The Science of Hops. Ron Godin Ph.D. Soil Scientist/Agronomist CSU Extension Tri-River Area Delta, Colorado (970) ,

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1 The Science of Hops Ron Godin Ph.D. Soil Scientist/Agronomist CSU Extension Tri-River Area Delta, Colorado (970) ,

2 Hops

3 Hops Production If you grow hops you should know brewing!

4 The Science of Hops - What are hops? - Planting Hops - care and feeding - Hop cone development - Harvesting & picking - Drying

5 Hops (Humulus lupulus) - perennial (20 30 yrs) - winter hardy - reproduces by rhizomes - few pest in western CO! - can be easily grown organically

Hops Hops are the female flower cones of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus) They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer, other beverages and in herbal medicine.

Hops contain several characteristics favorable to beer, balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness, contributing flowery, citrus, fruity or herbal aromas, and have an

6 Hops Hops are the female flower cones of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus) They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer, other beverages and in herbal medicine. The first documented use in beer is from the eleventh century. Hops contain several characteristics favorable to beer, balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness, contributing flowery, citrus, fruity or herbal aromas, and have an antibiotic effect that favors the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms. The hop plant is a vigorous climbing herbaceous perennial. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers all around the world, with different types being used for particular styles of beer. What are hops?

7 Lupulins Photo by HopUnion Photo by author

8 Lupulins

9 Hop cone components (dry) 10% water 15% total resins 0.5% essential oil 4% tannins 2% monosaccharides 2% pectins 0.1% amino acid 3% lipids and wax 15% proteins 8% ash 40.4% residual carbohydrate (cellulose, lignin) Total resins = hard resins + soft resins + uncharacterized soft resins Soft resins = Alpha acids (>50% but insoluble) + Beta acids

10 Alpha & Beta Acids contained in Lupulins Photo by HopUnion Alpha acids add bitterness to beer - take approx. 1 hr of boiling to isomerize or solubilize Alpha acids to release bittering - high and ultra high alpha acid hops used for bittering - lower alpha acid hops used for flavoring and aroma -Take approx mins to release aromas and flavors or can be dry hopped - Generally, plant bittering & aroma or dual purpose

11 Hops Alpha Acid Percentage BULLION 11% CASCADE 8% CENTENNIAL 11.5% CHINOOK 14% CLUSTER 8.5% CRYSTAL 5% CTZ 15% EROICA 14% FUGGLES 5.5% GALENA 14% HALL. HERSBRUCKER 5% HALL. MITTELFRUEH 5% LIBERTY 6% MT. HOOD 8% NORTHERN BREWER 8% NUGGET 14% PERLE 9.5% SUMMIT 19.5% WILLAMETTE 6%

12 A word about Rhizome Diseases - All rhizomes we (CSU) tested have Apple Mosaic Virus and others - These included all rhizomes from Washington, Oregon and Idaho - We recommend you do not plant rhizomes that are diseased (be sure of your source!) % yield loss by year 5!

Disease Free Hop Transplants Summit Plant Laboratories, Inc. 3003 West Vine Drive Fort Collins, CO 80521 www.plantlabs.com/products.

13 Disease Free Hop Transplants Summit Plant Laboratories, Inc West Vine Drive Fort Collins, CO (970) or toll free Most Colorado hop growers with virus free hop rhizomes for sale Misty Mountain Hops, Olathe, (619)

14 Trellised 1 st year with cover crop and weed control

15 1 st year hops not trellised

16 Trellised 1 st year hops

17 2 nd year hops emerging

18 3 rd year hops NO weed control = 25+% yield loss

19 Mature Hop Yard

21 Fertilization of Hops

22 Plants are 20 ft tall at maturity!

Hop Care & Feeding ****Soil test each Spring!!! Avoids train wrecks! Recommended 2nd year fertilization rates: Nitrogen (N) = 175 lbs/ac (6 8 tons compost/ac @ 1.5% N) or 1.5-2.

