Housing Quality in Europe A Comparative Analysis Based on EU-SILC Data

Transcription

1 Housing Quality in Europe A Comparative Analysis Based on EU-SILC Data Heinz-Herbert Noll & Stefan Weick GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences Social Indicators Research Centre (ZSi) Mannheim, Germany 3rd European User Conference for EU-LFS and EU-SILC, Mannheim, March 21-22, 2013 Session D: Quality of Life

2 Access to adequate housing and quality of housing conditions Major component of Quality of Life Access to good quality and affordable housing is a fundamental need and right, and a key factor determining people s social situation (EU-Commission 2010) Important target for policy making at national and supra-national levels: e.g. Habitat Program United Nations: Governments are bound to promote, to protect and to ensure the full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate housing EU - Social Inclusion Policies: Importance of housing for social inclusion, e.g. acknowledged at the Lisbon and Feira European Councils. Explicit reference to the need "to implement policies which aim to provide access for all to decent and sanitary housing National Policies

3 Issues Addressed: Prevalence of Different Housing Models: Home Ownership vs. Renting Prevalence of Different Ways of Housing: Types of Buildings Differences in the Quality of Housing: - Rooms Available - Basic Amenities - Perceived Problems in Neighbourhood - Accessibility of Services Satisfaction with Accommodation General Focus Differences Between and Inequality Within Countries

4 Database: EU-SILC Microdata-Files 2007 & 2010 Total sample includes more than households. In 2010 sample size varies between (Cyprus) and households (Italy); Germany ca EU-SILC 2007 includes special module on housing; 2012 data not yet available Prevailing Perspective (& limitation) in EU-SILC = Identification of substandard housing conditions, not measurement of general housing quality

5 Analysis focuses on Germany compared with other single European countries two groups of countries: EU-15 countries except Germany (= Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom) New Member States in Eastern Europe (= Bulgaria / Romania (only 2010), Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) Analysis follows household perspective rather than individual perspective!

6 Bulgaria Poland EU-East Estonia Hungary Slovenia Slovak Republic Espana Latvia Cyprus Norway Malta Italia Portugal Czech Republic Ellada Iceland Ireland EU-15 except D United Kingdom Suomi Belgique Luxembourg Sverige France Oesterreich Danmark Nederland Germany Database: EU-SILC 2010 Households by Housing-Status Across Europe % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Owner incl. Renter without Pay Renter

7 Housing Status by Socio-Economic Characteristics - Europe 2010 Equivalized Household Income Quintiles Area Population Density Household Types Database: EU-SILC 2010 Owner incl. Renter without Pay Renter EU-15 EU- EU-15 except Eastern- except D D Europe D D Total EU- Eastern- Europe High Medium Low living alone >65 years living alone <30 years lone parent with children couples without children >65 Jahre couples without children <65 Jahre couples with children

8 Households by Type of Building - Europe Germany EU-15 except D EU-East Family-Home Building < 10 Flats Building 10+ Flats Database: EU-SILC 2010

9 Housing Quality by Socio-Economic Characteristics - Europe 2010 Equivalized Household Income Quintiles Area Population Density Less Than 1 Room / Person More Than 2 Rooms / Person EU-15 EU- EU-15 EUexcept Eastern- except Eastern- D D Europe D D Europe Total High Medium Low Database: EU-SILC 2010

10 Availability of Basis Amenities by Socio-Economic Characteristics - Europe 2010 Equivalized Household Income Quintiles Area Population Density Household Types Housing Quality Below Standard 1) EU-15 D except D EU-Eastern- Europe Total High Medium Low living alone >65 years living alone <30 years lone parent with children couples without children >65 Jahre couples without children <65 Jahre couples with children Database: EU-SILC 2010

11 Equivalized Household Income Quintiles Area Population Density Database: EU-SILC Perceived Problems of Housing Environment - Europe Noise Environmental Stress Crime, Violence Vandalism D EU-15 except D EU- Eastern- Europe D EU-15 except D EU- Eastern- Europe D EU-15 except D Total EU- Eastern- Europe High Medium Low

12 EU-SILC 2007: Accessibility of Services: Grocery services Banking services Postal Services Public Transport Primary Health Care Services

13 Database: EU-SILC 2007

14 Accessibility of Public Transport and Primary Health Care: % Difficulties by Socio Economic Characteristics Europe 2007 Equivalized Household Income Quintiles Public Transport EU-15 except D EU- Eastern- Europe Primary Health Care EU-15 EUexcept Eastern- D D Europe D Total High Medium Area Population Density Low living alone >65 years living alone <30 years lone parent with Household children Types couples without children >65 Jahre couples without children <65 Jahre couples with children Database: EU-SILC 2007

15 Scale: Very satisfied, satisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, very dissatisfied Database: EU-SILC 2007

16 Europe North/West Europe South Europe East

17 Logistic Regression: Satisfied with Accomodation, 2007 (dep.: Satisfied or very satisfied) EU-15-D D EU-East Densely populated area Intermediate *** Thinly populated *** Quintile 1 (EQ-Income) Quintile *** ** *** Quintile *** *** Quintile *** *** *** Quintile *** *** Owner *** ** *** 1-Family-House <10 dwellings *** * 10+ dwellings *** < 1 room 1-2 rooms *** ** *** 2+ rooms *** * *** Quality below standard *** *** *** Access to Services *** *** Problems Environment *** *** *** Observations r2_p Exponentiated coefficients p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

18 Logistic Regression: Satisfied with Accomodation, 2007 (dep.: very satisfied) EU-West D EU-Ost Densely populated area Intermediate *** *** *** Thinly populated *** *** *** Quintile 1 (EQ-Income) Quintile *** ** Quintile *** *** Quintile *** *** *** Quintile *** *** *** Owner *** *** *** 1-Family-House <10 dwellings *** *** *** 10+ dwellings *** *** *** < 1 room 1-2 rooms *** *** *** 2+ rooms *** *** *** Quality below standard *** *** *** Access to Services *** *** *** Problems environment *** *** *** Observations r2_p Exponentiated coefficients p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

19 Summary and Conclusions Germany stands out with respect to its exceptionally low percentage of home owners and a much larger rental market than in most other European countries The German example demonstrates however that a low level of home owners does not necessarily go together with poor housing quality and other disadvantages Concerning housing space, quality and convenience, Germany belongs clearly to the top flight in Europe (with some other countries in the North-West of Europe) Housing quality in the Eastern European countries is on average still far behind the level of the EU-15 countries, however some exceptions Housing quality and environmental conditions are frequently associated with household income; strength of association varies across countries Sometimes lower housing quality in rural areas, particularly in Eastern Europe Satisfaction with accomodation (as measured in EU-SILC) reflects to very limited extent objective housing conditions and quality; result raises doubts concerning the usability of this indicator in its current format for policy making purposes

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