Qualitative assessment of Pinot Noir 3St, Feteasca Neagra 6St, Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St, clones approved at the wine center Stefanesti

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1 Volume 21(4), , 2017 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology Qualitative assessment of Pinot Noir 3St, Feteasca Neagra 6St, Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St, clones approved at the wine center Stefanesti Onache Petronela Anca 1 * 1 National Institute of Research and Development for Biotechnologies in Horticulture- Stefanesti, Arges *Corresponding author. anca27il@yahoo.com Abstract The under study clones from the Stefanesti vineyard center, are located on the Goleasca farm. The vine reacts differently to climatic and soil conditions, shows specific adaptations to ecosystem conditions. The different way of reactions and adaptations results from the determination of production potential and quality of different genotypes appreciated by phenotype. The clones created at the Stefanesti vineyard center (Feteasca Neagra 6 St, Pinot Noir 3 St, Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St) are obtained by free-flowing the variety with a high growth force, medium fertility, colindro-conical grains, intense red color, maturing in the second decade of September. It has a medium resistance to hand, flaking and gray rot. In favorable years it accumulates g / l sugar in grape juice. Key words Clonal selections, vine, climatic chart, ripening grapes, grape juice The vine reacts differently to climatic and soil conditions and has specific adaptations to ecosystem conditions. The different way of reactions and adaptations results from the determination of production potential and quality of different genotypes appreciated by phenotype.(1-7) Raising the biological potential of Vinifera varieties and expanding into culture and values values can be done through clonal selection. Selective cloning is a more advanced stage of selection work because it contributes to the radical improvement of existing varieties.(8) It consists of selecting and multiplying the best vegetative descendents from the most valuable vines. By careful and long-term follow-up of each vegetative progeny derived from a single vines (clone) one can better determine the biological and economic value of each individual. In order to maintain the genetic variation of the varieties in which the selection was performed, it is recommended to multiply and homologate several clones of the same variety. Starting from the scheme elaborated in 1972 at I.C.V.V. Valea Calugareasca, in order to obtain superior clones to the variety of the population from which they come both quantitatively and qualitatively, which leads to their multiplication and extension into production so as to gradually replace the variety of the population they represent, were selected and approved in Stefanesti 3 selections clones of red wine varieties (Pinot noir 3 St., Feteasca Neagra 6St and Cabernet Sauvignon 131St.), representative for the Stefanesti vineyard.these clonal selections are planted in the ampelographic collections of several vineyards.(6,7) In order to know their biological, productive and qualitative potential, they have been studied in several viticultural areas. The values recorded at Ştefăneşti are influenced by the climatic data of the area.(8) Materials and Methods To determine the climate map, the automatic weather station at Goleasca farm was used, 44 51'N and 'E. Technological maturity represents the evolutionary moment when the grapes present an optimal composition for producing a certain type of wine and a quality category. It is defined by the following parameters: weight of 100 grape, volume of 100 grape, sugars, total acidity and ph. For the ripening process at the studied clones, determinations were made for 100 grams of grape seeds, the total acidity of the grape juice studied was titrated (expressed in g / l of tartaric acid) and obtained by squeezing the grapes. PH determinations and sugars were made in the obtained grape juice. Phenolic maturity is a notion specific to winemaking in red. It defines the moment when red grapes show the maximum of anthocyanins and tiny and astringent tannins. The moment of phenolic maturity is a characteristic of the variety, being placed a few days after full maturity. This moment can be established on the basis of studies that look at the correlation between the time of harvesting and the polyphenolic composition of wines, or on the basis of specific, phenological maturity indicators of the grapes. 107

