Agronomía Colombiana ISSN: Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia

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1 Agronomí Colomin ISSN: Universidd Ncionl de Colomi Colomi Almnz-Merchán, Pedro José; Fischer, Gerhrd; Serrno-Cely, Plo Antonio; Blguer-López, Heler Enrique; Glvis, Jesús Antonio Effects of lef removl nd cluster thinning on yield nd qulity of grpes (Vitis vinifer L., Riesling Silvner) in Corrles, Boyc (Colomi) Agronomí Colomin, vol. 29, núm. 1, enero-ril, 2011, pp Universidd Ncionl de Colomi Bogotá, Colomi Aville in: How to cite Complete issue More informtion out this rticle Journl's homepge in redlyc.org Scientific Informtion System Network of Scientific Journls from Ltin Americ, the Crien, Spin nd Portugl Non-profit cdemic project, developed under the open ccess inititive

2 CROP PHYSIOLOGY Effects of lef removl nd cluster thinning on yield nd qulity of grpes (Vitis vinifer L., Riesling Silvner) in Corrles, Boyc (Colomi) Efecto del deshoje y del rleo de rcimos sore el rendimiento y l clidd de ls ys de vid (Vitis vinifer L., Riesling Silvner) en Corrles, Boycá (Colomi) Pedro José Almnz-Merchán 1,6, Gerhrd Fischer 2, Plo Antonio Serrno-Cely 3, Heler Enrique Blguer-López 4, nd Jesús Antonio Glvis 5 ABSTRACT The vineyrds tht re locted in the Colomin cool tropicl zone of Corrles (Boyc deprtment) offer grpes for the production of qulity wines; to improve the crop we must know the dequte lnce etween the quntity of clusters nd the lef re of the plnts. In order to determine the effect of lef removl nd cluster thinning on yield nd qulity of the clonl selection Riesling Silvner wine grpe, it ws used completely rndomized ifctoril design of 2x3. The first fctor ws removl of leves (without defolition nd 60% defolition) nd the second one ws cluster thinning (mintining 66% or 33% of clusters per plnt). Plnts with 66% clusters nd without lef removl exhiited the highest totl solule solids content nd yield of grpes, in fresh mss of clusters nd fresh nd dry mss of grpes. Plnts without cluster thinning, ut with removl of leves, produced the lowest ph levels nd totl titrtle cidity in the grpes. The technicl mturity index ws significntly higher in plnts without lef thinning; ut ws not ffected y removed clusters. Thinning clusters is n lterntive to improve production nd the qulity of wine grpes. Key works: source/sink rtio, totl solule solids, totl titrtle cidity, ph, crop productivity. RESUMEN Los viñedos uicdos en l zon tropicl frí de Corrles (deprtmento de Boycá) ofrecen frutos pr elorr vinos de clidd; pr mejorr el rendimiento se dee conocer el equilirio decudo entre l cntidd de rcimos con relción l áre folir de l plnt. Pr determinr el efecto de l eliminción prcil de hojs y rcimos sore l producción y clidd de uvs de l selección clonl Riesling Silvner, se empleó un diseño completmente l zr ifctoril de 2x3. El primer fctor fue l defolición (sin deshoje y con deshoje del 60%). El segundo fctor fue el rleo de rcimos (dejndo 66% ó 33% de rcimos por plnt). Con 66% de rcimos por plnt y sin deshoje se otuvo l myor cntidd de sólidos solules totles, sí como el mejor rendimiento de ls uvs, en ms fresc de rcimos y en mss fresc y sec de frutos. Plnts sin rleo de rcimos, pero con deshoje, produjeron los menores vlores de ph y cidez totl titulle de ls uvs. El índice de mdurez técnico fue significtivmente myor en vides sometids defolición prcil, mientrs el rleo de rcimos no lo fectó. El rleo de rcimos es un lterntiv pr mejorr l producción y clidd de l uv pr vinificción. Plrs clve: relción fuente/vertedero, sólidos solules totles, cidez totl titulle, ph, productividd grícol. Introduction The vineyrds in the cool tropicl zone of Boyc provide grpes for the production of qulity wines (Quijno, 