpur. Konsab, D Diversity of agaric mushroom at Huay Kog Ma, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park. Master s Thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai. (in Thai). Lee Su See, Alexander, I.J. & Watling, R Ectomycorrhizas and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi of Shorea leprosula Miq. (Dipterocarpaceae). Mycorrhiza 7: Lumyong, S., Sanmee, R., Lumyong, P., Yang, Z.L. & Trappe, J.M Mycoamaranthus cambodgensis comb. nov., a widely distributed sequestrate Basidiomycete from Australia and Southeastern Asia. Mycological Progress 2: Phongmanee, W Diversity of macrofungi on soil at the evergreen hill forest in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Master s thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai (In Thai). Phosri, C., Watling, R., Martin, M.P. & Whalley, A.J.S The genus Astraeus in Thailand. Mycotaxon 89: Phuthima, N Collection and Cultivation of Macrofungi from Doi Suthep-Pui National Park. Master s thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai (In Thai). Rachabunditayasathan Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms in Thailand. Amarin Co. Printing and Publishing, Bangkok. (in Thai). Sanmee, R., Dell, B., Lumyong, P., Izumori, K. & Lumyong, S. 2003a. Nutritive value of popular wild edible mushrooms from Northern Thailand. Food Chemistry 82: Sanmee, R., Yang, Z.L., Lumyong, P. & Lumyong, S. 2003b. Amanita siamensis, a new species of Amanita from Thailand. Mycotaxon 88: Smits, W.T.M Dipterocarpaceae: Mycorrhizae and Regeneration. Tropenbos Series 9, Wageningen. Tongglam, S Diversity of Boletes in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Master s Thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai (in Thai). 6
7 a b Figure 1. a. Stall in Mae Tam market in Phayao Province selling wild edible mushrooms in northern Thailand. b. Astraeus hygrometricus preserved in saline solution. c 7
8 Table 1. Comparison of the number of putative ECM fungal species associated with diterocarp, pine and oak forests in northern Thailand. Fungal taxon Dipterocarp forest Oak forest Pine forest Amanitaceae Amanita 6 (1)* 19 3 Bolbitiaceae Hebeloma 1 Boletaceae Austroboletus 1 Boletellus 1 (1) 3 Boletochaete 1 (1) Boletus 7 (5) 16 Gastroboletus 1 (1) Heimiella 19 (1) 1 Leccinum 1 Phylloporus 1 (1) 3 Pulveroboletus 2 Sinoboletus 2 (2) Strobilomyces 5 Tylopilus 4 Xerocomus 2 (2) 3 Boletinellaceae Boletinellus 1 1 Phaeogyroporus 1 Cantharellaceae Cantharellus 2 (2) 2 Craterellus 3 cf. Pterygellus 1 (1) Clavulinaceae Clavulina 1 (1) Cortinariaceae Aroramyces 1 Cortinariaceae Cortinarius 8 Inocybe 4 (1) 7 1 Entolomataceae Clitopilus 1 (1) Entoloma 1 4 Hydnaceae Hydnum 1 Hydnangiaceae Laccaria 3 2 Hymenochaetaceae Coltricia 1 8
9 Hymenogasteraceae Mycoamaranthus 1 (1) Paxillaceae Gyrodon 1 Ramariaceae Austrogautieria 1 (1) 2 Ramaria 2 Russulaceae Lactarius Russula 11 (8) 34 1 Sclerodermataceae Astraeus 1 (1) Pisolithus 3 (2) 1 Scleroderma 3 (2) 1 1 Suillaceae Boletinus 1 Fuscoboletinus 1 (1) Thelephoraceae Thelephora 3 Tricholomataceae Hygrocybe 1 Lepista 1 Tricholoma 1 Total species 57 (37)* * The number in brackets indicates species associated only with dipterocarps in northern Thailand 9
10 Table 2. Diversity and number of species of putative ECM fungi fruiting in dry and wet dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand. Family Genus Dry forest Wet forest Amanitaceae Amanita 5 5 Boletaceae Boletellus 1 1 Boletochate 1 Boletus 7 1 Gastroboletus 1 1 Heimiella 1 Phylloporus 1 1 Sinoboletus 2 Xerocomus 2 Cantharellaceae Cantharellus 2 1 Pterygellus 1 1 Clavulinaceae Clavulina 1 Cortinariaceae Inocybe 2 2 Entolomataceae Clitopilus 1 Entoloma 1 1 Hymenogasteraceae Mycoamaranthus 1 Ramariaceae Austrogautieria 1 Russulaceae Lactarius 4 3 Russula 11 3 Sclerodermataceae Astraeus 1 1 Pisolithus 3 1 Scleroderma 3 Suillaceae Fuscoboletinus 1 Total species
