THE EFFECTS OF BERRY THINNING AND GIBBERELLIN ON RECEL UZUMU TABLE GRAPES

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1 Perfor. of Summer forge legumes in Pothowr Pk. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 49(2), ; 2012 ISSN (Print) , ISSN (Online) THE EFFECTS OF BERRY THINNING AND GIBBERELLIN ON RECEL UZUMU TABLE GRAPES Cengiz Özer 1,*, Ahmet Semih Yssın 1, Onur Ergonul 1 nd Serkn Aydin 1 1 Tekirdğ Viticulturl Reserch Sttion, P.O. Box 7, Tekirdğ, Turkey * Corresponding uthor s e-mil: cengizozer@bgcilik.gov.tr This study ws crried out to determine the effects of berry thinning nd gibberellin (GA 3 ) on yield nd fruit qulity of Reçel Üzümü tble grpes. A combined six tretments of gibberellin (control nd 40 ppm) nd cluster tipping (control, 1/3 nd 1/2) were pplied t the 3-5 mm berry size stge. Gibberellin ws the min fctor for the increse in berry size, berry nd cluster weight, nd yield. Crushing resistnce of berries ws higher for gibberellin spryed clusters. Fruit mturity ws delyed with gibberellin nd it significntly decresed fruit color. Mturity levels of Reçel Üzümü berries incresed with the mount of berry thinning. Lengths of tipped clusters were shorter thn control while there were no differences between 1/3 nd ½ berry thinning. Removing prts of clusters did not influence berry nd cluster sizes. The totl sensory evlution scores were the highest for thinned grpes tht hd not been treted with gibberellin. Keywords: Grpes, Reçel Üzümü, berry thinning, GA 3, qulity, yield, mturity, colortion INTRODUCTION A totl of 4,255,000 tons of grpes were produced on 477,785.6 h vineyrd re in Turkey in 2010 (Turkey Sttisticl Institute, 2011). With these figures Turkey is the fifth lrgest grpe grower country nd rnks sixth in world grpe production. Tble grpes differ from wine grpes in the structure of the berries nd clusters. The ppernce of tble grpes must primrily ttrct consumers. Attrctive fctors for tble grpes re berry nd cluster size, shpe nd compctness of clusters, nd color of berries. Chrcteristic flvor nd rom nd the presence of seeds re the other importnt resons for the choice of tble grpe cultivr. As well s these fctors, suitbility for hndling nd storge, ripening time, cluster structure for pckging, nd productivity re dditionl fetures for tble grpes. Mny more culturl prctices re needed for tble grpes thn for wine grpes in order to increse consumer preference. Girdling, berry nd cluster thinning to increse berry size; girdling nd ethephon to hsten ripening nd colortion of berries re widely used prctices in countries tht dominte the tble grpe mrket. The effectiveness of these prctices cn vry ccording to cultivr, growing system, rootstock nd ecology. Consumers prefer seedless grpes becuse of the ese of eting, trditionl grpe cultivrs such s Sultnin, Afuzli nd Rozki re under competitive pressure from the new hybrid grpe cultivrs like Redglobe, Autumn Royl, nd Flme Seedless. Therefore, the mjority of new hybrid genotypes re seedless. Color, rom, erly or lte ripening, resistnce biotic or biotic stress condition re complementry elements for these grpes. Nturlly, berries of stenospermic seedless grpes re usully smller thn seeded ones. Especilly for seedless grpes, gibberellins re pplied t full bloom to decrese berry set nd t berry set to increse the size of the remining berries. Gibberellin pplictions levels nd period my vry ccording to cultivr, ecology, nd growing system. GA 3 stimultes both cell division nd cell elongtion, especilly for seedless vrieties (Shiozki et l., 1998). In Chile, for exmple, 10 to15 ppm GA 3 is used for thinning nd 80 to120 ppm for improving the size of berries of Thompson Seedless, while less GA 3 (5 to 7.5 ppm for thinning nd 20 to 30 ppm for incresing berry size) is sufficient for Flme Seedless (Pérez-Hrvey, 1994). Thompson Seedless bunches re thinned by ppm gibberellic cid spry t full bloom in Isrel (Lvee, 1994). Berry sizing is induced by two to three repeted gibberellic cid sprys, seven to 10 dys prt, using concentrtion of 20 to 40 mg/l (Lvee, 1994). Among the seedless vrieties, only Sultnin is treted with two sprys of 10 mg/l gibberellic cid in South Afric (Orth, 1994). Gibberellin is pplied t bloom to Thompson Seedless nd Flme Seedless to reduce berry set in Cliforni. Two sprys for berry enlrgement, one t fruit set nd the other five to seven dys lter, re commonly performed for Thompson Seedless, Flme Seedless, nd Perlette grpes (Jensen, 1994). Gibberellin is intensively used for Sultnin grpes in the Aegen Region of Turkey. Tble grpe growers use this hormone t full bloom nd fourteen dys lter t 25 to 30 ppm concentrtion to improve berry size nd bunch structure. The dimensions of berries nd clusters were incresed in severl studies with gibberellin t bloom nd berry set (Khnduj nd Chturvedi, 1979; Sd et l., 1979; Thilk, 1983; Qdir et l., 1989; Sing et l., 1994; Colpietr et l., 1995,b; Uzun nd Ceyhn, 1995; Smncı 1998; Kr nd

2 Özer, Yşsın, Ergonul & Aydin Ecevit, 1998; Wli et l., 1990; El-Hodiri et l., 1995; ShuFen et l., 2011). The repetition of gibberellin sprying ten dys fter berry set ppliction generlly incresed berry weights of Reçel Üzümü grpes. Gibberellin doses of ppm GA 3 nd ppm GA 3, respectively t full bloom, berry set nd ten dys fter berry set gve the highest berry weights (Özer et l., 2008). It hs been determined in severl previous studies tht gibberellin cn decrese sugr ccumultion in berries nd this cuses dely in hrvest in some cses (Jensen et l., 1994; Uzun nd Ceyhn, 1995; Colpietr et l., 1996; Smncı, 1998). Otherwise, decline in totl cidity nd dvncing mturity hs been reported by some scientists (Moti, 1971; Thilk, 1983; Sing et l., 1994; Colpietr et l., 1996; ShuFen et l., 2011). Soluble solids of Reçel Üzümü grpes did not differ significntly due to gibberellin or girdling (Özer et l., 2008). There is some informtion tht gibberellin increses berry drops on grpes (Bdr nd Rmming, 1994; Jensen et l., 1994). On the other hnd, unexpected phenomen were observed, such s berry ttchment to the pedicel of Thompson Seedless grpes being incresed with gibberellin nd berry shtter decresed (Retmles nd Cooper, 1993). Bunches cn be looser with gibberellin spry before or fter berry set (Sing et l., 1994; El-Hodiri et l., 1995). Berry or cluster thinning tretments hve direct effect on the source/sink rtio; hving less sinks (fruits), photosynthetic ssimiltion might be improved, incresing grpe qulity (Reynolds et l., 1994). Tble grpes re hnd thinned to chieve uniform, medium sized, loose clusters of uniformly lrge, perfect berries with chrcteristic color, plesing flvor nd good texture. Growers use different styles of berry thinning. Prtil removl of clusters or berries is mde t one time or severl times fter berry set. The level of the berry thinning must be synchronized with genotype nd crop lod (Jensen, 1994; Liuni et l., 1994; Orth, 1994). Combined tretments of gibberellin nd berry thinning generlly increse berry nd cluster weights (Ydv nd Pndey, 1974; Mor, 1983; Colpietr et l., 1995). Higher levels of berry thinning reduces bunch weight nd bunches become loose nd strggly. Berry thinning increses soluble solids, especilly t the 50% level (Nngi nd Bkhshi, 1971). Tble grpes represent 52.86% while risins represent 36.28% of the totl production. Gibberellin spryed Sultnin grpes hve been sold in domestic nd foreign mrkets in ddition to risin grpes. Alterntive erly or lte tble grpe cultivrs hve been developed by hybridiztion progrm. Reçel Üzümü is lte mturing tble grpe relesed by the Tekirdğ Viticulture Reserch Institute in Turkey. This red seedless tble grpe vriety resulted from cross between Elhmr nd Perlette. Vines of this cultivr re vigorous nd fruitful. The clusters re so long tht they re suitble for trimming pplictions. Response to vrious gibberellin nd girdling pplictions were determined for newly relesed tble grpe cultivrs, including Reçel Üzümü, bsed on two yer study. The purpose of this study ws to exmine the interction between gibberellin nd berry thinning on the qulity, yield nd mturity of Reçel Üzümü. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plnt mteril nd experimentl design: This study ws crried out on 15 yer old vineyrd locted in the Tekirdğ Viticulturl Reserch Institute. The experimentl vineyrd ws estblished with Reçel Üzümü grfted vines on Kober 5BB. The distnce between rows nd within rows ws 2.50 nd 1.50 m, respectively. Trunk height ws 65 cm for bilterl guyot pruned vines. Shoots from cnes bering 7 to 8 buds were trined verticlly. Culturl prctices were uniform for experimentl vines. A combined six tretments of gibberellin (control nd 40 ppm) nd berry thinning (control, 1/3 removl of the bse prt of the cluster nd 1/2 removl of the bse prt of the cluster) were pplied t the 3 5 mm berry size stge. The experimentl design ws rndomized split block replicted three times nd n experimentl unit consisted of three vines. Berry thinning tretments were connected with subprcels. The individul clusters were hnd spryed with 40 mg/l gibberellin (Hek-Gibb tblets contining 1 g GA 3 ) to run off while protecting ll other prts of the vine. An djuvnt, Supervet (Alkylrylpolyglycol Ether) ws dded t rte of 25 ml/100l. Climte nd soil chrcteristics of experimentl re: The soil type of experimentl vineyrd ws sndy lom nd clyish lom for 0-60 nd cm soil depths respectively. Detiled informtion bout the chrcteristics of climte nd soil re given in Tble 1. Determintion of yield nd qulity prmeters of grpe berries: Fruit smples were collected nd the vines hrvested on 28 September, The following prmeters were evluted: berry width, berry length, berry weight, cluster width, cluster length, cluster weight, cluster density, grpe yield, o Brix, titrtble cid content, mturity index, totl nthocynin content, berry removl force nd berry crushing resistnce. Fifty rndomly selected berry smples were collected from ech experimentl unit t hrvest nd used to determine berry weight, soluble solids nd titrtble cid content. The juice ws used to determine percent soluble solids nd titrtble cidity. Percent soluble solids were determined with temperture compensted hnd refrctometer. Titrtble cidity ws determined by titrting 10 ml juice with 0.1N NOH to ph 8.1. The mesurements of berry dimeter nd berry length were performed on 20 berries with compss. The nthocynin concentrtions were mesured by the ph-differentil method, which relies on the structurl trnsformtion of the 106

3 Fruit bunch mngement in grpes Tble 1. Climte chrcteristics of experimentl re in vegettion period April My June July August September Averge temperture ( C) Mximum temperture ( C) Minimum temperture ( C) Monthly rin (mm) Riny dys Soil chrcteristics of the experimentl re Depth Sturtion Slinity CC0 3 Orgnic P K Structure Field (cm) (%) (%) (%) mtter (%) (kg/d) (kg/d) Cly (%) Silt (%) Snd (%) cpcity (%) ,069 4,13 1,09 8,93 120,6 30,2 31,4 38,3 23,8 11, ,082 4,45 1,09 8,93 116,8 32,3 27,1 40,6 24,4 11, ,076 3,18 0,80 4,01 90,3 38,5 31,2 30,2 25,3 12, ,075 2,54 0,80 1,55 77,3 42,7 33,3 23,2 26,9 14,7 Wilting Point (%) nthocynin chromophore s function of ph s mesured using opticl spectroscopy (Cemeroğlu, 2007). Two dilutions of the smple were prepred, one with potssium chloride buffer ph=1.0 nd the other with sodium cette buffer ph=4.5. The bsorbnce of ech dilution ws mesured t 520 nd 700 nm by n UV/vis