Kenneth Street, Natalya Rukhkyan and Ali Ismail International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria

Transcription

1 Kenneth Street, Natalya Rukhkyan and Ali Ismail International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria (Cicer arietinum L.) * +,-. &' #( ' )$%# "! *,7#) 3/6 32'/ 45. % +/ 01/ "2- & ;< * =/> )?% 2@A 6# 89): 9., +,7#) 42D B/2C$! 2.7 D 8+,,7 J:7 4'# 8! B-:7 1 +/ )5DA KL,!# 01/ M% * =-#. B-A $ 7 +/ )$%# 0,- NO ;< P$ "- U)Q 4D N$. / >X)-# / U#) 1 E#)$.=*S 01 T/ 32,O QR$7.;) =@ 100 U[# E#)$# 8+,$@ K- "),&' B$.,$ N Desi J 6 >\`# # S@ ^]@ P_# +/ +,,], +,-.,,7 +\#.9] ")e# N2e U _ =k)% B$.,$ N Kabuli J# 8=eC ")e# +D2 U _ =,7_ 7 +/ )$%#.")5\ J.7 $ 4,? +/ 6# =l, =% KL J#. $ =%]7 Cicer us +k$.(purseglove 1968) 3,@A )e =n! 3,n B,7 +\ D 83/- m,$ 4e.C. arietinum J +/ 3,,O 62% ^]@ -S/ TA #A vw KL "- =':/ 6# 8=l,@ JA C. J# 8C. echinospermum P. H. Davis J K- C. arietinum Jx!!( w 2'/ Mx% lx'x.(ladizinsky and Adler 1976) )$: N) B:! )$% N 8reticulatum Ladiz. 2'/ JA +X 8C. anatolicum Alef. Jxx 6 Cicer uxs +x/ )lxx%x/ N)xx Jx 3kxA 9)xxC.(Choumane and Baum 2000)!!( w 1

2 C. judaicum Boiss. 8C. bijugum Rech. f. J( +/ B,L =-S/ ˆ)QA w Ul\$7# +/ =)Q 2%( J( +k$7#.(tayyar and Waines 1996) C. pinnatifidum Jaub. & Spach# C. chorassanicum (Bunge) 8C. yamashitae Kitam. J( +/ Cicer l N) us.c. cuneatum Hochst. ex A. Rich # Popov # B$-S/ JA 4e7 N (C. arietinum) J#. J 22S7 =)1 KL % 4,2 6 ),e. =l) ˆ]( -S/ M% KL ),e D 8=, ] -S/ #A =l, ] #A =,)$ (Cicer arietinum) )$%7#.=2$% #A =*S B` =,$! =,, * J.# "!. # T,S7 TQ/ T/ >e7 )5D( 6 B$-. 4k*( =, 2% # J.7.9$e 4'* T/ =,n!$, * +/.$ N# 8)n! 22S7 $.=,7 n/a n> ),D $@ 6 U\ /2-# =,*D =,\ n/ #( n> n6 N! J.7 8^1)# un T/ )n! >,* +/.$ $, *. )/(# )e ),wr7 +/ 2 P_# 8=k:C/ =1)# =2$%/ ") O U\7 /2-# n/( 6[L K- n/(!/ N! "),' ;( 2-]7#.2> * )*/)$DA )>` 6 U\#.# $L +/ >\ / 9k =!] =l,w?(!!" # $%&' (! )." # U#.C/ 4 /2-.(%90 2% 6 ICARDA *) %75 +/ 4QA KL š 2%/ M:C /2- :=,$ )n: 2@R # +/ %25 +/ )5DA ˆ' +,@ Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Penicillium, Phoma, Rhizopus spp..%:7)/ # K- ^n U\ /2- " + #* 8" 120 +/ U\$7 =,.O -S/ KL =! 4D # Jl[# 8=,w ' P +/ ] ;$! 2%. n TA _ ^D]/ * $/A 4 B1 Ÿ * =,.O =-S/ 4D =-[ $,!,@.=,w ' P * =] Q B,- ^$D# # +/ =,.O =-S/ 4\ 3],D.>O.=! =)n:# =)e 2, # - 2

