Veraison to Harvest Statewide Vineyard Crop Development Update #4 September 20, 2013 Edited by Tim Martinson and Chris Gerling

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1 Arund New Yrk... Statewide (Tim Martinsn). Ripening prceeded at a mderate pace (see table p. 4-6), with gains f 0.5 (Chardnnay, Lemberger, Pint nir) t 2.4 Brix. (Niagara), with mst gaining abut 1 brix. Acids drpped by a mdest 0.7 t 1.8 g/l. Minnesta cultivars at frm ur plts in Claytn (Table p8) gained 1 Brix and titratable acidity drpped abut 1 g/l, thugh still characteristically high at 13 and 18 g/l fr Marquette and Frntenac, respectively. Welcme warm, sunny weather fllwing ur sampling n Mnday shuld mve things alng fr next week s samples. Lake Erie (Luke Haggerty). Veraisn t Harvest Statewide Vineyard Crp Develpment Update #4 September 20, 2013 Edited by Tim Martinsn and Chris Gerling Early this past week we had a bit f a cld/frst scare with temperatures dipping as lw as 34 F, hwever the Crnell Lake Erie Research and Extensin Labratry did nt receive any reprts f frst damage. The extended frecast lks prmising with highs in the upper 60s, lws nly in the 50s, and nly a slim chance f rain ne day early in the week. Hpefully the dry and sunny cnditins will hld dwn the higher pressure f btrytis bunch rt and dwny mildew that has been shwing up arund the regin. Here in the Lake Erie Regin nearly all f the hybrids have been picked and the fcus has turned t the anticipated bulk juice grapes. The Niagara harvest is nly days away with Natinal Grape Cperative planning t pen the Nrth East, PA lcatin n Mnday the 23 f September. The regin s radways are busy with the staging f bxes, bins, and harvesters. Bxes and bins are expected t fill fast due t the heavy crp lad and large cluster and fruit size. The Cncrd harvest expected t start sme time later next week. Sugar accumulatin has started t slw dwn in the Cncrds, but brix levels are still climbing and have increased abut 1 Brix since last week. In thinned vineyards the sluble slids average arund 14.5 Brix with sme blcks in the 16 Brix range. The area Cncrd average is arund 13.2 Brix. Alng with sugar accumulatin berry size is still n the rise as well. Adding t the size f this year s crp the average berry weight is higher than average with an apprximate weight arund 3.2 grams per berry. Pint nir n Seneca Lake. Ready t harvest, this Pint nir blck at Sawmill Creek Vineyards n East Seneca Lake is dead-n ripe, unifrmly clean and free f visible fruit rts, and has great cluster expsure. Page 1 Lng Island (Alice Wise and Libby Tarletn). Harvest is in full swing n Lng Island with blcks f Chardnnay and Sauvignn Blanc picked this week. It is a real pleasure t pick clean, flavrful fruit in sunny, dry weather. This is what all vineyard managers live fr. There is a tuch f btrytis in these blcks but it is nt rbust and usually limited t a cuple f berries. In the Crnell research vineyard in Riverhead, we picked the fllwing: Muscat Ottnel 21.2 Brix, 5.85 g/l TA, ph 3.43 Malvasia Bianca 20.7, 9.15, 3.35 Pint Gris 21.7, 7.65, 3.32 Sauvignn Blanc 23.2, 9.9, 3.13 Drnfelder 18.5, 6.75, 3.44 The Drnfelder was almst falling ff the vine, brdering n verripe. The ther varieties may have lasted anther few days but we have t schedule t allw fr the timely harvest f ther varieties. Sauvignn Blanc fruit was tasty and delicius, prbably sme f the best SB that has cme ut f the research vineyard. Hpefully ther NY regins are experiencing the same wnderful harvest cnditins. Hudsn Valley (Steve Hying). Pht by Tim Martinsn Harvest cntinues t g well here in the Hudsn Valley. The weather has calmed dwn with lwer daytime temperatures perfect fr pickers and cl nights withut frst.