spectrophotometer (Shimdzu, UV Mini-1240). Berry removl force nd berry crushing resistnce ws determined with modified digitl blnce. Ten berries were plced on the test pltform longitudinlly nd pressure ws pplied to the equtoril zone until berry crushing. The fixed vlue on the screen of the blnce ws recorded. Afterwrds, ten berries (pedicels ttched) were plced on the pltform verticlly to determine berry removl force. The fixed force t the time of berry detchment from the pedicel ws recorded. The effects of tretment on cluster density were determined using scle rnging from 1 to 5, resembling very loose nd very compct clusters, respectively (Çelik, 1998). Sensory nlysis: The effects of the tretments on tste nd ppernce of grpes were lso determined by sensory nlysis bsed on the OIV Generl Form for the Sensory Anlysis of Tble Grpes (OIV, 2011). Sttisticl nlysis: The dt from trils ws subjected to nlysis of vrince. Significnt differences between the mens of tretments were determined using Students t-lsd test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Yield nd qulity prmeters of grpe berries: The effect of berry thinning nd gibberellin on yield nd fruit qulity prmeters of Reçel Üzümü grpes re presented in Tble 2. The simple width of clusters ws not influenced by tretments, either lone or in interction. A difference ws found for bunch density nd berry removl force with six tretments from combintion of berry thinning nd gibberellin while only one fctor ws ffected by the other prmeters. Detiled explntions of these results re presented in the text below. When n evlution is mde from the figures, it cn be seen tht the yield is less for thinned vines, with or without gibberellin. There ws very high grpe yield for non-thinned nd gibberellin spryed vines. Berry size nd crushing resistnce of gibberellin spryed grpes were higher thn for control grpes. There ws tendency to decrese the mturity index of grpes becuse of decline in soluble solids nd cidity. Reduction in the length of the clusters with the dose of berry thinning ws n expected result. Finlly, it is noteworthy tht nthocynin content of gibberellin spryed grpes ws less thn for non-spryed vines. Cler ssessments with significnce fctors or interction re presented below. Berry size, cluster weight nd grpe yield were significntly incresed by gibberellin sprys t berry set (Tble 3). The berry weight incresed to 3.16 g with 40 ppm gibberellin, while nturl berries weighed 2.62 g. This is typicl effect of gibberellin ppliction t berry set tht hs been determined from severl previous studies (Khnduj nd Chturvedi, 1979; Sd et l., 1979; Thilk, 1983; Qdir et l., 1989; Sing et l., 1994; Colpietr et l., 1995,b; Uzun nd Ceyhn, 1995; Smncı, 1998; Kr nd Ecevit, 1998; Wli et l., 1990; El- Hodiri et l., 1995; ShuFen et l., 2011). Resistnce to crushing ws found to be high with 1637 g for berries tht sized to 21 mm length nd 17 mm width with gibberellin ppliction. In previous study (Özer et l., 2008), the sme concentrtion of gibberellin incresed resistnce to crushing of Reçel Üzümü berries, but significnt increse ws obtined from totl of 80 ppm gibberellin. A similr result ws found for Flme Seedless for gibberellin sprys before bloom (El-Hmmdy et l., 1998). There is significnt correltion between berry weight nd resistnce to crushing (Özer nd Kircı, 2002). The reson for higher resistnce to crushing of the berries cn be n increse of berry size with GA 3. An increse of berry weight led to n increse of cluster weight nd yield with confidence of 99%. Positive effects of GA 3 on the 107