3 ' P?( u,\ T/ /% =Qn B,- 0'/ u,d * # +/ =,.O =-S/ 4D TX T/,D( w w 8B$7 =,*Xš,D( TX# K-( * >%X# /% =Qn B,- 0' =,w. n =%A =-. " 120 N$7,DA =%A T[7 $, 8M% >k%.=-. ".6O # U, -!* m'.=)$ "2,O =1 =O Uk "lk ˆe-( +/ =,# )' "2,O =)7 * ˆ =-[ ^S.2,O L Uk =-. 4Q N).(pH=7.5) =l =2$%/ =- A * J[ 8"2,O $ K- ' =- =)7 K- ' )/ vw #A +,7)/ =)$ =]7# 2,>$ Q w =)$ ^ 0,- 4\e ( v)@.# =-. =$]/#!. $/0 /12 345* * " 480 J[ 8=, ]D 8=-$/ =,w#?a _ =,7 -S/ 457 $ ] =].)$/ 4 >/ 4D 1 (Ÿ/" 120) n =%A "%$! =,*D,D J[ 8=/2$ =,)$ -SD 8"l2 =,w?( _ =, ] =].(" #A # +/ D 1 4Q( K-) # +/ =/[ =,\.=,, =w) =,*D =*]/ K- ' nc +, 4Q( K-! 45 =*]/ )7.^D] +,.%! 90 =*]/ )7.."2> =)$ *! 5 0- K- ")`/ J[ 8"),&' ˆS$,n$ ='/ " *.! 4 4D "2@# " J[.=,$ =] =-[ 4Q # +/ " +/ 2DR7 0A w! 4 =*]/ )( +- "2@ 2%7, # TX# )7! 5 0% 2A m$* 8#2 *.9>$ 2-2( $67 27 =$5/ =,\,$! =Qn K- (IG./) ICARDA ;2C$]7 :35/) =] => :)%$ Q)# =\] Q 4S!.=, #)< 4$7 ;QA# =,\,$! Qn ;2C$!.3)7 =D) J:7 B1 4' 3

4 89 :;< :# =>? /2 «#( _ ˆe-(# =,,S 7 +/ C$ ")`/ =-. 2% "k ˆe-( 2,/ Ÿ, XA.Terbutryn T/ Propyzamide Ÿ, ICARDA ;2C$]7 5/ * 8=, =w)@ ;2C$! +/ ")\ 4@) +,7)/ nc =,, =*] v)@.)/( ^n7 UL ")R$ 4@) * 3#2 ^,e%$ Q. nc =,/ 7# =,2?( #2 [A 0.$\6/ D 100 2% diammonium phosphate :!:,/A +/ =,!!A =,D =-. =@ * Ÿ,$ #A ``) N) 4k:# 8=-. 2% ")`/ 4 N#A +/ =,*D =,D K- ' Uk P_# 8n/( n6 * =-. +/ ;A ")e- 2%,\$ N) Q %X #A U#) #A 6[( ] )%$ K$@, ),D # )%$7 UA ^S,@ 8#.U#) 9$/.'!/ =)$ "2. =1) ^ls7 7A> B? $> 6A +/#.=! >$*\/ «)1# )/(# )e =$ =?š - 22$ =? 9)C 4'7 : ^,'7 $ =%e )/(# )e )e =)n: )/( Nodule damaging fly =_ 2% =_ Sitona weevil,$,! =!! Cut worms =%1 "#2 Aphids l+ Leaf miners «#( "l:@ Army worms «"# Pod borers U#) =5- Semi-loopers =!l, ' "#2 Bruchids (N2,D#)), # u* Mycosphaerella rabiei, Ascochyta rabiei, =(Didymella rabiei) $,`\!A =: Black root rot: Fusarium solani!( #S +:- Thielaviopsis basicola!( nc #S +:- 4