2 This past week sprted a high f 71 n Wednesday and a lw f 42 Thursday. This pattern shuld cntinue thrugh Saturday afternn when shwers are expected t frm and remain thrugh Mnday. Sme grwers are still in Chardnnay and are reprting excellent yields and high quality. All is well s far accrding t everyne we spke t. Here at the lab we have cmpleted picking Marachel Fch, Len Millt, Chardnnay, Pint nir, Pint gris, Vignles, and Gewürztraminer. Traminette, Seyval blanc, Merlt, La Crescent, and Landt nir are all n the radar nw. After we get thrugh this rainy weekend we will reassess and begin ur next harvest. After a brief respite frm bird pressure, the turkeys are back! Finger Lakes (Hans Walter-Petersn). The pace f harvest has picked up in recent days. Niagara, Seyval and Cayuga White have been cming ff the vines this week. Crp size fr all three was lking pretty big earlier this year, s it will be interesting t hear if that was still the case cme harvest. Other hybrids and bulk varieties like Geneva Red, Bac nir and Aurre have been picked with larger than average crps as well. A cuple f grwers have mentined that early Cncrds were picking higher than their crp estimates earlier this year. Grwers arund Keuka Lake have been mving int Cncrd harvest fr Cnstellatin. Students frm the FLCC viticulture prgram picked the small crp f Chardnnay frm secnd year vines in ur teaching vineyard this week. I expect that cmmercial vineyards will start picking Chardnnay, Pint gris and Pint nir fr still wines in the next several days. A cuple f vineyards have dne sme selective picking f these three in areas where btrytis and/r sur rt was starting t becme a cncern. There still aren t massive amunts f bunch rts ut there, but this will be ne f thse years where sme fruit will need t be picked a bit earlier than ideal in rder t avid lsing t much t late seasn rts. Frst warnings were issued fr the entire area this past Mnday night and Tuesday mrning, but thankfully, temperatures stayed in the mid t upper 30s accrding t the NEWA weather statins lcated in vineyards arund the Finger Lakes. Rainfall has been mdest s far in September (1.22 at ur vineyard n Seneca Lake), which is exactly what we have been hping fr Lake Erie Cncrd Update Terry Bates Lake Erie Cncrd cntinues t prgress at a relatively nrmal pace fr the time f seasn. The berry curve and juice sluble slids data indicate a slightly abve average increase in berry weight the past week leading t a less than predicted increase in juice sluble slids (dilutin effect). Juice sluble slids frm a crss sectin f vineyards in the Lake Erie Regin average 14.6 Brix with a range frm 13.3 t 15.7 depending n the site. Niagara harvest is scheduled t start next week with Cncrd t fllw. Cncrd berry weight (tp, red line) and brix (bttm) cmpared t lng term average fr standard cncrd vines at the CLEREL labratry in Prtland, NY. Page 2

3 Prject fcus: Beynd Titratable Acidity: Organic Acid Prfiles f Veraisn t Harvest Samples Chris Gerling Each week, the Veraisn t Harvest data table reprts ph and titratable acidity (TA) as measures f the relative acidity in each grape sample. As a refresher, ph crrespnds t the strength f the acid while TA is a quantity, reprted as grams per liter, r g/l. The TA calculatin that we use reprts the acidity as tartaric, meaning we pretend that all f the acid in the sample is tartaric acid. Other parts f the wrld reprt TA as different acids, but the numbers can be easily cnverted (just like cnverting gallns t liters). Peple frequently wnder why we need bth ph and TA. If they are bth measures f acidity, shuldn t we als be able t cnvert ne f thse t get the ther? Why can t we just assume that higher TA (mre acid) means lwer ph (remember that the ph reading lwers as the strength f acidity increases)? If all the acid really were tartaric- r any ne acid- things wuld be simpler. The fact f the matter is that there are a few different rganic acids in every grape, and we re measuring a few f the mre imprtant nes this seasn. Magic Bx. Using a high pressure liquid chrmatgraph (HPLC), we are able t separate and quantify tartaric, malic, lactic, acetic and succinic acids (Figure 1). Yu may have seen an HPLC n ne f the crime letter shws (CSI, NCIS, QED, OU812, etc.), where the lab is able t use it t determine that sme small bltch is frm the tire f a 2003 Frd Fcus (candy apple red) that has nly been driven in the summer mnths in a three-cunty sectin f western Maryland. While an HPLC is extremely useful, we still have t have a pretty gd idea f the types and quantities f cmpunds we re lking fr. If we were t receive the bltch frm CSI: Parking Enfrcement (tp-rated shw n the Ithaca campus), ur current set-up wuld be able t tell if that bltch had gne thrugh mallactic fermentatin r whether the tannin prfile lked mre like hybrid r vinifera because that s what ur clumns, slutins and standards are designed t lk fr. Nw that yu knw what we can and can t d with the HPLC, let s talk further abut ur applicatins and what they may mean. Cnventinal Wisdm. While all rganic fruit acids are weak acids, tartaric and malic are the strngest and mst prevalent in grapes. These acids cntribute the lin s share f the TA and the rati between them The HPLC equipment in the Extensin Enlgy lab. The lighter gray and darker gray bxes actually represent tw different HPLCs- ne currently set up t lk at acids and sugars, the ther fr phenlic cmpunds, especially tannin. Pht by Chris Gerling will als play a large rle in determining ph, with prprtinally mre tartaric suggesting lwer TA. Previus research suggests that tartaric acid is mainly fixed during the grwing seasn while malic acid is cnsumed as harvest appraches. As we mnitr the ph and TA during sampling, the measured reductin in TA and increase in ph is primarily due t the lss f malic acid. Lactic and succinic acids are nt prduced by the grapevine, but are instead prducts f cnversin by bacteria, yeast r enzymes. Grape metablism after harvest can create succinic acid during carbnic maceratin and this cnversin may als ccur when berries are stred intact. Lactic acid is, f curse, the Figure 1. An rganic acid prfile (blue line) frm ne juice sample in this week s Veraisn t Harvest. The sample is cmpared against knwn quantities (the standards in red) s the peaks can be identified. Figure curtesy David Manns Page 3