11 Table 3. List of common edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms collected by local people in secondary and primary dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand. Scientific name Thai name Dry dipterocarp forest Wet dipterocarp forest Amanita chepangiana Hed kai kao + + A. hemibapha Hed kai laung + + Astraeus hygrometricus Hed Phor + + Boletus firmus Hed namn phung + Cantharellus cibarius Hed kamin yai + + Cantharellus minor Hed kamin lek + Heimiella subretispora Hed pord mah + Lactarius glaucescens Hed Khar + L. piperatus Hed khing + L. subpiperatus + L. volemus Hed farn + Hed kalum mahr + Mycoamaranthus cambodgensis Pterygellus polymorphus Hed kamin noi + + (aff.) Russula alboareolata Hed namn pang + + R. cyanoxantha Hed num mark + R. virescens Hed lom kra khiao + + Russula sp.1 Hed poong moo dum + Russula sp.2 (red) Hed daeng + + Sinoboletus sp. Hed pord mah lek + 11
Mycological Notes 11: Boletus edulis in Canterbury
Mycological Notes 11: Boletus edulis in Canterbury Jerry Cooper, July 2012 Probably most mycologically minded New Zealanders know about Boletus edulis in Christchurch. Wang et al (1995) reported its occurrence
More informationEdible and Medicinal Fungi of Western Nova Scotia. Brendon Smith B.A., Nova Scotia Mycological Society Director
Edible and Medicinal Fungi of Western Nova Scotia Brendon Smith B.A., Nova Scotia Mycological Society Director Introduction What are fungi? Spore-bearing microorganisms Belong to a separate kingdom from
More informationEctomycorrhizal basidiomata fruiting in lowland rain forests of Peninsular Malaysia
MYCORHIZES / LE POINT SUR 33 Ectomycorrhizal basidiomata fruiting in lowland rain forests of Peninsular Malaysia Su See Lee* Roy Watling** Yahya Noraini Sikin* * Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong
More informationGROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
: 77-84 GROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES T.A. Elmsly and J. Dixon Avocado Industry Council Ltd., P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author: tonielmsly@nzavaocado.co.nz
More informationPeople began to grow pine seedling to plant in the devastated coast line Apr.
Prevention of tree wilt and reduction of Cesium with charcoal and mycorrhizal fungi M.Ogawa, N.Okada,T.Kurusu,S. Ohashi, Y.Sampei Coastal Pine Forest before Tsunami Rikuzentakada Feb.19 2011 70,000 pine
More informationDiversity of mushrooms in Dry Dipterocarp forest at Phuphan National Park, Sakon Nakhon Province
Vol.4, No.12A, 1153-1160 (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2012.412a140 Natural Science Diversity of mushrooms in Dry Dipterocarp forest at Phuphan National Park, Sakon Nakhon Province Pithak Wongchalee,
More informationApplication of value chain to analyze harvesting method and milling efficiency in sugarcane processing
Application of value chain to analyze harvesting method and milling efficiency in sugarcane processing Pornpimol Kamloi, Pawinee Chaiprasert* Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology,
More informationSEAFDEC/AQD Institutional Repository (SAIR)
SEAFDEC/AQD Institutional Repository (SAIR) Title Utilization of seaweeds in Thailand Author(s) Citation Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont. (1990). Utilization of seaweeds in Thailand. In:
More informationCommercial Wild Mushroom Harvest in Newfoundland & Labrador
Commercial Wild Mushroom Harvest in Newfoundland & Labrador Non-timber Forest Products Workshop Botanical Garden, St. John s, NL 2008 of Newfoundland 1 Pacific northwest of the US and the west coast of
More informationCOMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.