4 Özer, Yşsın, Ergonul & Aydin Tble 2. Effect of berry thinning nd gibberellin on yield nd fruit qulity of Reçel Üzümü tble grpes Control 40 ppm GA 3 Control 1/3 Berry Thinning 1/2 Berry Thinning Control 1/3 Berry Thinning 1/2 Berry Thinning Yield (kg/vine) 5,47 4,23 4,57 8,90 6,67 5,12 Berry wt (g) 2,39 2,84 2,62 3,13 3,11 3,24 Berry width (mm) 15,17 16,03 15,27 16,83 16,83 17,20 Berry length (mm) 18,23 19,67 18,53 20,70 20,57 21,00 Resistnce to crushing (g) 1086, , , , , ,667 Berry removl force (g) ,33 197, ,67 Soluble solids ( o Brix) 18,13 18,60 19,50 14,70 15,73 16,00 Acidity (g/100ml) 0,68 0,62 0,61 0,58 0,55 0,52 SS/Acidity 26,74 30,14 32,23 25,67 28,60 30,81 Cluster wt (g) 262,46 235,03 280,18 419,20 348,82 222,43 Cluster width (cm) 9,93 11,17 11,42 12,67 14,75 12,95 Cluster length (cm) 28,45 18,83 15,88 28,83 19,33 18,48 Cluster density 4,37 3,50 5,1 3,93 4,50 3,53 Anthocynin content (mg/kg) 46,81 71,35 43,71 27,92 31,02 64,86 Tble 3. Effect of gibberellin on yield nd fruit qulity of Reçel Üzümü tble grpes Control 40 ppm GA 3 Significnce level LSD (5%) Berry wt (g) 2,62 b 3,16 0,05 0,28 Berry width (mm) 15,49 b 16,96 0,05 1,14 Berry length (mm) 18,81 b 20,76 0,05 1,61 Resistnce to crushing (g) 1254,11 b 1637,11 0,05 358,06 Cluster wt (g) 259,22 b 330,15 0,05 65,35 Yield (kg/vine) 4,76 b 6,89 0,01 0,16 Anthocynin content (mg/kg) 53,95 41,26 b 0,01 4,59 Soluble solids ( o Brix) 18,74 15,48 b 0,01 0,93 Acidity (g/100ml) 0,64 0,55 b 0,01 0,03 SS/Acidity 44,56 42,54 b 0,01 0,79 Mens within line followed by different letters re significntly different. yield components cused negtive impct on mturity components nd coloriztion of Reçel Üzümü tble grpes. The nthocynin content, soluble solids nd cidity for gibberellin spryed grpes decresed from to mg/kg, from to o Brix nd from 0.64 to 0.55 g/100 ml, respectively. These findings support previous studies tht indicte gibberellin delys sugr ccumultion in berries (Jensen et l., 1994; Uzun nd Ceyhn, 1995; Colpietr et l., 1996; Smncı, 1998). Similrly, gibberellic cid ppliction fter full bloom hs led to decrese in nthocynin content of Kyoho grpes (Lee Chnghoo et l., 1996). While the mturity of berries decresed with gibberellin, rise ws observed in thinning levels (Tble 4). Fruit soluble solids t hrvest incresed, from to Brix with 1/2 berry thinned vines. There ws similr decline in cidity for thinning tretments compred to unthinned grpes. The mturity index incresed in proportion to thinning level. Soluble solids of Perlette nd Centennil Seedless grpes were similrly ffected by thinning (Nngi nd Bkhshi, 1971; Colpietr et l., 1995). Berry thinning t berry set reduced cluster length, s expected; however, there ws no difference between 1/3 nd 1/2 thinning opertions. Berry thinning did not improve berry nd cluster weight s in Perlette nd Centennil Seedless grpes (Nngi nd Bkhshi, 1971; Colpietr et l., 1995 ). Interction between gibberellin nd berry thinning ws found to hve n effect on berry removl force for pedicel ttchment to berries. Berry shtters t hrvest show tht pedicel nd berry connection is wek for this cultivr. An increse of berry removl force with gibberellin cn be ccepted s n dvntge. Removl of one third of the bsl prt of clusters incresed the berry removl force compred to unthinned nd non-gibberellin spryed vines. It cn be sid tht there ws decline in removl force with increse of berry thinning levels for grpes treted with gibberellin (Fig. 1). Interction between two fctors lso hd n effect on bunch density. Bunches of non-spryed nd 1/2 berry thinned vines were too compct, while thinning did not ffect the density of bunches with gibberellin (Fig. 2). 108