2006). However, the correct lnce etween the numer of clusters nd leves for optiml yield under these tropicl ltitudinl conditions hs not een investigted. Muñoz et l. (2002) mention tht high yields reduce the qulity of grpes. This is due in prt to the fct tht excess fruits retrd sugr ccumultion, s compred to plnts with lower fruit lod. However, Freemn nd Kliewer (1983) clim tht this condition does not ffect the qulity of fruits nd Brvdo et l. (1985) stted tht there is n optiml mount of fruit tht plnt cn develop without compromising qulity. In ddition, plnt mngement determines the sptil rrngement of folige nd clusters modifies the microclimte nd hs fundmentl impct on the regultion of photosynthetic potentil, yield nd grpe composition (Kterji et l., 1994). Received for puliction: 3 June, Accepted for puliction: 2 Ferury, Ecophysiology Plnt Group, Agriculturl Sciencies Fculty, Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi. Tunj (Colomi). Deprtment of Agronomy, Fculty of Agronomy, Universidd Ncionl de Colomi. Bogot (Colomi). Sustinle Agriculturl Development Reserch Group (GIPSO), Agriculturl Sciencies Fculty, Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi. Tunj (Colomi). Agriculturl Sciences Doctorl Progrmme, Fculty of Agronomy, Universidd Ncionl de Colomi, Bogot (Colomi) nd Agriculturl Reserch Group, Agriculturl Sciencies Fculty, Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi. Tunj (Colomi). Food Engineering Fculty, Fundción Universitri Agrri de Colomi. Bogot (Colomi). Corresponding utor: ppclm@gmil.com Agronomí Colomin 29(1), 35-42, 2011

3 The qulity of the grpe is the result of the interction of the iologicl (e.g. vriety nd plnt helth), the physicl (including the soil nd its mngement), the climte (such s temperture, precipittion, wind speed, fog conditions nd/or direct nd indirect solr rdition), nd culturl fctors (minly the density of plnting, the type of rnch conduction, pruning, fruit lod nd vegettion mngement) (Disegn et l., 2005; Quijno 2006; Almnz et l., 2010). A suitle lnce etween the photosyntheticlly ctive folir surfce nd production turns out to e n importnt fctor for otining qulity wines (Lvin et l., 2001; Slzr nd Melgrejo, 2005; González-Neves nd Ferrer, 2008). Muñoz et l. (2002) report tht the common removl of leves t the level of the clusters in vineyrds lters the microclimte in the zone round the fruit nd, indeed, the fruit composition. Lef removl directly ffects the lef/fruit reltionship, which, depending on the phenologicl stge in which it is conducted, cn produce different effect on the mturtion of the fruits (Icono et l., 1995; Petrie et l., 2000). The thinning of clusters ffects the source/sink rtio since the crop is limited without diminishing the lef re. Therefore, the plnt concentrtes its ctivity on the regultion of production nd qulity (Mtus et l., 2006; Yuste et l., 1997), ffecting the qulity of the wine (Meliá et l., 1995; Prisio et l., 1994). The quntity of clusters per plnt ffects the size of the clusters nd tht of the fruit, nd therefore, the ccumultion of sugr (Icono et l., 1995), s well s other components of the flvor of the fruit (Reynolds et l., 1996) nd severl spects of the vegettive growth (Edson et l., 1995). The effects of fruit lod nd microclimte hve een studied, ut only independently (Muñoz et l., 2002). Chnges in the microclimte produced y modifictions t the level of fruit lod nd chnges in the lef/fruit rtio, provoked y some imposed ltertions of the folige to modify the microclimte, mke the interprettion of the results difficult. Therefore, it is importnt to crry out investigtions involving these two fctors. This study imed to evlute the effect of removl of leves nd clusters on the physic-chemicl composition of grpevine fruits of the clonl selection