More informationTaxonomy and Ecology of Ectomycorrhizal Macrofungi of Grand Teton National Park
University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center Annual Report Volume 13 13th Annual Report, 1989 Article 20 1-1-1989 Taxonomy and Ecology of Ectomycorrhizal Macrofungi of Grand Teton National
More informationEconomic Role of Maize in Thailand
Economic Role of Maize in Thailand Hnin Ei Win Center for Applied Economics Research Thailand INTRODUCTION Maize is an important agricultural product in Thailand which is being used for both food and feed
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *3653696496* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11 Paper 1 October/November 2017 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates
More informationDiversity of edible mushroom in Phu Phra Bat Historical Park, Udon Thani province
166 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 42 SUPPL. 4 : (2014). Diversity of edible mushroom in Phu Phra Bat Historical Park, Udon Thani province Jutharat Kulsantiwong 1*, Wiwat Kaensa 1, Yupapak Khamprathum 1 and Orawan
More informationCoffee Eco-labeling: Profit, Prosperity, & Healthy Nature? Brian Crespi Andre Goncalves Janani Kannan Alexey Kudryavtsev Jessica Stern
Coffee Eco-labeling: Profit, Prosperity, & Healthy Nature? Brian Crespi Andre Goncalves Janani Kannan Alexey Kudryavtsev Jessica Stern Presentation Outline I. Introduction II. III. IV. Question at hand
More informationStatistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat , Assam. ABSTRACT
Two and a Bud 59(2):152-156, 2012 RESEARCH PAPER Global tea production and export trend with special reference to India Prasanna Kumar Bordoloi Statistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental
More informationJ / A V 9 / N O.
July/Aug 2003 Volume 9 / NO. 7 See Story on Page 4 Implications for California Walnut Producers By Mechel S. Paggi, Ph.D. Global production of walnuts is forecast to be up 3 percent in 2002/03 reaching
More informationPERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT
Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 19 No. 2; April - June 2012 105 PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT Theerachai Chieochansilp 1*, Thitiporn Machikowa
More informationConsistently higher production and more exportable supplies from Thailand are major factors in the decline in world rice prices in 2014 and continued
Rice Consistently higher production and more exportable supplies from Thailand are major factors in the decline in world rice prices in 2014 and continued lower levels over the next ten years. Part of
More informationWorld of sugar PAGE 54
World of sugar More than 1 countries produce sugar, about 8% of which is made from sugar cane grown primarily in the tropical and sub-tropical zones of the southern hemisphere, and the balance from sugar
More informationIntroduction. Introduction. Introduction. Cistus. Cistus Pyrophytic ecology. Cistus 07/03/2014
Predictive empirical models for mushroom production in ladanifer stands. Guzman y Vargas (Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Volume 37, Issue 3 644-6 Fig. Distribution map and number of species. Pie
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *8122929106* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11 Paper 1 October/November 2015 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates
More informationHSC Geography. Year 2016 Mark Pages 30 Published Feb 7, Geography Notes. By Annabelle (97.35 ATAR)
HSC Geography Year 2016 Mark 93.00 Pages 30 Published Feb 7, 2017 Geography Notes By Annabelle (97.35 ATAR) Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Your notes author, Annabelle. Annabelle achieved an ATAR of
More informationOutline. Improving Cardamom production through the spraying of sugar rich solutions at Cardamom flowering stage
Improving Cardamom production through the spraying of sugar rich solutions at Cardamom flowering stage EFICAS workshop, Monday, March 27th 2017, Luang Prabang Outline Understanding Cardamom boom in northern
More informationECONOMICS OF COCONUT PRODUCTS AN ANALYTICAL STUDY. Coconut is an important tree crop with diverse end-uses, grown in many states of India.