5 Botrytis cinerea =/) =% =:% Peronospora sp.. N)n: +:% Macrophomina phaseolina = Rhizoctonia bataticola (=/#( )n*) S #S +:- Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium arthrosporioides, Fusarium.& #S +:- avenaceum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium solani f.sp. eumartii, = Fusarium eumartii Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris l.& Myrothecium roridum ;,],7#),/ «#( Tl7 sp.mystrosporium ;!#)$],/ «#( Tl7 Neocosmospora vasinfecta!!d, #S +:- Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora cryptogea, $*$,* #S +:- Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora megasperma Leveillula taurica,, Erysiphe sp.,q2 N)n: +:% Oidiopsis taurica [anamorph] Uromyces ciceris-arietini, Uromyces striatus A2' Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum,,7#),\! «] +:- =l,!#),: )/( Chickpea bushy dwarf virus (CpBDV) (Potyvirus),5\ ;l.7 #),* Chickpea stunt disease associated virus (CpSDaV) U)$ ;.7 #),* (Luteovirus) Distortion mosaic: chickpea distortion mosaic le Q)7 #),* : le Q)$ virus (CpDMV) Filiform: chickpea filiform virus (CpFV) n,c #),* :n,c Mosaic: alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) =': Q)7 #),* : Q)$ : ):?( Q)$ #),* :«#( l7 Narrow leaf: bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) Necrosis: lettuce necrotic yellows nc =l] #),* 8 uc N):? )C #),* :)C virus (LNYV), pea streak virus (PeSV) Proliferation: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV),C Q)7 #),* : š Stunt: bean (pea) leaf roll virus (BLRV) (=l]) : «#A :$ #),* :;l.$ Yellowing: pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV-2): =l] Q)7 #),* :):?,,:n 8=l,n)e U22 >]7 $ )/( Rotylenchulus reniformis (=\ =l,n)e "#2) =wl #S Pearly root (cyst nematode): Hetetodera ciceri, (=l,5 =l,n)e "#2) = #S Heterodera rossi Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne artiellia, (=l,n)e #S 2- "#) #S 2- Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus thornei (N7, #S )k7) #S )k7 Pythium ultimum, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium irregulare $/C $> /2.-.!!#),:# )/( 9)C =# =,@ [ 0l]."#)k 2- =! =,,,\ º) Q * % 5/ 8P$n/ * T` ¼ )/ 6 UD UL Q# 9)O»D =,,,\ º) Q. ) e$ T 6[š# =@)/ T,!A =ww 4D Ascochyta blight 2X ICARDA 5

6 ;D9 ):? ),e# 8 U#) l.6 2- =ece? J! +/.,,7 +\ 6# U#) S7 /2-2'@.3kA k KL >1!# =,:] «#(.ˆS$ ^D] =l'/ = ;2C$! #A l#2 ' $.u,\ =l,oc =>S K- )A =Qn w# =\] =Qn T/ `Q u,d * "' # TX.=! l4d '@ 2% =% ' = l< TX# l#2 =\] 2' Q 8>$/$! ;2- #A =$ )'Q ^] "' =>] 7 '@ +\ /2-.>! $, "' * ")`/ 7 ;9 7E $" 3)XA ^]7 =)n ")`/ ' 2% ( 4C/) ˆ@,<7 = ;2C$! ^e +/ # l<.l#2,<$ +\ D.=l,%.=! l4d 2% =% 4C l<.l#2 =,$ ^e +/ # l< B m' 6 +\#.^! N)e 2, "' # +l 8=)e@ =?L *.2/( 41 * =? /-.=:l< # Oš U[ l2@." 100 U[# l2@ *.T,!A =ww [#S$7 "2 ") 2$%/# =1) M:C/ U\/ * >%X # l:o =1# = / =O 15 %7 ")@ =O * # :O 8=Q)/ =,/ #)½ _ #,:S7 =*) %8 >$1 M:C7 K$@ # l:o 8,:S7 =*) )*7 *#.%20-15 %7 =,].=!/ =::S/ "/ NA #A \,,] 4,O ;2C$!.+.C$ 4OA +/ %6-3 +, E#)$7 UA ^S $# 8=1) $]/ l2@.=l, * $ =! 4D +/ =l,-)* =l,- 4!A.# +.C$ Q $F60 G H $F60" 9 - )" / /,-# 6'@# 4 * 6 9wA# >$-[# #.,>S7 +/ S$ 4@)/ # =n, C7 Q) k7 Qn 4\e w.=l,%/ =! # m,' => Q K- =<* Uk P_# 8' 2% =] =6 J,X #A $ ;2- +k7 =)n "' ## ^D]# # ;[ K- =] :)%$.,> *! 6 )" IJ ". P_# l,,o =-l$/ =,7 -S/! +.C7 2- =/> 9)Oš +/ # +/ =,*D =,D K- =<* )$% =-S *?( Jl$ K- ' # +/ =,*D =,D =-[ +/ 2 P.(" Q( K-) =,% J7.(N2,>$ 4': )<A) =] 4,O )S 4' K$@ ] 6 45/ 22S7 2-6