23 Hop Care & Feeding ****Soil test each Spring!!! Avoids train wrecks! Recommended 2nd year fertilization rates: Nitrogen (N) = 175 lbs/ac (6 8 tons 1.5% N) or tons/ac Crab meal ( ) Phosphorus (P) = 100 lbs/ac (included in compost & crab meal) Potassium (K) = 75 lbs/ac (included in compost & crab meal) Subsequent years based on 6 8 bale yield ( lbs/ac) meal) (bale = 200 lbs dry cones) Nitrogen (N) = lbs/ac (6 7 tons compost/ac) tons crab meal /ac Phosphorus (P) = lbs/ac (included in compost & crab

Hop Growing Requirements Hop Care & Feeding Essential Plant Nutrients Essential: A plant can not complete its life cycle without all of these nutrients C - Carbon H - Hydrogen O Oxygen *

24 Hop Growing Requirements Hop Care & Feeding Essential Plant Nutrients Essential: A plant can not complete its life cycle without all of these nutrients C - Carbon H - Hydrogen O Oxygen * Cations - Anions Macro N Nitrogen - P Phosphorus - K Potassium* S Sulfur - Ca Calcium* Mg Magnesium* Micro Fe Iron* Mn Manganese* Cu Copper* Zn Zinc* B Boron - Cl - Chloride Mo - Molybdenum

25 Soil Test Results CaCO3 CaCO3 Don t Guess Soil Test!!!!!!!!!!

26 Hop Soil Nutrient Levels for Western Colorado Hop Soil Test Levels Soil samples taken from top foot of soil in and near the bine row Adequate Levels for Spring for 2+ year old bines Nutrient NO 3 -N P K Ca Mg SO 4 -S Zn Fe Mn Cu B Adequate Levels ppm* > 25 ppm > 250 ppm > 4000 ppm > 500 ppm > 25 ppm > 5 ppm > 10 ppm > 4 ppm >1 ppm > 1.5 ppm * Nitrogen can be applied in separate applications through the first week of July for western Colorado. ppm x 4 = lbs/ac

27 Selecting Hop Varieties

28 USDA list of most of the hop varieties Ahil Alliance AlphArom a Apolon Aquila Atlas Auro ra Backa Backa Banner Bian ca Blato Blisk Blue Nor t hern Brewer Bobek BOR Bramling Bramling Cross Brewer 's Gold Brewer 's Gold vf Buket Bullion Bullion 1 0A, vf Bullion 6A Calicross Can ad ian Redv ine Cante rbury Goldin g Cas cade Cas cade, vf Cekin Celeia Centennial Cerera Chelan (no USDA Nr.) Chinook Cicero Columbus (no U SDA Nr.) Columbia Comet Crys t al Defender Density Dun av Early Cluster Early Prolific Early Promise Easte rn Gold Easte rn Green East Ke nt Goldin g Eastwell Goldi n g Elsaesser Eroica Eroica, vf F- 10 (no USDA Nr.) First Choice Fuggle Fuggle H Fuggle H, v.f Fuggle N Fuggle tet raplo id Furano Ace Gale n a Gale n a v.f Golden St ar Green Bullet Groene Bel Haller t auer Gold Haller t auer T ra dition Haller t auer Magnum Haller t auer mf Haller t auer mf Hallert. mf tetr aploid N.Ze aland Haller t auer Her b rucker Her b rucker Hers b rucker Hers b rucker al p ha Hers b rucker E Hers b rucker G Hers b rucker P u re Hers b rucker re d - stem Horiz o n Hueller Bitter Hybri d Janus Kent Goldi n g Keywort h's Ear ly Keywort h's Mid- seas o n Kirin II Kitamid o ri Lan dhopfen Late Cluster, L Late Cluster, L Liberty Lubelski - Pulawy Lubelski - Pulawy,vf Lucan Mt.Hood Nadwislanska Nadwislanska,vf Neop lan t a Nordgaard North e rn Brewer North e rn Brewer, vf Nugget Olympic Omega Orion Pacific Gem Perle Peth am Goldin g Pocket Talism a n Precoce d'bourgogne Pride of K e nt Pride of Ringwo o d Prog ress Reco rd Saazer Saazer 3 6 vf Saazer 3 8 vf Saazer tet ra ploid Saazer Osvald 7 2C Saazer Osvald 7 2C,vf Saazer Osvald 72 Y Saazer Osvald 72 Y, vf Sant iam Savinja Golding Saxon Serebr ian ka Shinshu wase Sirem SmoothCone Sora chi Ace Southern Brewer Southern Cr o ss Spalt e r Spalt e r Select Star Sterling Sticklebr a ct Strissels p alter Styrian Sun (no USDA Nr.) Sunb e am Sunshine SuperA lph a Symp hon y (no USDA Nr.) Talis m an Ta rdif d'bourgogne Tett n ang e r Tett n ang e r (Swiss) Tet n anger A Tett n ang e r B Tillicum (no USDA Nr.) Tolhu rst Toyom idori Ultra Univers al US Tett n ang e r Vangu ard Sel.Nr (no USDA Nr.) Viking Wye Viking Vojvo din a Whitbre ad 's Goldin g Willamette Wuerttembe rger Wye Challe n ger Wye Sax o n Wye Target, vf Yakima Cl u ster, L Yeoman Yugos lavia Goldin g Zenith Zeus (no USDA Nr.) Zlat an