5 Cluster compctness removl force - g Fruit bunch mngement in grpes Tble 4. Effect of berry thinning on mturity components nd cluster length of Reçel Üzümü tble grpes Soluble solids ( o Brix) Acidity (g/100ml) SS/Acidity Cluster length (cm) Control 16,42 b 0,63 39,31 c 28,64 1/3 Cluster Trimming 17,16 b 0,59 b 44,05 b 19,08 b 1/2 Cluster Trimming 17,75 0,56 b 47,28 17,18 b Significnce level 0,05 0,05 0,01 0,01 LSD t the 5% level 0,92 0,039 1,65 2,41 Mens within row followed by different letters re significntly different. 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 b b b b 50,00 0,00 0 1/3 cluster 1/2 cluster 0 1/3 cluster 1/2 cluster Control 40 ppm GA LSD 0,05 for GA nd berry thinning interction = 61,73 Figure 1. Effect of interction between berry thinning nd gibberellin on berry removl force of Reçel Üzümü tble grpes 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 b b 1,00 0,00 0 1/3 cluster 1/2 cluster 0 1/3 cluster 1/2 cluster Control 40 ppm GA LSD 0,05 for GA nd berry thinning interction = 1,20 Figure 2. Effect of interction between berry thinning nd gibberellin on cluster density of Reçel Üzümü tble grpes The clusters showing the tretments cn be seen in Fig. 3. The first striking feture is less colortion for gibberellin pplictions nd little increse of color with thinning within this group. Colortion ws less on berries of thinned clusters from vines without gibberellin. Very lrge clusters from gibberellin spryed nd unthinned vines re noteworthy. Even though not reflected in the sttisticl nlysis, it cn be seen tht the top rnked thinned clusters in the photo re little lrger thn the control. Sensory nlysis: Effects of the tretments mentioned bove were reflected in the sensory nlysis scores, especilly the visul evlutions (Tble 5). The highest scores for generl ppernce were given to thinned clusters without gibberellin. The higher force required to detch the berry 109

6 Özer, Yşsın, Ergonul & Aydin Tble 5. Sensory nlysis scores of berry thinning nd gibberellin combintions t Reçel Üzümü grpes (B0=control, B1= 40 ppm GA 3 ; A0= control, A1= 1/3 berry thinning; A2= ½ berry thinning) Descriptors -Scle nd Vlues B0A0 B0A1 B0A2 B1A0 B1A1 B1A2 Cluster Generl ppernce (1=bdly shped; 10=well shped) Cluster Detchment of berries from pedicels (1=low resistnce; 10=high resistnce) Cluster Uniformity of colour (1= to 30% of berries with colour defects; 10=ll Stlk - Colour (1=Brown; 10= bright green) Stlk Turgidity (1=shriveled; 10=turgid) Stlk Presence of rot nd/or lesions (1=ll rotten; 10=ll helthy) Stlk Browning of the peduncle (1=ll brown; 10 ll green) Berry Uniformity of colour (1= < to 30% of the surfce I coloured; 10=ll coloured) Berry Presence of shriveling (1=ll shriveled; 10=ll helthy) Berry Ese of detchment from the pedicel (1=low resistnce; 10=very resistnt) Skin - mrks of pesticide residues or blck mould (1= completely covered ; 10= no mrks) Skin Browning of the skin (1=clerly visible; 10= browning not visible) Bloom: distribution (1= irregulr ; 10=uniform) Flesh Browning of the flesh (1=clerly visible; 10= browning not visible) Flesh - Presence of seeds (in dissected berry) (1=clerly visible; 10=not visible) II Intensity of roms (in dissected berry) (1=neutrl; =mny roms) Berry - Crispness (1=low; 10=very crisp) Flesh - Consistency (1=deliquescent; 10=very firm) Flesh Intensity of romtic senstion (1=not very intense; 10=very intense) Flesh Gusttive blnce (sweet/cid) (1=not very well III blnced; 10=very well blnced) Skin - Thickness (1=thick; 10=thin) Skin - Astringency (1=stringent; =not tnnic) Skin Persistence of skin in mouth (1=very persistent; = little persistent) Generl ssessment (1=minimum; 10=mximum) Totl score I= Visul exmintion; II= Olfctive exmintion; III= Gusttive nd tctile exmintion from the pedicel could be seen for thinned grpes. Scores of uniformity of colour were less for gibberellin treted clusters. A striking difference could not be identified between tretments ccording to stlk. Uniformity of color scores from berries ws highest for control or 1/3 thinned with no gibberellin tretment. Detchment from the pedicel for berry ws observed to be esy for grpes of nonspryed vines. Berries of gibberellin treted nd thinned grpes were evluted s crisper. Intensity of romtic senstion ws felt strongly for gibberellin spryed nd 1/2 thinned grpes. The most gusttive blnced berries were found for 1/3 thinned grpes without hormone. A thin skin of the berries ws perceived with hormone ppliction. Grpes with gibberellin hd lower scores in generl gusttive ssessment. All scores 110