4 prduct f mallactic fermentatin/ cnversin. Acetic acid (aka vlatile acidity) is als created primarily thrugh enzymatic r bacterial activity and is an indicatr f rt at the grape sampling stage. What we re digging fr. Yu may be wndering why we haven t been ding this all alng, and the truth is that we mst ften lk at wines as ppsed t juices. The wine stage is where we ften have the mst interest- whether ML has finished, is acetic acid (VA) develping, etc. This year we have a few specific questins besides ur basic curisity regarding New Yrk grapes and always wanting t knw mre abut them: 1. Malic/ tartaric rati in hybrids. We have a lt f new varieties in the mix, and we want t knw hw the malic/ tartaric rati evlves as the grapes ripen and where things stand at harvest. We have heard differing ideas abut what is nrmal in the recently released cld climate hybrids in particular, and these differences may just relate t lcatin. 2. Succinic acid develpment. We have been seeing sme really high succinic levels in wines, and we wnder if there might be a relatin t initial levels f malic acid. Malic and succinic acid are basically a cuple f train stps apart in the Krebs cycle, and the right cnditins may push malic tward succinic. We re als wndering abut the effect f factrs as simple as time in the plastic bag befre crushing and analysis. 3. Acetic acid as a prxy fr rt. Fairly self-explanatry, unfrtunately. This has been a challenging seasn fr sme varieties and sme lcatins, s there may be sme indicatrs that truble is brewing. As yu have prbably already nticed, we have chsen nt t reprt the rganic acid breakdwns each week. There are a whle lt f numbers and we imagine that yu dn t have large amunts f extra time in September and Octber. The plan is t have ne majr reprt at r near the end f the V t H cycle unless a breaking news stry develps that we just have t share. One ther nte abut rganic acids vs. TA is that it s nt pssible t add up the OA g/l and get a TA. We refer t TA as titratable acidity and nt ttal acidity because the TA is nthing mre r less than the amunt f sdium hydrxide needed t make the ph f the sample 8.2. Samples vials befre/ after being laded nt the sample changer. At just under 50 samples and 30 minutes per analysis, the Veraisn t Harvest run takes the HPLC abut ne entire day t cmplete. Things that are nt measured by the OA prfile may be cntributing t r taking away frm that equatin (fr example, acids nt quantified, ptassium, ther buffering species, etc.), nt t mentin that we are cnsidering all f that amunt tartaric acid while we just discussed hw that s nt the case. S this is just ne mre acidity measure that is nt directly cnvertible t either f the ther tw. We think it s useful, hwever, and we hpe yu als get sme mre insight int yur grapes, nascent wines and the 2013 grwing seasn. Stay tuned. Pht by Chris Gerling Page 4

5 Fruit Maturatin Reprt - 9/20/2012 Samples reprted here were cllected n Mnday, September 16. Where apprpriate, sample data frm 2012, averaged ver all sites is included. Tables frm 2012 are archived at veraisn-t-harvest/2012.cfm. We are again reprting berry weight, brix, titratable acidity and ph, and yeast assimilable nitrgen (YAN), as part f a jint prject with Anna Katharine Mansfield and Lailiang Cheng. Graduate student Mark Nisbit is running the YAN assays as part f his Ph D prject, and ther students frm the Enlgy lab are running samples. - TEM Cabernet Franc Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 E. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Cayuga Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Hudsn Valley 9/16/2013 HVL Lake Erie 9/16/2013 Prtland Lng Island 9/16/2013 LI Lng Island 9/16/2013 LI Average 9/16/ Prev Sample 9/9/ Average 9/17/ Catawba Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Keuka Prev Sample 9/9/2013 Keuka Sample 9/17/12 Keuka Cayuga White Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Keuka Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Cayuga Average 9/16/ Prev Sample 9/9/ at Harvest 9/5/2012 HARVEST Chardnnay Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Cayuga Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Lng Island 9/16/2013 LI Average 9/16/ Prev. Sample 9/9/ Average 9/17/ Cncrd Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Keuka Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Canandaigua Lake Erie 9/16/2013 Prtland Average 9/16/ Prev Sample 9/9/ Sample 9/17/ Page 5