29 Selecting Hop Varieties CONSULT with you BREWERS! Better performers in growth, vigor and cone production Variety A.A. Purpose Chinook Bittering Nugget Bittering CTZ Bittering Cascade 7-9! Dual/Aroma Centennial 9 Dual/Aroma Crystal Dual/Bittering Mt. Hood 4-7 Aroma Willamette 4-7 Aroma

30 Selecting Hop Varieties Hops that do well in wetter conditions do not do well in Colorado s hot dry climate Noble Hops low bitterness strong aroma All European hops: Hallertau Tettnang Saaz Spaltz Fuggle

32 Indicators of cone ripeness (time to harvest!) Use your senses: touch, smell, see! 1. Bracts become papery 2. Cones become lighter 3. No grassy or alfalfa type smell to crushed cones 4. Lupulins turn from white/white yellow to golden 5. Dry matter content down to 20 25% Typically have a 10 day harvest window Harvest can start mid to late August to early September Depending on season-long weather condition The hotter the summer the earlier the harvest (depending on pruning and training times)

33 Lupulins

Commercially Harvest (cut bines from hop yard and into shade) Picking (picking machine) Drying (8-10 hrs @ 140ºF) Conditioning (24 hours in a pile) Baling &

34 Commercially Harvest (cut bines from hop yard and into shade) Picking (picking machine) Drying ( ºF) Conditioning (24 hours in a pile) Baling & warehousing Whole cone Powdered & pelletized Sold & shipped Small Scale Harvest Picking Drying ( ºF) Vacuum packed and refrigerated or small bales

35 Harvesting and Picking

37 Wolf hops picker: approx. cost $40,000 used Can pick from bines per hour

38 Drying (Oast), packing & storing

39 Hops drying to less than 10% moisture when drying process is finish and ready to bale

40 Can typically use ambient air < 10% moisture Usually dry to 8% moisture and moisture will go up to 9+% in conditioning

41 Any Questions?

42 Thank You!!!!!

43 Hop yard Standard Trellis Establishment Cost per Acre Plants (3 x 10 ) 1456 $ $ Misc. Hardware & Supplies $ 3000 Poles (21 untreated, lodge pole ) 52 $ $ Tractor Work $ 500 Bob Cat $ 600 $ Strand Wire (carries top wire) $ 1000 #9 Wire (floating top wire) $ 750 Hop Twine (coir: coconut husk) $ Ground Anchors 48 $ 500 Pole Setting $ 1000 Gallows (for work on top wires) Scissor Lift $ 500 Labor $ 7000 $ Soil Amendments $ 1200 $1 170 Irrigation $ Total Establishment Cost $ $

44 Hops Gross Income Estimates Per Acre Calculations Chinook Average Yields (dry) 2200 $10/lb $10 Running $12/lb $12 Running $15/lb $15 Running Year 1 Yield Factor - Total Total Total Year 2 30% , , , , , , Year 3 90% 1, , , , , , , Year 4 100% 2, , , , , , , Year 5 85% 1, , , , , , , Year 6 80% 1, , , , , , , Year 7 100% 2, , , , , , , Year 8 95% 2, , , , , , ,700.00

45 Pests Two spotted spider mite Organic controls insecticidal soaps predatory insects

46 Cascade Average Yields (dry) 1800 $10/lb $10 Running $12/lb $12 Running $15/lb $15 Running Year 1 Yield Factor - Total Total Total Year 2 40% 30% , , , , , , Year 3 90% 1, , , , , , , Year 4 100% 1, , , , , , , Year 5 85% 1, , , , , , , Year 6 80% 1, , , , , , , Year 7 100% 1, , , , , , , Year 8 95% 1, , , , , , ,300.00

Hops. Hops What are hops? Alpha & Beta Acids 2/19/2014. Beth LaShell Fort Lewis College The Old Fort at Hesperus

Hops. Hops What are hops? Alpha & Beta Acids 2/19/2014. Beth LaShell Fort Lewis College The Old Fort at Hesperus 2/19/2014 Beth LaShell The Old Fort at Hesperus Dr. Ron Godin Agronomist Colorado State University Hops Hops What are hops? What are hops? Hops are the female flower cones of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus)