UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY EFFECTS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON WINEGRAPE COMPOSITION S. KAAN KURTURAL COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SPECIALIST

Transcription

1 EFFECTS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON WINEGRAPE COMPOSITION S. KAAN KURTURAL COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SPECIALIST

2 Desirle Aspects Uniformly ripe fruit Sound fruit An undnce of flvor With correct composition Reches pek t idel time Avoiding inclement wether Winery logistics

3 Generl responses to elevted light nd temperture Berry growth Berry composition: Sugr Orgnic cids ph Anthocynins Phenolics Methoxypyrzines Monoterpenes Light / Temperture + / / - + / - - -

4 86 95 o F - Mny metolic processes slowed or hlted - Anthocynins 1. genetic repression 2. degrdtion o F - Inhiition of cron ssimiltion nd skin tissue formtion 77 o F Optiml dy temperture Temperture Thresholds of Vitis

5 Berry ntomy Flesh (pulp) Juice Hydroxycinnmtes Seed Skin Tnnins (itter tste) Flvn-3-ols Color pigments Tnnins (stringent, tctile senstions) Flvn-3-ols Flvonols

6 Berry development UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY

7 Why study tnnin composition, rther thn content? Red wine mouthfeel drivers?

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9 Cstellrin nd Mtthews, 2007 UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Where do they come from?

10 Anthocynins Berry: ttrctnt to nimls (i.e. seed dispersl) nd photoprotection Wine: visul perception, stility nd ge-ility of wine mtrix, nd ntioxidtive properties

11 Flvonols Photo-protection highly responsive to visile light nd U-V prticulrly UVB less cler regrding temperture studies show concentrtion not relily prlleled with erry skin mss Cofctor of co-pigmenttion in wine mtrix

12 Flvnols Monomeric Polymeric (condensed tnnins) Berry most undnt flvonoid clss ut elusive to EF deterrent towrds nimls Wine itterness nd stringency (seed vs. skin) criticl for wine mtrix stility nd ge-ility

13 Rdition Effects on Whole Cnopy Net Cnopy Pn ( m mol CO2/vine/s) % reflected 100% incident LLN#1 10 % trnsmitted LLN# PPFD (mmol/m 2 /s) Kurturl et l. 2003; Dmi et l. 2005; Kurturl et l. 2005; 2006 LLN#3 1% trnsmitted 0.1% trnsmitted

14 Irrigtion regimes Sustined Deficit Irrigtion (SDI) 80% ET c from loom to hrvest Regulted Deficit Irrigtion (RDI) 80% ET c from loom to fruit set, 50% ET c from fruit set to verison, 80% ET c from verison to hrvest Moving forwrd Clculting ET c

15 Irrigtion scheduling Et c =K c x ET o K c = crop coefficient Clculted y weekly shde estimtes Remotely sensed nd extrpolted from energy lnce models ET o = reference crop evpotrnspirtion ET c = cultivr specific evpotrnspirtion Strongly ffected y drought

16 Reference (ET) UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY K c x ET o = ET c ET o = reference evpotrnspirtion *Bsed on whet

17 Why use crop coefficient (K c )? * K c sed on cnopy development; chnges s seson progresses, only irrigting effective rooting zone *If no grpe K c used, overirrigting to full field cpcity the entire seson

18 How cn we relte this informtion to tctile nd tste senstion? Increse Tnnin Moleculr Size increse stringency/ chlky Sun et l, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61: Vidl et l, J Sci Food Agric. 2003, 83: Increse %ECG increse drying nd chlkiness Vidl et l, J Sci Food Agric. 2003, 83: Increse %EGC lower corseness Vidl et l, J Sci Food Agric. 2003, 83: Increse Color Incorportion less stringent Vidl et l, Anlytic Chimic Act. 2004, 513: 57-65

19 Light exposure nd pplied wter mounts Lef removl Pre-loom lef removl - reduced fruit set (yield control) - increse in skin mss - improved phenolic composition Post-fruit set lef removl - no reduction in fruit set - improved phenolic composition - erry sunurn n issue in wrm climte - overexposure to sunlight reduces phenolic composition - increse in totl solule solids Applied wter Deficit irrigtion - reduced erry size - reduction in vegettive growth - increse in nthocynin concentrtion - ccelerted ripening

20 Plnt Mteril nd Reserch Site Merlot (01)/Freedom Plnted in 1998 Locted in Merced County 80 cre reserch site 7 x 11 spcing (N-S) Whitney nd Rocklin Sndy-Lom soil Drip irrigted Hed trined nd cne pruned to sixcnes

21 Cnopy Architecture North Vlley Cne-Pruned UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY

22 UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Lef Removl Tretments Mechnicl Lef Plucker - Clemens EL-50 Conducted on Est side of cnopy Opened 50cm window in the fruiting zone Tkes two men, 14 minutes per row Tretments Control - No lef removl Pre-Bloom - Single ppliction prior to loom (EL-17) Post-Fruit Set - Single ppliction following fruit-set (EL-29)

23 Irrigtion Tretments Irrigtion hours - clculted sed on weekly CIMIS Et o UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Sustined Deficit Irrigtion (SDI) - control tretment - received 80% of Et c from loom to hrvest - dynmic grpe coefficient fctor (K c ) included - lef Y mintined t -1.2 Mp Regulted Deficit Irrigtion (RDI) - received 80% of Et c from loom to set nd from verison to hrvest - received 50% of Et c from set to verison - dynmic grpe coefficient fctor (K c ) included - lef Y mintined t -1.4 Mp

24 Results UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY

25 Celsius UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Dily Amient Temperture Mxim Numer of Dys > 32 o C > 37 o C Dys After Budrek

26 Irrigtion Tretment Difference: 0.34 ML/h Sesonl Wter Reltions 2013 UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY 35 Budrek - fruit-set Fruit-set - verison Verison - hrvest mm/week L/vine/week Dys After Budrek Green H 2 O SDI Et c (mm/week) RDI Et c (mm/week) SDI irrigtion pplied (L/vine/week) RDI irrigtion pplied (L/vine/week)

27 Sesonl Wter Reltions 2014 UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Budrek - fruit-set Fruit-set - verison Verison - hrvest mm/week L/vine/week Irrigtion Tretment Difference: 0.48 ML/h Dys After Budrek Green H 2 O SDI Et c (mm/week) RDI Et c (mm/week) SDI irrigtion pplied (L/vine/week) RDI irrigtion pplied (L/vine/week)

28 Mid-dy lef wter potentil UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY

29 Lef Lyer Numer UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Lef Lyer Numer c c Control c Pre- Bloom My 7-Jul 9-Aug 0 30-April 20-June 1-August

30 m 2 /m UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Control Functionl Lef Are/m Pre- Bloom Mechnicl Severity pprox. 20% reduction

31 % PAR Trnsmittnce Light Trnsmittnce UC DAVIS VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY Control Pre- Bloom c 0 3-My 7-Jul 9-Aug 0 30-April 20-June 1-August

32 Vegettive Compenstion Response criticl fctor in determining lsting effects of improved microclimte nd yield sttus response dependent on severity, timing, nd frequency of LR Pre-Bloom recovery response oserved ut incomplete mechnicl lower effect on incipient nd lterl shoot tips positive effects of defolition long lived Post-fruit set in 2013 vines re-filled soon fter defolition in 2014 recovery occurred ut remined more open due to cne pulling s oserved in previous studies

33 Yield components Lef removl Berry mss (g) Berry skin mss (mg) 2013 Yield (kg/m) Control Pre-loom Post-fruit set Pr>F ET c frction SDI RDI Pr>F LR ET c frction Lef removl 2014 Control Pre-loom Post-fruit set Pr>F ET c frction SDI RDI Pr>F LR ET c frction

34 Chemicl Composition

35 Fruit Composition TSS (%) Juice ph TA (g/l) Lef removl 2013 Control Pre-loom Post-fruit set Pr>F ns ns Deficit irrigtion SDI RDI Pr>F ns ns Lef removl 2014 Control Pre-loom Post-fruit set Pr>F ns ns ns Deficit irrigtion SDI RDI

36 Mechnicl lef removl effects on flvonoid composition (Merlot/Freedom) in mg/kg quercetin myricetin Totl skin nthocynin 2013 Astringency No lef removl Pre-loom Post-fruit set Pr>F No lef removl Pre-loom Post-fruit set Pr>F

37 Effect of pplied wter mounts on nthocynin composition in presence of lef removl Applied wter mount Less stle (%) More stle (%) Yer 1 Sustined deficit irrigtion Regulted deficit irrigtion Pr>F Yer 2 Sustined deficit irrigtion Regulted deficit irrigtion Pr>F

38 Effect of light exposure on skin nd seed tnnin concentrtion Control Pre loom Post fruit set

39 Effects of light exposure nd pplied wter on skin tnnin conversion yield Control Pre loom Post fruit set

40 Effects of light exposure nd pplied wter on skin tnnin on corseness Control Pre loom Post fruit set

41 Summry Pre-Bloom Lef Removl llowed incresed light filtrtion erlier in seson cnopy open throughout seson to 20% mient PAR promoted skin tissue formtion (cclimtion is key) mximum phenolic concentrtion without loss of yield Less skin tnnin, ut more stle nd less corse Post-Set Lef Removl often performed poorly, seemingly etter in 2014 ut loss of yield sudden increse in light nd temperture detrimentl to phenolic iosynthesis More tnnin concentrtion Suject to oxidtion Corser skin tnnin depressed skin tissue formtion

42 Summry Applied wter no effect on mjority of prmeters, direct nd positive compositionl shift towrds tri-oh nthocynins with RDI, yield my e reduced Applied wter No effect on tnnin content or composition Aility to pply less to reduce costs llows growers to reduce costs

43 Acknowledgements The Americn Vineyrd Foundtion L memers: Michel Cook, Cliff Yu, Geoffrey Dervishin, Clint Nelson, Andrew Beee, Andy Mendez, Nilgun Gorgec, Tiffny Gunduz, nd Yritz Aguirre