Riesling Silvner, under the conditions of the municiplity of Corrles (Boycá, Colomi). Mterils nd methods The field phse of the study ws performed in the municiplity of Corrles locted t N nd W, t n ltitude of 2,450 m.s.l. The climte of the zone is chrcterized y n verge nnul temperture of 15 C nd imodl verge precipittion of mm yer 1 with two peks: April-June nd Octoer-Novemer. Cloud cover is scrce nd solr rdition is high reching n verge of 476 cl cm 2 long 6.5 h d 1 (Quijno, 2006). The soils re of light texture, frnco-sndy type. The life zone, in ccordnce with the clssifiction of Holdrige, is low dry mountinous forest (BS-MB). Irrigtion is y grvity, ccording to the requirements of the crop. Grpevine of the clonl selection of Vitis vinifer L., vriety Riesling Silvner from Alsce, Germny ws used (Quijno, 2001). The plnts were 7 yers old, plnted t distnce of 1.20 x 0.90 m nd trellised y three verticl wires. Pruning ws done ccording to the simple trining Guyot system. The study ws conducted in the second semester of A completely rndomized ifctoril design of 2x3 with 4 repetitions per tretment ws used, where the first fctor ws removl of leves (without defolition, defolition of 60%) nd the second fctor ws the thinning of clusters: mintining 66% y removing one of the three clusters or retining 33% y removing two of the three clusters). Clusters were thinned t the moment of fruit set. Thus 24 experiment units were used, four plnts ech. Lef removl ws conducted t the eginning of verison, t the level of insertion of the clusters, involving the elimintion of the first six leves of every vine shoot, resulting in n verge lef re of 1,108 cm 2 /shoot ( cm 2 /plnt). Fruit weight ws determined with n Accul VIC 612 (Brdford, MA) scle (precision 0.01 g), with smple of 20 fruits for every experimentl unit, collected on the dy of grpe hrvest, using five erries per cluster (two fruits ech t the upper nd middle prt, nd one from the lower prt). The dry mss ws otined fter sumitting the fruits to stove t 90 C until stiliztion of the weight. Also, the totl fruit production per plnt nd the verge cluster weight ws mesured. The chemicl vriles evluted were totl solule solids (TSS, Brix grdes; using digitl refrctometer HI Hnn, Woonsocket, RI), ph (potenciometer Orión, model 420, Boston, MA), totl titrtle cidity (TTA; with NOH 0.1 N up to ph 8.2 expressed in trtric cid [AOAC, 1990]), nd the technicl mturity index (TMI; quotient etween TSS nd TTA). For the nlysis of the effects of the controlled fctors on the evluted vriles ifctoril vrince nlysis ws 36 Agron. Colom. 29(1) 2011

4 A Fruit production (kg h- 1 ) B Cluster fresh mss (g) C Fruit fresh mss (g) No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl D Fruit dry mss (g) No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl Clusters/plnt/100% Clusters/plnt/66% Clusters/plnt/33% Tretments Clusters/plnt/100% Clusters/plnt/66% Clusters/plnt/33% Tretments FIGURE 1. Effects of lef removl nd cluster thinning, with 33%, 66% or 100% retention of clusters per plnt, in Riesling Silvner grpevine on: (A) Fruit production per h; (B) Fresh mss per cluster; (C) Fresh mss per fruit; (D) Dry mss per fruit. Men vlues followed y distinct letters re significntly different ccording to Tukey s test (P 0.05). relized s well s Tukey test of multiple comprisons on the interctions nd the verge significnt effects (P 0.05) y mens of the SAS progrm v.8.1e (Cry, NC). Results nd discussion Mss production of fruits nd clusters The fruit production per plnt ws ffected y the intensity of the removl of clusters nd leves. The tretment with 66% clusters nd without defolition showed significntly highest (P 0.01) production (10,530 kg h 1 ), fresh mss of clusters (1, g/plnt) nd fresh nd dry mss of the fruit (2.16 g nd 0.3 g, respectively) (Fig. 1). Mintining only 33% of the clusters with lef removl presented low fresh nd dry mss of the fruit, which ment considerle decrese in the cluster fresh mss nd in the entire fruit production of the plnt (Fig. 1). On this mtter, Mot et l. (2010) found tht the thinning of clusters generted decrese of the cluster weight of Merlot nd Cernet Suvignon vine grpes. On the contrry, Reynolds et l. (1994) reported n increse in the cluster weight, wheres Nuzzo nd Mtthews (2006) did not find differences. According to Csierr-Posd et l. (2007), the prctice of fruit thinning increses size ut lso reduces the totl fruit production; so, it is necessry to strike lnce etween production nd the size of the fruit (Dy et l., 1992). With 66% retention of the fruits per plnt etter lnce is chieved compred to the other evluted thinning tretments, since mjor response ws otined in production, fresh mss of clusters nd fresh nd dry mss of the fruit (P 0.01). The ehvior of these vriles ws fitted to qudrtic model in function of fruits per plnt percentge (Fig. 2). Consistently, the sink/source rtio cn influence the yield of plnt, s well s the size nd weight of ech of the fruits (Peluzio et l., 1999). After reducing the numer of fruits, ssimiltes trgeted for the removed fruits will e ttrcted y the djcent remining fruits (Ho, 1992), incresing weight nd size (Russell nd Morris, 1983). Nevertheless, in this cse, the high sink strength for the photossimiltes cn diminish the expnsion of the leves nd ccelerte geing, s ws found in melon y Vlntin et l. (1998). Although sttisticlly equl production ws otined with 100% of the clusters s compred to retining 66 % of Almnz-Merchán, Fischer, Serrno-Cely, Blguer-López, nd Glvis: The effects of lef removl nd cluster thinning on yield nd qulity of grpes... 37

5 A Fruit production (kg h -1 ) y = -1,2085 x x y = x x + 1,581.1 R 2 R= 2 = ,9899 B Cluster fresh mss (g) y = y = x x x x RR 2 2 = C D Fruit fresh mss (g) y = x x y = x x R 2 = = Clusters/plnt (%) Fruit dry mss (g) y = -5E 5E - 0.5x 05x x x R 2 R= 2 = Clusters/plnt (%) FIGURE 2. Effect of cluster thinning, with 33%, 66% or 100% retention of clusters per plnt, in Riesling Silvner grpevine on: A. Fruit production per h; B. Fresh mss per cluster; C. Fresh mss per fruit; D. Dry mss per fruit. Men vlues followed y distinct letters re significntly different ccording to Tukey s test (P 0.05). clusters/plnt, this high fruit numer cn negtively ffect plnt growth nd diminish the nutritionl reserves for future crops. In fct, n increse in the numer of fruits cn increse the frction of photossimiltes ssigned to the fruits t the expense of the growth of the vegettive prts (Andriolo nd Flcão, 2000). Prtilly different results were found y Mueller nd Wmser (2009) in the tomto with n increse in totl fruit production ccording to the numer of trusses, ut there ws qudrtic decrese in the verge mss of mrketle fruits s the truss numer per plnt incresed. Similrly, Lvín et l. (2001) oserved in Chrdonny plnts n increse in grpe production ccording to the level of fruit lod. In the cse of 33% clusters, production ws negtively ffected due to the low numer of clusters; nevertheless, the typicl result ws the low weight of clusters nd fruits, s the weight ws expected to e higher due to the decresed competition etween sinks. With the lef removl fctor, there ws mjor response of the vriles of production (P 0.05) without defolition (T. 1), which indictes tht reduction of lef re cn decrese the grpe yield, s Scrpre Filho et l. (2010) oserved in Nigr Pink plnts. On the other hnd, Bennett et l. (2005) report tht decrese of the lef re cn restrict the ccumultion of crohydrtes, which genertes negtive impcts on flowering nd yield. Grpe qulity A high ph ws oserved in the tretment with 33% clusters nd without defolition (P 0.01). The opposite response ws oserved with 66% clusters nd with 60% Tle 1. Effect of lef thinning on the production nd qulity of Riesling Silvner (Vitis vinifer L.) grpevine. Lef thinning Grpe production (kg h -1 ) Cluster fresh weight (g/plnt) Fresh weight (g/erry) Dry weight (g/erry) ph TSS (ºBrix) TTA (%) TMI (TSS/TTA) Without thinning Thinning (60%) Men vlues followed y distinct letters re significntly different ccording to Tukey s test (P 0.05). 38 Agron. Colom. 29(1) 2011