7 E0 JK $L $ - M L :=] +-! =#2 =,$ =l,:?, T/ =! 4D UQ =)1 ")6. U # U # 4\` >$6 D UL =] 2%$!.=l,7 =e% * > ¼C _ T/ >$ >/ 07 8=] =6 * Pe 2-#.=l,?( =] =6 N :(2 4\e) =,$ 9)Oš 3%$/ OO., 4 =Q)/ =,/ #)½ *?A * ] J[ 1:3 =] 4/)# =)$ +/ %/ Ÿ,C (! 30 >-#! 30 6)nQ 8=,\,$! #A =,*.) "),&??A ¾-.1.(3 4\e) š T)]7# 9 ˆl)e7 4,>]$ " ")eq * ),&? E)O v2@» ˆ º2A.2.=)e@# =)n* 2, # 4/-.3.! K- 4Q( K- +,7,?A 4D k, 8=! 4D +/ 4Q( K- " 50 J[.4.)lC$ =O ^]@ ;A =ww 4D w =-. 2% ")`/?( N#A.5 :=,$ :', "2-Q * =S], K- $- =! 4D +/ 07 86[š ") ,% 1 =De 1 U#) k _( 4\` k 2- ># # 4\` D UL 62%$!# =l,7 =e% * > ¼C _ T/ >$ >/ 07 8=] =6 * *.7.=l,?( =] =6 0*7 >$6 )l]\$ ^] ˆ J,X N:$ =$ 4:!A * 2-#,: \` u,\ =$ 4D Ÿ 8# k =2 *.8.(4 4\e).` u,\ 4 >DR 62'@ 8/7 =$ k7 /2-.9.=*S =$ +/ # J.$.10.=] u: =): 7 +/ # TO.11.=! 4\ # '/ U[# 2@.12.=! 4\ " 100 U[# l2@.13.t,!a 3 [#S$7 "2 ") =2$%/ =*) * 8=k:C/ =1 =O2 >%X # :O.14.(>.C7 4OA +/ U\7 UA ^S) 8=1) $]/ l2@.15.=l, * $ =l,-)* =l,- 4!A.16.+.C$ # 4!A.17 7

8 ! " 86 $"7 OP* :=l,w ' P /%/ "2-Q * >S!# 22S$ =,$ /% TO *)&S /% ;< #A =n)c ;2C$! TO)# 22S$ TQ/! 22S$ =,- * D` + 9)C! OO.,/4$e/=\]/4 :)%$ Q) =,w =-S# =] :)%$ Q) # 2'/ =] 22S$# 5Dš,- TO)/ (=S% 4Q /) =-#. =),k$ 9)Oš =,7 =*5\# =-. À7 ;2C$] 4 ŸnC/ (6),# ")w 4/% 8* # )/(# ˆe-( =*\/ 82,]$ 8N)) =, "š +- /%/ (/% +/ 6),# 8=)$ J 8n/( n6 =,D 8J:7 ) 22S$ TQ =,, #)< (=[ 7 2-) OO., #A 4 * š 2%/ =,/ 7 2-6[š K$@ =-. +/ ;( 2- ' =)1# À7 "' 7 2- ()$ U[) # =,D =S] =)6<-=,-. :' 8-.,,$ =,:,'$ => 227 (JSnX =, 8 k us7) ' 2% /, /Q' $% M& Choumane W, Baum M The use of RAPD markers for characterization of annual species of the genus Cicer. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) Vol 2: Coyne CJ, Sharp-Vincent T, Cashman MJ, Watt CA, Chen W, Muehlbauer FJ, Mallikarjuna N A method for germinating perennial Cicer species. SAT ejournal Vol 1, Issue 1. Available from: Date accessed: 29 August Ladinsky G, Adler A The origin of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. Euphytica 25(1): Purseglove Cicer arietinum L. In: Tropical Crops. Dicotyledons. Longman Group Limited, London. pp Tayyar R, Federici CV, Waines GJ Natural Outcrossing In Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Crop Science 36: Wellving AHA Grain legumes. Seed Production Handbook of Zambia. Department of Agriculture. Lusaka. SIDA. pp

9 * 2S :4Q +/ 4,2 6 =%O)/# 0,Q27 Ä 7 S. S. Yadav, formerly of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, India N.K. Rao, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), Dubai, United Arab Emirates. THF Street K., Rukhkyan N. and Ismail A * =,w -S 22S7 4, Dulloo M.E., Thormann I., Jorge M.A. and Hanson J., editors. Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome, Italy. 11 pp. 9

10 ICARDA -1 Q) 4,S]7# OO., * N) 22S7-2,?( K- 5/ ¼ 0'/ K- =] :)%$ ICARDA ˆ)e7 +/ " +,\$ º ,>]7# 9 ICARDA "2-2- Bn# \` u,\ =$ =,n&7-4 4 ;$ k 2% =$ 2'7 w 8# k 92 =@)/ u,\ ICARDA 10

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