2 The phenolic potential is evaluated based on the following parameters: anthocyanins and the polyphenol index. Results and Discussions The vine reacts differently to climatic and soil conditions. It presents specific adaptations to ecosystem conditions. Vineyard climate of the vegetation period in 2017 The values recorded at Stefanesti are influenced by the difficult climate data of the wine year 2017, according to the descriptive descriptions of the year of harvest for 2017 (tab.1 and 2), which are characterized by: average temperatures (0C) between - 1,230C (January) and 24,260 C (July), low rainfall in January-February (42-35,6 mm) and July-August (22,20-32,40 mm). Table 1 Month T med Air temperature Mediate T min Mediate T max Rainfall (mm) Huglin No. days with precipitations > 10 mm Global Σ o t Activate Σ o t Fit Σ o t April 10,7 3,4 19,5 83,6 153, ,1 244,5 64,7 May 16,0 10,0 25,3 155,2 330, ,2 490,3 196,1 June 22,5 14,5 32,2 38,4 520, ,6 674,6 375,6 July 22,8 15,4 33,0 96,6 399, ,3 708,3 394,0 August 23,8 16,0 34,8 83,4 598, ,7 738,7 428,7 September 18,1 11,2 30,0 74,4 421, ,4 544,4 382,4 HUGLIN index= [(Tmed-10)+(Tmax-10)]/2 x no. days from a month Global Σ o t = the sum of the average daily positive temperatures Activate Σ o t = sum of average daily temperatures > 10 o C Fit Σ o t = the sum of the differences between the average daily temperature > 10 o C and the biological threshold or starting the vineyard in the vineyard (10 o C) Climate of the maturing period in 2017 Table 2 Month T med Air temperature T min T max Hygroscop icity (U%) No. days with T>30 o C mediate absolute mediate absolute July 22,8 15,4 18,9 33,0 39, August 23,8 16,0 21,3 34,8 43, September 18,1 11,2 4,1 30,0 36, ,5 * is calculated only for September Night Cooler * The values recorded at Stefanesti are influenced by the poor climatic data of the wine year 2017, which are characterized by: - average temperatures (0C) between -3.90C (January) and 23.80C (July); - low rainfall in January-February- March (7.0; 26.8; 26.2 mm); and June (38.40 mm). Starting June - July - August, cold temperatures were installed (40.1 / , alternating with four consecutive days 43.2 / , 41.6 / , 42.8 / ; 41.0 / ). Table 3 presents the risk factors of

3 The risk factors of 2017 Table 3 Month No. days with critical values Frequency of occurrence of the risk factor (%) January 3 0,09 Februery 2 0,07 March - - April 3 0,10 May 3 0,10 June 22 73,33 July 25 80,64 August 26 83,87 Clonal elite Pinot noir 3St. and Feteasca neagra 6St triggered the phenophases approximately the same days, while the elite Cabernet Sauvignin 131 St recorded the main stages of vegetation later 4-9 days, due to the late nature of the variety.(tab 4). Table 4 The vegetation phases Clonal elite In bud Blooming firstfruits Full maturity Pinot Noir Feteasca Neagra Cabernet Sauvignon Viability of buds Clonal elit buds No. of viable buds % viable buds Pinot Noir Feteasca Neagra Cabernet Sauvignon Table 5 After the frosts with temperatures lower than -15 C in January ( ), data taken from the Stefanesti climate data sheet, the clonal elites have favorably course with the characteristic viticultural phenophases, not recording significant losses of the buds. After the frosts with temperatures lower than -20 C in January ( ), data taken from the Stefanesti climatic data sheet, the plantations have favored characteristic wine phases, not recording significant losses of the buds.(tab5) Feteasca Neagra 6St the clonal selection showed very good resistance to frost, knowing that the population is more susceptible to frost. Clonal elite Fertility features number of copse / vine Nomber of fertile copse/vine Nomber of blooming s CFA CFR Pinot noir 3St ,37 0,58 Table 6 Feteasca neagra 6St ,44 0,81 Cabernet Sauvignon 131St ,15 0,62 (cfa - the ratio between the number of bunches on the buds and the number of fertile copse) (cfr - the ratio between the number of bunches on the buds and the total number of copse) 109