6 lef removl (Fig. 3A). It ws found tht with incresing the cluster numer the ph decresed (P 0.01); this ehvior ws explined y mens of polynomil of the second grde (Fig. 4A). On the other hnd, no removl of leves cused higher ph vlue (T. 1). These results gree with Frnco-Aldren (1996), who found in Grnch tht cluster thinning during the verison stge provokes yield loss nd moves forwrd the dte of wine grpe hrvest, lso the ph ws high, wheres the cidity ws reduced. Nevertheless, Mot et l. (2010) did not find ny significnt effect of cluster thinning on the ph. Prtil defolition removl fvored higher juice cidity (P 0.01; T. 1); the opposite ws oserved in fruits in the tretments with cluster removl (P 0.01; Fig. 4B). Thus, the grpevines with 33% clusters nd without lef removl developed the lowest fruit content of ATT (Fig. 3B), which grees with the results of Lvín et l. (2001) who found high content of trtric cid in fruits of vines without fruit thinning nd with low levels of fruit thinning. The decrese in cidity s result of lef thinning ws proly relted to the consumption of mlic cid in fruit cell respirtion. Vldivi (2001) found tht low solr exposure of clusters due to dense cnopy results in lower respirtion rtes nd thus decresed consumption of orgnic cids. Nevertheless, mny studies hve found tht the removl of leves cused decreses of TTA (Mot et l., 2010; Keller et l., 2005; Bucelli nd Ginetti, 1996), ut other uthors did not report significnt effects (Cmpostrini et l., 1991). The TSS presented sttisticl differences oth for the level of the tretments nd the fctors. With 66% clusters nd without lef removl the highest TSS content ws recorded; on the contrry, retining only 33% of the clusters nd without defolition the ccumultion of TSS ws lower (Fig. 3C). This confirms the results of Coome nd McCrthy (2000), who indicte tht the increse of sugrs is due to the trnspirtion, which in consequence cuses rpid dehydrtion of the fruit (Almnz-Merchán nd Blguer-López, 2009). Menwhile, Hunter nd Him Roux (1992) found tht the concentrtion of sugr in the Cernet Suvignon grpe does not chnge with reduction in lef re. A qudrtic eqution explined the ehvior of TSS ccording to the intensity of cluster thinning. Mintining 66% clusters resulted in the highest TSS content (Fig. 4 C). This result grees with studies of Pszczólkowski et l. (1985), A B ph dc cd d TTA (%) C D TSS (ºBrix) No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl TMI (TSS/TTA) No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl No lef removl Lef removl Clusters/plnt 100 % Clusters/plnt 66 % Clusters/plnt 33 % Clusters/plnt 100 % Clusters/plnt 66 % Clusters/plnt 33 % FIGURE 3. Effects of lef removl nd cluster thinning, with 33%, 66% or 100% retention of clusters per plnt, in Riesling Silvner fruits on: A. ph; B. Totl trittle cids (TTA); C. Totl solule solids (TSS); D. Technicl mturity index (TMI). Men vlues followed y distinct letters re significntly different ccording to Tukey s test (P 0.05). Almnz-Merchán, Fischer, Serrno-Cely, Blguer-López, nd Glvis: The effects of lef removl nd cluster thinning on yield nd qulity of grpes... 39