6 Lemberger Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Keuka Prev Sample 9/9/2013 Keuka Sample 9/17/12 Keuka Malbec Lng Island 9/16/2013 LI Prev Sample 9/9/2013 LI Sample 9/17/12 Nrth Frk S Merlt Hudsn Valley 9/16/2013 HVL Lng Island 9/16/2013 LI Lng Island 9/16/2013 LI Average 9/16/ Prev. Sample 9/9/ Average 9/17/ Niagara Lake Erie 9/16/2013 Prtland Prev Sample 9/9/2013 Prtland at Harvest 9/5/2012 HARVEST Niret Hudsn Valley 9/16/2013 HVL Lake Erie 9/16/2013 Frednia Average 9/16/ Prev Sample 9/9/ Sample 9/17/ Pint Nir Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 E. Seneca Prev Sample 9/9/2013 E. Seneca at Harvest 9/10/2012 HARVEST Page 6

7 Riesling Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 E. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 E. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 E. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 CL 90 Cayuga Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Keuka Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Canandaigua Hudsn Valley 9/16/2013 HVL Lake Erie 9/16/2013 Frednia Lng Island 9/16/2013 LI Average 9/16/ Prev Sample 9/9/ Sample 9/17/ Sauvignn Blanc Lng Island 9/16/2013 HARVESTED Final Sample 9/9/2013 LI at Harvest 9/10/2012 HARVESTED Seyval Blanc Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Harvested Final Sample 9/9/2013 Cayuga at Harvest 9/10/2012 HARVESTED Traminette Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 Keuka Hudsn Valley 9/16/2013 HVL Lake Erie 9/16/2013 Frednia Average 9/16/ Prev Sample 9/9/ Sample 9/17/ Vignles Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 VSP Keuka Finger Lakes 9/16/2013 W. Seneca Average 9/16/ Prev Sample 9/9/ at Harvest 9/10/2012 HARVESTED Page 7

8 Marquette Training Study Treatment Fruit Chemistry at Claytn 9/10/2013 9/16/2013 berry ph Brix TA (g/l) berry weight weight ph Brix TA (g/l) High crdn VSP Umbrella Frntenac Training Study 9/10/2013 9/16/2013 Treatment Avg. berry ph Brix TA (g/l) Avg. berry ph Brix TA (g/l) weight weight High crdn VSP Umbrella Frntenac Crp Lad Study 9/10/2013 9/16/2013 Treatment Berry Wt ph Brix TA (g/l) Berry Wt ph Brix TA (g/l) Cntrl Green harvest Thin t 1 cluster/sht at fruit set Thin t 1 cluster/sht pre blm Remve 6 clusters/ vine fruit set Remve 6 clus/ vine pre blm This newsletter was made pssible with supprt frm the New Yrk Wine and Grape Fundatin, the J. M. Kaplan Fund, and USDA Federal Frmula funding thrugh the Crnell and New Yrk State Agricultural Experiment Statins. Veraisn t Harvest is a jint publicatin f: Crnell Enlgy Extensin Prgram Statewide Viticulture Extensin Prgram Lng Island Grape Prgram Finger Lakes Grape Prgram Lake Erie Reginal Grape Prgram Eastern New Yrk Fruit and Vegetable Prgram Cpyright 2011 Crnell University The infrmatin, including any advice r recmmendatins, cn-tained herein is based upn the research and experience f Crnell Cperative Extensin persnnel. While this infrmatin cnstitutes the best judgement/pinin f such persnnel at the time issued, neither Crnell Cperative Extensin nr any representative theref makes any representatin r warrantee, express r implied, f any particular result r applicatin f such infrmatin, r regarding any prduct. Users f any prduct are encuraged t read and fllw prduct-labeling instructins and check with the manu-facturer r supplier fr updated infrmatin. Nthing cntained in this infrmatin shuld be interpreted as an endrsement expressed r implied f any particular prduct. Page 8