ECONOMICS OF COCONUT PRODUCTS AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Introduction Coconut is an important tree crop with diverse end-uses, grown in many states of India. Coconut palm is the benevolent provider of the basic
More informationDamnoen Saduak Floating Market
Damnoen Saduak Floating Market ATTRACTION DETAILS In the past, daily commerce in Thailand was conducted mostly along rivers and canals (or khlongs in Thai). Bangkok s water network was busy and served
More informationJenny Wong & DavidePettenella. WFP collection and consumption by Europeans households
COST Action NWFP Ljubljana, 9 March 2017 Jenny Wong & DavidePettenella WFP collection and consumption by Europeans households in collaboration with: Marko Lovrić (main author) Enrico Vidale, Riccardo Da
More informationIMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION IN UNDIVIDED SIVASAGAR DISTRICT
International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 8, Issue 1 Feb 2018, 51-56 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION
More informationIntroduction Methods
Introduction The Allium paradoxum, common name few flowered leek, is a wild garlic distributed in woodland areas largely in the East of Britain (Preston et al., 2002). In 1823 the A. paradoxum was brought
More informationEthnobotany. Lecture 4
Ethnobotany. Lecture 4 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University January 16, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 4 January 16, 2013 1 / 39 Outline 1 Main food source plants: grains Oat Rice 2 Indian
More informationThe Vietnam urban food consumption and expenditure study
The Centre for Global Food and Resources The Vietnam urban food consumption and expenditure study Factsheet 4: Where do consumers shop? Wet markets still dominate! The food retail landscape in urban Vietnam
More informationMarket Channel and Trade of Fermented Small-Sized Fish Paste in Cambodia
Research article erd Market Channel and Trade of Fermented Small-Sized Fish Paste in Cambodia SOPHEA UN Graduate School, Royal University of Agriculture,, Cambodia Email: sophea2004@yahoo.com ROBERT S.
More informationChapter 3 PERFORMANCE OF SPICES TRADE IN INDIA AND KERALA
Chapter 3 PERFORMANCE OF SPICES TRADE IN INDIA AND KERALA India occupies a prominent position in the world spice trade. In the estimated world trade of species of 8,50,000 tonnes valued at US$ 2,200 millions,
More informationRecord exports in coffee year 2017/18
Record exports in coffee year 2017/18 Total coffee exports increased each year since 2010/11 with a new record reached in 2017/18 at 121.86 million bags, 2% higher than 2016/17. In the twelve months ending
More informationEvaluating Hazelnut Cultivars for Yield, Quality and Disease Resistance
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses Environmental Studies Program Spring 2009 Evaluating Hazelnut Cultivars
More informationB735: Ectomycorrhizae of Maine 1: A Listing of Boletaceae with the Associated Hosts
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Bulletins Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station 1-1977 B735: Ectomycorrhizae of Maine 1: A Listing of Boletaceae with the Associated Hosts Richard
More informationThe role of nitrogen fixation and climbing in competitive interactions between bird vetch and native plants
The Role of Nitrogen Fixation and Climbing in Competitive Interactions Between Bird Vetch and Native Plants Diane Wagner, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology
More informationHISTORY USES AND HEALTH BENEFITS. Figure 31. Nanking cherries
nanking cherries Nanking cherries (Prunus tomentosa) are shrubs that grow from three feet up to ten feet tall with twigs that usually occupy an area twice as wide as the plant is tall. Up to 20 canes can
More informationHeyne ex Roth Combretaceae. Terminalia alata. laurel, Indian laurel
LOCAL NAMES Burmese (taukyan); English (laurel,indian laurel); Hindi (sadora,piasal,usan,amari,karimaridi); Lao (Sino-Tibetan) (suak 'mon,suak kieng,suak dam); Nepali (saj,asna); Thai (hok fa); Trade name
More informationFresh Deciduous Fruit (Apples, Grapes, & Pears): World Markets and Trade
United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service Fresh Deciduous Fruit (Apples, Grapes, & Pears): World Markets and Trade 9 1, MT Deciduous Fruit on Seasonal Cycles 6 Northern Hemisphere
More informationInternational Table Grape Symposium November 2014 Australian Table Grapes Jeff Scott Chief Executive Officer
International Table Grape Symposium November 2014 Australian Table Grapes Jeff Scott Chief Executive Officer Australian Table Grape Industry - Snapshot There are approximately 900 table grape growers throughout
More informationThe incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia
The incidence, severity and possible causes of canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia by Trudy Paap BSc (Hons) Murdoch University The thesis is submitted in
More informationSTOP CROP GROW. Hazelnut. information sheet
STOP CROP GROW Hazelnut information sheet Tararua District Council PO Box 115 Dannevirke 4942 06 374 4080 info@tararuadc.govt.nz Head office 26 Gordon Street Dannevirke 3 Contents 1. Why Hazelnuts in New
More informationEffect of N-fixation on nitrous oxide emissions in mature caragana shelterbelts
Effect of N-fixation on nitrous oxide emissions in mature caragana shelterbelts C.C. Amadi 1, R.E. Farrell 1 & K.C.J. Van Rees 1 1 Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
More informationMONITORING WALNUT TWIG BEETLE ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY: OCTOBER 2011-OCTOBER 2012
MONITORING WALNUT TWIG BEETLE ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY: OCTOBER 11-OCTOBER 12 Elizabeth J. Fichtner ABSTRACT Walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, is the vector of thousand cankers
More informationNEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY
Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 23. pp. 647-62. NEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY J. Dixon 1, H.A. Pak, D.B.
