Making Ethanol 1 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

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1 Making Ethanol 1 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

2 2 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

3 What is ethanol? 3 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Ethanol is a type of alcohol. Alcohols are a group of organic compounds that contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. They have the functional group OH. Ethanol is a very useful alcohol: it is the alcohol present in alcoholic drinks it is used in antibacterial hand wipes it is used to make vinegar bioethanol, made from plant material, is used as a fuel.

4 4 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Making ethanol by fermentation Most ethanol is made from glucose by fermentation: glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2 The reaction is performed by yeast, which is a type of fungus. The basic steps of ethanol production are: 1. Yeast is added to a solution of glucose and water. 2. The yeast converts the glucose into ethanol. 3. Ethanol is removed from the mixture by distillation.

5 The fermentation process 5 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

6 How does yeast work? 6 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Yeast produces alcohol during a process called anaerobic respiration. This means respiration without the presence of oxygen. glucose yeast enzymes ethanol + carbon dioxide The reaction is catalysed by enzymes in the yeast. The reaction releases energy, which is used by the yeast. Ethanol is made in the process.

7 Changing conditions 7 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

8 Conditions for fermentation 8 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

9 Yeast in beer production 9 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

10 Limits of fermentation 10 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Ethanol is toxic to yeast above a certain concentration. This limits the concentration of ethanol that can be made by fermentation. Ethanol can be concentrated by distillation. Ethanol boils at a lower temperature than water. At 78 C the ethanol boils off leaving the water behind. The ethanol is collected using a condenser. Distillation is used to make spirits such as whisky and brandy.

11 11 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

12 Making ethanol from ethene 12 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Ethanol can also be made by reacting ethene with water. Ethene is mixed with high pressure steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst. The reaction is called hydration. ethene + water C 2 H 4 + H 2 O phosphoric acid ethanol C 2 H 5 OH Under certain conditions this reaction is reversible, producing ethene and water from ethanol. This is called dehydration.

13 Advantages of hydration 13 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Most of the ethanol used in industrial processes is made from the hydration of ethene. This process has several advantages over fermentation: rate of reaction fermentation slow hydration fast ethanol purity impure pure production batch process continuous process In the hydration process, a continuous stream of reactants is passed over a catalyst. This continuous production process is more efficient than fermentation, in which ethanol is produced in separate batches (batch production).

14 Disadvantages of hydration 14 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 The hydration process requires high temperatures and pressures. These conditions are expensive to maintain. Another major disadvantage of the hydration method is the ethene itself, which is sourced from crude oil. Crude oil is a non-renewable resource. Fermentation uses sugar, which can be produced from renewable resources. Producing ethene from crude oil is expensive and dependent on volatile oil prices. Fermentation uses raw materials which are cheap and readily available.

15 Comparing fermentation and hydration 15 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

16 16 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

17 Making ethanol using bacteria 17 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Scientists are working on new ways of producing ethanol. One technique uses genetically modified bacteria. Scientists have modified E. coli bacteria so that they are able to convert waste biomass into ethanol. Biomass can be sourced from materials that would otherwise be thrown away, such as waste paper, grass cuttings and wood chippings. The method may provide an alternative to the production of ethanol from ethene, which relies on crude oil.

18 Evaluating the new technology 18 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012 Making ethanol using genetically modified bacteria is similar in some ways to making ethanol by fermentation. The methods share some advantages, such as low energy costs, but also some disadvantages. The reaction is quite slow and the product is impure. An additional disadvantage is the high cost of genetically engineering and growing the bacteria. Can you think of any other advantages or disadvantages?

19 Three methods of making ethanol 19 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

20 20 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

21 Glossary 21 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

22 Multiple-choice quiz 22 of 22 Boardworks Ltd 2012

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