7 who ffirm tht the higher exposure of the clusters to solr rdition stimultes the trnsloction of photossimiltes towrds the fruits, s result of stimultion y the increse in temperture in the fruit nd ecuse in the verison stge there exists minor competition mong the folige due to the loss of functionlity of the xylem (Coome nd McCrthy, 2000; Rogiers et l., 2006). Csierr-Posd et l. (2007) confirm tht in the pech higher numer of leves per fruit incresed the content of TSS in the fruits, due to the higher ttrction of photossimiltes exhiited y the remining fruits fter the thinning prctice. These fruits showed lower competition mong themselves (Ho, 1992), which results in n increse in the SST content, which, possily, lso hppened in the studied wine grpes. Regrding defolition, 60% folir removl slightly, ut significntly, ffected (P 0.05) TSS content (T. 1). Possily, due to the fct tht the prtil lef removl prctice llowed higher exposure of the fruits to solr rdition which in turn fvored the micro-environmentl conditions of the clusters nd thus improved the qulity of the wine grpes, which coincides with the results of Muñoz (2002), nevertheless, it increses the risk of sun scorching the grpes. In ccordnce with Gry et l. (2010) nd Mot et l. (2006), the mturity index represents lnce etween sugrs nd cids, importnt for the wine qulity, since this lnce fvors the wine flvor. Significnt differences in the TMI were only found in the lef removl tretment (Fig. 3D, 4D nd T. 1). Nevertheless, this prctice reduced the TMI ecuse the TTA incresed with higher proportion thn the TSS (T. 1). Nevertheless, the vlues otined with ny of the tretments gurnteed the production of qulity wines (Flcão et l., 2008). Conclusions As n lterntive to improve the qulity nd production of Riesling x Silvner erries, retining 66% of the clusters per plnt is recommended, ecuse it generted the highest fruit production per re, mss of clusters nd fruits, nd totl solid solule content, s well s considerle vlues of totl titrtle cids nd technicl mturity index with low ph vlue. While 60% lef removl the totl solule solids nd titrtle cidity incresed, nd the fruit production nd fruit nd cluster mss decresed. Plnts with 66% clusters developed higher vlues for production components nd qulity chrcteristics such s A ph y = 3E - 0.5x x R 2 = B TTA (%) y = -8E - 06x x R 2 = C TSS (ºBrix) y = 3E - 05x x R 2 = D TMI(TSS/TTA) y = x R 2 = Clusters/plnt (%) Clusters/plnt (%) Figure 4. Effect of cluster thinning, with 33%, 66% or 100% retention of clusters per plnt, in Riesling x Silvner fruits on: A. ph; B. Totl trittle cids (TTA); C. Totl solule solids (TSS); D. Technicl mturity index (TMI). Men vlues followed y distinct letters re significntly different ccording to Tukey s test (P 0.05). 40 Agron. Colom. 29(1) 2011

8 solule solids, titrtle cidity nd technicl mturtion index, with low ph in the grpes. Cluster thinning ppers to e n lterntive to improve the production nd qulity of grpes for wine mking. Acknowledgments The uthors re grteful to Eng. Crlos Enrique Pedrz nd to the Myor of Corrles, for llowing this study. Also, this reserch ws crried out with the support of Dirección de Investigciones (DIN) of the Universidd Pedgógic y Tecnológic de Colomi, under the title of Proyecto cpitl semill, convoctori , Influenci del nivel de crg y deshoje sore l clidd en ys de Vitis vinifer L. SCRXS SGI 646. Cited literture Almnz, P.J., M.A. Quijno-Rico, G. Fischer, B. Chves, nd H.E. Blguer-López Physicochemicl chrcteriztion of Pinot Noir grpevine (Vitis vinifer L.) fruit during its growth nd development under high ltitude tropicl conditions. Agron. Colom. 28(2), Almnz-Merchán, P. nd H. Blguer-López Determinción de los estdios fenológicos del fruto de Vitis vinifer L. jo condiciones del ltiplno tropicl en Boycá. 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