More informationLeaf Surface Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 12 (2015) pp. 151-156 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Leaf Surface Properties of the Genus Haplophyllum (Rutaceae) in Jordan Mariam Al-Khatib and Dawud Al-Eisawi*
More informationCARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L., THE QUALITY OF SAFFLOWER SEEDS CULTIVATED IN ALBANIA.
CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L., THE QUALITY OF SAFFLOWER SEEDS CULTIVATED IN ALBANIA. Valdete VORPSI, Fatos HARIZAJ, Nikoll BARDHI, Vjollca VLADI, Erta DODONA Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agriculture
More informationCorresponding author: Ornella K Sangma
Occurrence of Gymnopetalum cochinchinense (Lour.) Kurz. (Apolka) in Garo Hills of Meghalaya, India Ornella K Sangma 1, Arindam Barman 2, Chinky M Marak 3 and Cheana S Sangma 4 1 PG Scholar, Department
More informationcocos, 2016: 22: Printed in Sri Lanka RESEARCH ARTICLE
cocos, 2016: 22: 25-29 Printed in Sri Lanka RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessing the performance of fruit colour based phenotypes of tall (Typica) coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) in Sri Lanka S. A. C. N. Perera l ',
More informationElectronic supplementary material
Electronic supplementary material Modeling the global distribution of fungal species: new insights into microbial cosmopolitanism Hirotoshi Sato (H. Sato), Riyou Tsujino (R. Tsujino), Kazuki Kurita (K.
More informationWELCOME TO SAWAS DEE / HELLO
WELCOME TO Siam Thai Lounge SAWAS DEE / HELLO We believe Thai cuisine is gaining an international reputation as one of the world s greatest well known cuisine. At Siam Thai Lounge, we only use authentic
More informationStudy of Frequency, Density, Abundance and Diversity of Wild Mushrooms of Tropical Mixed Forest of Central India
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN 2519-5115 RESEARCH ARTICLE Study of Frequency, Density, Abundance and Diversity of Wild Mushrooms of Tropical Mixed Forest of Central India
More informationQuality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2017
ISSN 2560-7545 Quality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2017 Bert Siemens Oilseeds Section Contact: Véronique J. Barthet Program Manager, Oilseeds Section Grain Research Laboratory Tel : 204 984-5174
More informationV. Deltoro, C. Torres, MA Gómez-Serrano, P. Pérez, J. Jiménez
Potential use of the fortuitously-arrived parasite Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera; Dactylopidae) as a biological control agent for the invasive cacti Opuntia ficus-indica in the Valencia region (East
More informationKOREA MARKET REPORT: FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
KOREA MARKET REPORT: FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 주한뉴질랜드대사관 NEW ZEALAND EMBASSY SEOUL DECEMBER 2016 Page 2 of 6 Note for readers This report has been produced by MFAT and NZTE staff of the New Zealand Embassy
More informationSELECTION STUDIES ON FIG IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY
Pak. J. Boti., 37(3): 567-574, 2005. SELECTION STUDIES ON FIG IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY A. AYTEKİN POLAT 1 AND MELİSA ÖZKAYA 2 1 Professor of Pomology and Corresponding Author; University of
More informationKnowing Your Nodules Results from the 2016 Monaro Legume Survey
Knowing Your Nodules Results from the 2016 Monaro Legume Survey In spring 2016 South East Local Land Services and Monaro Farming Systems surveyed 54 paddocks across the Monaro looking into the health and
More informationInvasive Ambrosia Beetle Conference The Situation in California August 12 14, 2012
Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Conference The Situation in California August 12 14, 2012 Meeting sponsored by: The Hofshi Foundation University of California, Riverside UC Center for Invasive Pest Research The
More informationANALYSIS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS IN CONNECTION WITH STRAWBERRY GENERATIVE BUD DEVELOPMENT
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (CROP SCIENCES, ANIMAL SCIENCES) ANALYSIS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS IN CONNECTION WITH STRAWBERRY GENERATIVE BUD DEVELOPMENT Ieva Kalniņa 1,, Sarmīte Strautiņa 1 Latvia University of Agriculture
More informationDistribution of Hermit Crab Sizes on the Island of Dominica
Distribution of Hermit Crab Sizes on the Island of Dominica Kerstin Alander, Emily Bach, Emily Crews, & Megan Smith Texas A&M University Dr. Tom Lacher Dr. Jim Woolley Dominica Study Abroad 2013 Abstract
More informationCommon Name: ALABAMA LEATHER FLOWER. Scientific Name: Clematis socialis Kral. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: ALABAMA LEATHER FLOWER Scientific Name: Clematis socialis Kral Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Ranunculaceae (buttercup) Rarity Ranks: G1/S1
More informationAsia has increasingly adopted international events and become part of the global event circuit, within its annual event portfolio many events are
Asia has increasingly adopted international events and become part of the global event circuit, within its annual event portfolio many events are still uniquely Asia or maintain Asian characteristics.
More informationMarket demand study on fresh products and derived products of banana, jackfruit, and cashew nut in Phnom Penh market
Market demand study on fresh products and derived products of banana, jackfruit, and cashew nut in Phnom Penh market SOK Pisith, Dr. HUL Seingheng Department of Food Technology and Chemical Engineering,
More informationObservations of the Baka huntergatherers in two controlled foraging trips in the tropical rainforest of southeastern Cameroon
Observations of the Baka huntergatherers in two controlled foraging trips in the tropical rainforest of southeastern Cameroon Hiroaki SATO, Kyohei KAWAMURA, Koji HAYASHI, Hiroyuki INAI, Taro YAMAUCHI Aim
More informationThe University of Georgia
The University of Georgia Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences A Survey of Pecan Sheller s Interest in Storage Technology Prepared by: Kent
More informationPecan Truffles. Truffles (Tuberales) The Most Expensive Foods You Can Buy. No chocolate here, but many types of edible fungi associated with pecans
Pecan Truffles Truffles (Tuberales) Tim Brenneman Department of Plant Pathology University of Georgia, Tifton Below-ground reproductive structures formed by about 200 species of ascomycetes to produce
More informationJapanese Knotweed Red Winged Blackbird
Japanese Knotweed Red Winged Blackbird Emerald Ash Borer White Ash Tree Asian Long Horned Beetle Maple Tree I am a beautiful songbird native to North America. I live in marine and freshwater wetlands and
More informationPHYSIC NUT. (Jatropha curcas) enabling deployment of underutilized species. Global Facilitation Unit. for Underutilized Species
Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species PHYSIC NUT (Jatropha curcas) enabling deployment of underutilized species What is Physic Nut and where does it come from? Also known as Barbados nut,
More informationMGEX Spring Wheat 2013
MGEX Spring Wheat 213 The Minneapolis Grain Exchange, Inc. (MGEX) has been the principal market for hard red spring (HRS) wheat since 1881, offering futures and options contracts based on this unique commodity.