7 Fruit bunch mngement in grpes were summed to mke finl ssessment nd the highest figure ws observed for thinned nd non-gibberellin spryed grpes. Figure 3. Generl ppernce of berry thinning nd gibberellin combintions t Reçel Üzümü grpes (B0=control, B1= 40 ppm GA 3 ; A0= control, A1= 1/3 berry thinning; A2= ½ berry thinning) CONCLUSION Depending upon gibberellin nd berry thinning tretments re more effective lone s compred to combined pplictions for Reçel Üzümü vines. Lrger berries nd clusters cn be chieved with gibberellin while dvnced mture berries re chieved with berry thinning. Growers must be cutious becuse of the delyed effect of gibberellin on colortion nd mturity of Reçel Üzümü grpes. In such cses, prctices such s girdling nd ethephon spry cn enhnce colortion nd mturity level. Berries cn be thinned to dvnce mturity level in this lte seson cv. Reçel Üzümü. Growers should prefer removl of 1/2 of cluster for this purpose since there is no difference between thinning levels for cluster length nd sensoril nlysis. REFERENCES Bdr, S.A. nd D.W. Rmming The development nd response of Crimson Seedless cultivr to culturl prctices. Proceedings of the Interntionl Symposium on Tble Grpe Production, June 1994, Anheim, USA. pp Çelik, S Viticulture-I. Andolu Mtb Amblj Sn. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Cemeroğlu, B Food Anlysis. Food Technology Assocition Publictions. p 34, Ankr, Turkey. Lee, C.H., D.H. Hn nd S.B. Kim Effects of GA 3 nd Fulmet (KT-30) on fruit set nd qulity in Kyoho grpes. J. Koren Soc. Hort. Sci. 37: Colpietr, M., L. Trricone nd G. Amino Response to girdling nd gibberellic cid. Info. Agr. Supp. 52: Colpietr, M., L. Trricone nd G. Tgliente Effect of gibberellic cid nd cluster thinning on the qulittive chrcteristics of tble grpe Centennil Seedless. Rivist di Frutticoltur e di ortofloricoltur. 57: Colpietr, M., L. Trricone nd G. Tgliente. 1995b. Improving the qulittive chrcteristics of the seedless cultivr Perlon N. Informtore Agrrio 51: El-Hmmdy, A.M., A.D. Shltout, N. Abdel-Hmid nd A.M.H. El-Keremy Effect of GA 3 tretments on fruit qulity of "Flme Seedless" grpe cv. Arb. Uni. J. Agri. Sci. 6: El-Hodiri, M.H., S.B. Ibrhim, A.H. Al-Bshir, A.A. Al- Brkouli nd A.R. Hussein Effect of gibberellic cid on Sultnine Seedless grpe vriety grown in the Libyn Shr. Act Hort. 409: Jensen, F.L Tble grpe production in Cliforni. Proceedings of the Interntionl Symposium on Tble Grpe Production. p In:June , Anheim, USA. Jensen, F.L., M. Binchi, M. Moriym nd D. Kzrin Influence of ppliction timing of gibberellin berry enlrging tretments on the mturity of Thompson Seedless tble grpes. p in: Proceedings of the Interntionl Symposium on Tble Grpe Production, June , Anheim, USA. Kr, Z. nd F. Ecevit Study on the effects of gibberellic cid (GA) on the development of different size fruits from some grpe cultivrs grown in Kony province.p th Viticulture Symposium Proceedings, Oct , Ylov, Turkey. Khnduj, S.D. nd K.N Chturvedi Improving fruit qulity in grpes. Indin Horticulture 24:5-6. Lvee, S Tble grpe production in Isrel. Proceedings of the Interntionl Symposium on Tble Grpe Production, p In: June , Anheim, USA. Liuni, C.S., A. Colett nd L. Péres de Souz Tble grpe production in Itly. p In: Proceedings of the Interntionl Symposium on Tble Grpe Production, June , Anheim, USA. pp

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