Les impacts du changement climatique sur la viticulture: une vision européenne

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Nathan Hampton
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2 Les impacts du changement climatique sur la viticulture: une vision européenne, Geisenheim University, Allemagne Château Johannisberg, ville de Geisenheim 50th degree latitude Bibliotheca subterranea 1748 First ice wine 1858

3 1. European challenges / how are we dealing with available data 2. The climate variability problem 3. Varietal adaptation 4. soils: the unknown half 5. An experimental view into the future

4 1. European challenges Santos et al. (2012) Clim.Res. 51:

5 Santos et al. (2012) Clim.Res. 51:

6 All these data are too rough basically there are not really applicable to a vineyards situation Santos et al. (2012) Clim.Res. 51:

7 2. The climate variability problem

8 The average global March to May temperature was 0.6 C above the 20th century average, tying with 2004 as the 8 th warmest on record but Europe was distinctly cooler

9 Record wetness was observed over parts of the north central United States, part of central Europe, and a section of Far East Russia. Record dryness was scattered across different parts of the globe, including part of northern Chile and Argentina, northern South Africa, south central Ukraine.

10 precipitation and pot. ET (mm) 650 A (May-October) pot. ET precipitation 200 B (November-April) 275 precipitation pot. ET meas. pot. ET sim. Star II precip. meas. precip. sim. Star II variability in thepast and in the future, Cyclic variations pot. ET Year Schultz and Hofmann unpublished

11 Variation au niveau hydrique du vignoble pre-dawn leaf water potential (-MPa) 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0-1,2-1,4 Pic. St. Loup, irrigated Pic. St. Loup, calcareous soil Aude, calcareous soil Syrah Loire, sandy clay Loire, sand on deep clay Napa Valley irrigated Napa Valley not irrigated St. Emilion, sand on clay layer St. Emilion, gravely Loire, sand on sandstone Cabernet franc day of year Rheingau, shallow soil Rheingau, deep loess soil Rheingau, med. loam irrigated Rheingau, steep slope Riesling Donnés de Winkel et Rambal 1993, Morlat et al.1992, van Leeuwen et Seguin 1994, Schultz and Gruber 2005, Schüttler 2009

12 We need to be more aware of spatial and temporal differencesand variability (risk analyses) 175 mm PAW 75 mm PAW Hofmann Hans R. Hans Schultz R. Schultz und Schultz unpublished

13 We need high resolution landscape analyses Number of drought stress days (pre-dawn water potential < -0.6 MPa) Dry site - Ehrenfels Moist site - Johannisberg STAR II (Potsdam Institute of Climate Impact) coupled to Lebon et al Year Schultz and Hofmann unpublished

14 Flood in England Flood in Poland Sunburn in Germany, Austria. Flood in Germany

15 3. Varietal adaptation

16 Recent predictions, will they become true? + 84% + 189% 58% 44% 62% Climate change, wine and conservation Hannah et al. 2013,

17 grapes/climate/ripening Durschnittliche Temp moyennetemp. Apr. Okt. / Okt. Apr.? Rheingau Burgundy Rheingau Burgundy Côtes du Rhone Côtes du Rhone Developments are faster than expected Van Leeuwen et al. 2013; PNAS response Jones et al. 2005; Climate Change 73:

18 4. Soils the unknown half We know something about the conditions above-ground but what do we know about the conditions belowground in the soil?

19 what we don t see Strong increase in soil temperature (the Potsdam timeseries) Since 1898 strongest warming May-August (1m depth C!!) Trend in K 1m 12m Böhme und Böttcher, Klimastatusbericht des Deutschen Wetterdienstes 2011

20 Changing conditions during ripening Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

21 Changing conditions during ripening Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

Climate challenges the ripening phase Temperature

after veraison, 1955 2013, Geisenheim) dry moist

conditions during the maturity phase. Avg.

22 Climate challenges the ripening phase Temperature and precipitationduring ripening (for 60 days after veraison, , Geisenheim) dry moist We currently have more frequent moist and warm conditions during the maturity phase. Avg. Daily mean temp. C cool - warm Hofmann und Schultz unpublished

23 A simulation study of nitrogen mineralisation in the soil Sandy soil (avg. org.matter content) N-mineralisation (kg/ha) Day of the Year Aug. 1. Sept. 1. Aug. 1. Sept. Clay soil (avg. org.matter content) N-mineralisation (kg/ha) Schultz, Ehlig, Hassemer Schwarz unpublished

sudanensis Digitaria californica b -2-4 ab -6 ab a -8-10 WUE (g CO2 / l H2O) 19/09/08 -

24 Improving vineyard carbon balance and water use efficiency with new types of cover crops Open soil, no tilled Open soil, tilled Festuca arundinacea Trifolium repens Sorghum sudanensis Digitaria californica b -2-4 ab -6 ab a WUE (g CO2 / l H2O) 19/09/08 - Sunny 12 C4 plants in a C3 environment? Martin Uliarte, INTA Mendoza, Argentina,GRC, Germany

25 5. An experimental view into the future

26 FACE2FACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment- Infrastruktur Gießen (Linden)-FACE Geisenheim-FACE Core Experiment II Core Experiment I

FACE2FACE Interactions I CO 2 concentration has a very complex influence on different organisational levels with direct and indirect effects. 1.

Feedback mechanisms between soil plant atmosphere can influence greenhouse gas emissions and interactions betweeen pathogens and plants,

27 FACE2FACE Interactions I CO 2 concentration has a very complex influence on different organisational levels with direct and indirect effects. 1. Plant productivity, C und N cycle with complex effects on i.e. plant associated microbial and insect communities in the Rhizo and Phyllosphere 2. Feedback mechanisms between soil plant atmosphere can influence greenhouse gas emissions and interactions betweeen pathogens and plants, repectively environmental factors and biomass composition. 3. Challenge: Understanding of the interactions between obove and below ground processes.

28 Merci pour votre attention

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