More informationCurrent research status and strategic challenges on the black coffee twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus in Uganda
Current research status and strategic challenges on the black coffee twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus in Uganda Dr. Godfrey Kagezi (PhD) Senior Research Officer/Plant Entomologst National Coffee Research
More informationCONSUMER TRENDS Pulses In India
International Markets Bureau MARKET INDICATOR REPORT DECEMBER 2009 CONSUMER TRENDS Pulses In India Consumer Trends Pulses in India EXECUTIVE SUMMARY While India is the largest producer of pulses in the
More informationInformation System Better-iS ZALF - Output
Photos: Sieber, Uckert Information System Better-iS ZALF - Output Contact details: Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e. V., Institute of Socio- Economics, Götz Uckert, Harry Hoffmann,
More informationRUST RESISTANCE IN WILD HELIANTHUS ANNUUS AND VARIATION BY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN
RUST RESISTANCE IN WILD HELIANTHUS ANNUUS AND VARIATION BY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Dr. Tom GULYA USDA Northern Crop Science Lab, Fargo, ND 58105, USA Dr. Gary KONG, DPI, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia Mary BROTHERS
More informationAGRABLAST and AGRABURST TREATMENT OF COFFEE FUNGUS AND BLACK SIGATOKA ON BANANAS
AGRABLAST and AGRABURST TREATMENT OF COFFEE FUNGUS AND BLACK SIGATOKA ON BANANAS Coffee Leaf Rust is a major problem facing commercial coffee producers mainly in Africa, India, Southeast Asia, South America,
More informationThe Development of the Pan-Pearl River Delta Region and the Interaction Between the Region and Taiwan
The Development of the Pan-Pearl River Delta Region and the Interaction Between the Region and Taiwan LIN, Yuh Jiun Associate Research Fellow, Mainland China Division, CIER This paper is divided into five
More informationCommunity and Biodiversity Consequences of Drought. Tom Whitham
Community and Biodiversity Consequences of Drought Tom Whitham Northern Arizona University & Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research Flagstaff, AZ USA Pinyon mortality North side of the San Francisco
More informationIS RIPENING AND POST HARVEST QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS AFFECTED BY FRUIT WATER STATUS?
New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s Conference 05. 20-22 September 2005. Tauranga, New Zealand. Session 6. Postharvest quality, outturn. 9 pages. IS RIPENING AND POST HARVEST QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS
More informationAn Overview of the U.S. Bell Pepper Industry. Trina Biswas, Zhengfei Guan, 1 Feng Wu University of Florida
An Overview of the U.S. Bell Pepper Industry Trina Biswas, Zhengfei Guan, 1 Feng Wu University of Florida Bell pepper is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops in the world. Characterized by
More informationProgress Report Submitted Feb 10, 2013 Second Quarterly Report
Progress Report Submitted Feb 10, 2013 Second Quarterly Report A. Title: New Project: Spotted wing drosophila in Virginia vineyards: Distribution, varietal susceptibility, monitoring and control B. Investigators:
More informationSunol Field Trip. Local Plant Communities
Sunol Field Trip Local Plant Communities Populations All of the organisms of one kind in an area. All of the people in this room constitute a population. Communities The populations of various species
More information(Wallich) Benth. Fabaceae - Papilionoideae. Derris elliptica
LOCAL NAMES Burmese (hon); English (tuba root,derris); Fijian (nduva,duva ni vavalagi); Filipino (tugling-pula (Tagalog)); French (touba); German (Tubawurzel); Indonesian (oyod tungkul (Javanese)); Malay
More informationD Lemmer and FJ Kruger
D Lemmer and FJ Kruger Lowveld Postharvest Services, PO Box 4001, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA E-mail: fjkruger58@gmail.com ABSTRACT This project aims to develop suitable storage and ripening regimes for
More informationOVERSEEDING EASTERN GAMAGRASS WITH COOL-SEASON GRASSES OR GRASS- LEGUME MIXTURES. Abstract
OVERSEEDING EASTERN GAMAGRASS WITH COOL-SEASON GRASSES OR GRASS- LEGUME MIXTURES K.M. Bennett 1, M.K. Mullenix 1, J.J. Tucker 2, J.S. Angle 3, R.B. Muntifering 1, and J. Yeager 4 Abstract Overseeding Eastern
More informationConverse County Conservation District
Converse County Conservation District Perennial Info Sheet Lanceleaf Coreopsis Coreopsis lanceolata Description: A clump forming perennial plant, with bright yellow, 1-2 inch diameter flowers forming from
More informationMolecular identification of bacteria on grapes and in must from Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia)
Molecular identification of bacteria on grapes and in must from Small Carpathian wine-producing region (Slovakia) T. Kuchta1, D. Pangallo2, Z. Godálová1, A. Puškárová2, M. Bučková2, K. Ženišová1, L. Kraková2
More informationEVALUATION OF AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS TO RESTORE SAGEBRUSH UTAH
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS TO RESTORE SAGEBRUSH STEPPE IN NORTHEASTERN UTAH James Taylor M.S. Candidate Range Science Advisor: Dr. Terry Messmer Introduction Greater
More informationConsumption of Dryland Indigenous Fruits to Improve Livelihoods in Kenya. The Case of Mwingi District.