4 In terms of productivity, the analyzed clones fit into the values specific to the varieties under selection. The Pinot Noir 3 selection was earlier than the other selections, matured earlier, being unaffected by cryptogamic diseases, and producing higher productions. Analyzing the fertility characteristics (Table 6) it was observed that the three clonal selections had values close to all indicators, which demonstrates their adaptability to the current climatic conditions. Evaluation of productivity characteristics Table 7 No. Clonal elite IPA IPR Kg/but To/ha 1 Pinot Noir 3St ,24 5,0 2 Feteasca Neagra 6St ,58 6,5 3 Cabernet Sauvignon 131St ,53 6,0 IPA- is the product of cfa and the average weight of a bunch (cfa - the ratio between the number of bunches on the buds and the number of fertile copse) IPR- is the product of cfr and the average weight of a bunch (cfr - the ratio between the number of bunches on the buds and the total number of copse) The dynamics of grape maturation Pinot Noir3 St, Feteasca Neagra 6 St and Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St. in 2017 year Table 8 No crt Clonal elite Parcel out Analytical parameter UM Date (day and month) Pinot Noir 3St Goleasca Sucre g/l g/l Tart acidity acid g/l sulfuric acidity acid Z/A G. 100 g V 100 ml Feteasca Neagra 6 St Goleasca Sugar g/l g/l Tart acidity acid g/l sulfuric acidity acid Z/A G. 100 g V 100 ml Cabernet Sauvigno n 131 St Goleasca Sugar g/l g/l Tart acidity acid g/l sulfuric acidity acid Z/A G. 100 g V 100 ml

5 Table 8 shows the dynamics of the grapes maturing between August 15 and September 19, when the grape harvesting campaign begins. We notice a lower maturation at Pinot Noir 3St sugars = 85 g / l and size of 57 g, but it is the first harvest to sugar = 195 g / l. Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St, even if it begins to ripen faster with sugar, 111g / l, weighs 49g, on 15th August it grow slower, reaching a sugar concentration of 185g / l and weighing 100 grams in 123g in same period with Pinot Noir 3 St. Feteasca Neagra 6 St begins growing with a sugar concentration of 103 g / l and weight 100 of 86 g, has a linear growing reaching a sugar concentration of 194 g / l. The physico-chemical analysis of at harvesting according to Tables 9 presented the following values in terms of qualitative qualities. The clonal selection Pinot noir3 St. weighing 100 showed a weight of 131 grams, while 200 had 262 grams. The volume of 100 presented 130 ml and for 200 grapes the volume of the grape juice has been made and has a value of 259 ml. The analysis of sugar from the preserved grape juice at a temperature of 20 0 C showed in the refractometer the value of 20.8, which corresponds to 195 g / l. Acidity expressed in tartaric acid was 8.77 g / l, ph = The clonal selection Feteasca Neagra 6St. weighing 100 showed a weight of 157 grams and 200 had 314 grams. The volume of 100 presented 162 ml and for 200 the volume of grape juice has been made and has a value of 320 ml. The analysis of sugar from the preserved grape juice at a temperature of 20 0 C showed in the refractometer the value of 20.7, which corresponds to 194 g / l. Acidity expressed in tartaric acid of 7.13 g / l, and ph = The clonal selection Cabernet Sauvignon131 St. the weighing of 100 showed a weight of 123 grams, and 200 had 246 grams. The volume of 100 contained 125 milliliters, and for 200 the volume of the grape was 247 milliliters. The analysis of sugar from must stored at 200C showed in the refractometer the value of 19.8 which corresponds to 185 g / l. Acidity expressed in tartaric acid was 8.2 g / l, and ph = Physico-chemical analysis of grapes Table 9 Date of harvest Variety Pinot Noir 3St Feteasca Neagra 6St Cabernet Sauvignon 131St Location weight 100 Volume Weight of 200 Volume of grape juice 200 Sugar (g/l) (g/l tartaric acidity) Acidity Goleasca ,77 3,11 Goleasca ,13 3,31 Goleasca ,2 3,18 ph In Table 10, for each clone at harvest, values of phenolic potential and anthocyanin concentration are presented. The polyphenolic potential of the grapes on , when harvested, expressed the following values: DO 280 = ; DO 520 = ; IPT = 95.46; Anthocyanins = 357,539 mg / li anthocyanin potency = 1072,617 mg / kg. The polyphenolic potential of the grapes on , when harvested, expressed the following values: DO 280 = ; DO 520 = ; IPT = 33.21; Anthocyanins = 169, 488 mg / l and total anthocyanin potency = 508,463 mg / kg. The polyphenolic potential of the grapes on , when harvested, expressed the following values: DO 280 = ; DO 520 = ; IPT = 45.96; Anthocyanins = 173,583 mg / l and total anthocyanin potency = 520,748 mg / kg. 111

6 Polyphenolic analysis of grapes The polyphenolic potential of grapes at harvest Date of Variety harvest polyphenols Anthocyanins anthocyanin DO 280 DO520 index (mg/l) potential IPT (mg/kg) Pinot Noir 3St 0, ,46 0, , ,617 Feteasca Neagra 6St 0, ,21 0, , ,463 Cabernet Sauvignon St 0, ,96 0, , ,748 Table 10 In order to be able to see the production potential of a clone, mechanical analysis is performed at the time of harvesting (Table 11). These are done at laboratory level at 200 and grape. Mechanical analysis of a grape Table 11 Grape rootstock Date of harvest Variety Weight Vol weight Weight No Healthy weight Vol No Damaged Weight Meatus Pinot Noir 3St Feteasca Neagra 6St Cabernet Sauvignon 131St , , , At a total of 89 on a broth, their weight was 131 g, of which healthy 78, 126 ml, and 128 g. Grafted grains were 9 and 25 meatus, all weighing 3 g. From the analysis of 50 grains the following values were recorded at the harvest date: weight 64g; skirt 13.5g. The 100 harvested seeds had a weight of 131 g, corresponding to the pulp of 44.5 g. According to Table 12, 200 grape were also determined at the Pinot Noir 3 clonal elite. The qualitative qualities for 200 grape were: 262 grams; volume of grape juice 154 ml and sugar 195 g / l; grape juice density and weight 267 g. The grape harvesting index was 39.7; Grain 96.5; Grain Composition 5.6. Wine yield (%) is 92.9; Yield is Structure of the grain (%): peel 10.2; seeds 4,8; pulp 85. SP / LP Feteasca Neagra 6 St. selective clone presented the following qualitative values: grape weight 158 g; grape volume 150 ml; 2.89 g. At a total of 169 grape per grape bunches, their weight was 167 g, of which healthy : 166, 150 ml, and 156 g. Grafted were 2 and 0 meatus, all weighing 2 g. From the analysis of 50 grape the following values were recorded at the harvest date: weight 64 g; grape peel 13.5 grams. The 100 harvested seeds had a weight of 6 grams, corresponding to 44.5 grams of pulp. 112

7 Mechanical analysis of 200 grape. Structure of grape Table 12 G Vol 200 Sugar g/l Grape juice Density weight of grape of of Grape berrie s compo sition Yield in grape juice (%) of yield % peel Grape composition % seeds % pulp SP/LP , ,7 96,5 5,6 92,9 13,1 10,2 4,8 85 0, , ,6 8 80,2 4 8,5 2,6 88,9 0, , ,6 83,4 7,9 99,2 12,1 7,1 4,1 88,8 0,126 SP- solid phase LP- liquid phase According to Table 12, 200 beans were also made to the Feteasca Neagra 6 St clonal elite and the following values were obtained for 200 grape : 314 grams; 232 ml grape juice and 194 g / l sugar; grape juice 1,085 and weight 234 g. The grape harvesting index recorded 51; Grain 69,6; Grain Composition 8; Wine yield (%) 80.2; Efficiency 4. Grain structure (%): peel 8.5; seeds 2.6; pulp 88,9. SP / LP Clonal Selection Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St. presented the following qualitative values: grape weight 