Consumption of Dryland Indigenous Fruits to Improve Livelihoods in Kenya. The Case of Mwingi District. P. Simitu 1,2, *, R. Jamnadass 1, R. Kindt 1, J. Kungu 2, and J. Kimiywe 2 1 World Agroforestry Centre
More informationLIFESTYLE MAGAZINE VII
LIFESTYLE MAGAZINE VII www.berthon.co.uk Article by Garry Eveleigh photography by Ari Ashley and Matt Dunkinson THE WILDCOOK The Mushroom Man is a name that I have acquired over the years from taking friends
More informationIs watering our houseplants with washed rice water really that effective? Here s the scientific evidence
Is watering our houseplants with washed rice water really that effective? Here s the scientific evidence Our friends, our neighbors, even strangers we meet swear by it. They claim watering our household
More informationOpportunities for Promoting Aromatic, Medicinal and Non-Ligneous Plants in Arid Regions in Tunisia.
Building an Enabling Environment for Increasing Investment in Sustainable Land Management through Market Access and Trade Geneva, 31 January 1 February 2007 Opportunities for Promoting Aromatic, Medicinal
More informationANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA
ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAIZE CULTIVATED AREA AND PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA Agatha POPESCU University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, 59 Marasti, District
More informationCOST STSM Report. Action FP1203
COST STSM Report Action FP1203 STSM Applicant: Rogério Filipe Agostinho Louro, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Universidade de Évora, Évora, PORTUGAL. Period: From 2014-03-23
More informationBOTANICAL STUDY OF THE FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE IN INDOCHINA (CAMBODIA, LAOS AND VIETNAM)
BOTANICAL STUDY OF THE FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE IN INDOCHINA (CAMBODIA, LAOS AND VIETNAM) 2009 Activity: Collect specimens in Tay Nguyen, Viet Nam Reported by Trần Hữu Đăng Acknowledgments Reporter would like
More informationANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE OF HONEY PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE WORLD
ANALYSIS ON THE STRUCTURE OF HONEY PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE WORLD GU G., ZHANG Ch., HU F.* Department of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Science Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, CHINA
More informationEFFECT OF TOMATO GENETIC VARIATION ON LYE PEELING EFFICACY TOMATO SOLUTIONS JIM AND ADAM DICK SUMMARY
EFFECT OF TOMATO GENETIC VARIATION ON LYE PEELING EFFICACY TOMATO SOLUTIONS JIM AND ADAM DICK 2013 SUMMARY Several breeding lines and hybrids were peeled in an 18% lye solution using an exposure time of
More informationGrowing Eco-Friendly Tea in Protected Wetlands
Growing Eco-Friendly Tea in Protected Wetlands Background The Mai Pokhari wetland lies in the mid-hill ranges of the Himalayas. Located about 2,150 meters above sea level and covering an area of 90 hectares,
More informationCommon Name: ALABAMA WARBONNET. Scientific Name: Jamesianthus alabamensis Blake & Sherff. Other Commonly Used Names: Jamesianthus
Common Name: ALABAMA WARBONNET Scientific Name: Jamesianthus alabamensis Blake & Sherff Other Commonly Used Names: Jamesianthus Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Asteraceae/Compositae (aster)
More informationTruffles and value-adding
Truffles and value-adding Innovation in an emerging industry Anne Mitchell Anne Mitchell 2017 TRUFFLES Underground mushrooms fruiting body of a fungus Fungus is in a symbiotic relationship with a host
More information~
~ Ma 吋 ~e 邸 sty's ELEPHANT CROP RAIDING PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS 95 Figure 5. A group of a 22 elephants drinking water at Huai Luek reservoir on an evening in March 1998. The calves were close
More information