102 g; grape volume 106 ml; weight of the rootstock 2.79 g. On a total of 129 grape on a bunch, their weight was 123g, of which healthy : 118, 120ml, and 81g. Damaged grains were 11 and 2 meatus, all weighing 11 g. From the analysis of 50 grape the following values were recorded at the date of harvest: weight 40 g; 15 g. The 89 seeds harvested had the weight of 2.5 g, corresponding to the pulp of 22.5 g. According to the Table 12, 200 grape were made to the clonal elite Cabernet Sauvignov 131 St and the following values were obtained for 200 grape : 246 grams; volume grape juice 284 ml and sugar 185 g / l; grape juice density 1,080 and grape juice weight 301 g. The grape harvesting index recorded a value of 36.6; Grain 83.4; Grape Composition 7.9; Wine yield (%) 99.2; Yield index Structure of the grape (%): peel 7.1; seeds 4.1; pulp SP / LP Conclusions Unfavorable weather conditions in 2017 (24.04 frost and ice storm) contributed to the diminution of the qualitative value of vine varieties. The effect of the long dryness during the formation of the grain, ripening and maturation, alternated with the few precipitations from June to July, favored the occurrence of cryptogamic diseases, and especially the manna of grape vines (Plasmopara viticola). Although the centralized data for quality indicators do not fully reflect the characteristics of the variety, it is noted, however, at Feteasca Neagra 6 St the weight of 100 grape at harvest of 157g, the volume of grape juice to 200 grains of 320 ml, a sugar content of 194 g / l, with a high acidity of 8.7 g / l tartaric acid, not specific to the variety and with a ph of Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St was recorded with a weight of 100 grape of 131 grams, 185 grams / liter of sugar content, which is specific to the variety, but due to lower summer temperatures, high acidity of 8.2 grams / l tartaric acid and ph = Also, due to the temperatures in 2017, Pinot Noir 3St had a sugar concentration in 2017 not specific to the variety 195 g / l (usually reaching 215 g / l), a total acidity of 8.7 g / l and ph = From the analysis of data on the agrobiological and technological qualities of the clones, the fertility records, the viability of the vine and the grape characterization, it can be concluded that the Stefanesti vineyard has a high degree of favorability of the vineyard culture. References 1.Necula Cezarina, Onache Anca, Popa Camelia, Dumitru I., Iordache Stefania 2009, Physico Chemical Characteristics of some Clonal Selections of Varieties Recently Homologated - Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture, vol 66 (1), pg Print ISSN , Electronic ISSN Onache Petronela Anca, Radulescu I, Popa Camelia , SELECTII CLONALE DE SOIURI TRADITIONALE ROMANESTI (Feteasca Regala, Feteasca alba, Feteasca Neagra) RECENT 113

8 OMOLOGATE, Analele Universitatii din Craiova, vol. XIII 3.Popa Camelia, Baditescu Margareta, Giosanu T , Cabernet Sauvignon 131 St, omologat ISTIS 4.Popa Camelia, Radulescu I , Pinot Noir 3 St, omologat ISTIS 5.Popa Camelia, Radulescu I., Onache Petronela Anca- 2008, Feteasca Neagra 6 St, omologat ISTIS 6.Radulescu I., Popa Camelia, Vizitiu Diana, Onache Anca, Tanasescu C-tin., 2010, Strengthening brand wine of Stefanesti by extending in culture a new clones: Feteasca alba 97 St. and Feteasca regala 72 St. for white wine, and for red wine Feteasca neagra 6 St., Lucrari stiintifice, Seria B, Horticultura, , Vol. LIV, ISSN , cotat CNCSIS B + si indexat BDI-CABI, Editura INVEL-Multimedia 7.Radulescu I, Popa Camelia, Onache Petronela Anca FETEASCA NEAGRA 6St A NEW CLONAL SELECTION FOR RED WINES CREATED AT STEFANESTI - Analele Universitatii din Craiova, vol. XIII, Stoian M., Visoiusi Emilia colab, Onache Anca Petronela, 2010 Catalogul de clone cu material biologic certificat. (Lucrare realizata încadrul proiectului. Realizarea colecției naționale de germoplasma clonala la vița-de-vie și omologarea unor elite, Finanțat de Ministerul Educațíei, Cercetarii și Inovarii). Ed. Prahova (ISBN ). 114