and cold hardiness in grape

Transcription

1 The Big Chill: bud dormancy and cold hardiness in grape Jason P. Londo United States Department of Agriculture: Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY Northern Grapes Webinar 12/8/2015

2 How does winter temperature influence grapevines? What is cold hardiness? What is dormancy? How do climate and genetics interact? Can we plan/breed for the future?

3 Vitis vinifera V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris Adapted to a Mediterranean Climate Cool/mild winters, warm dry summers Varieties with greatest hardiness survive until ~-22/-25 C

4 Vitis riparia Adapted to cold, harsh winters Survives temperatures until -35/-40 C But also cool, mild winters.

5 Vitis aestivalis Wild Grapevine Vitis cinerea Vitis rupestris Vitis riparia Vitis vulpina Vitis labrusca Vitis amurensis East Asia

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7 California and the West Mid-Atlantic and Northeast blog/study-va-md-vineyardsdead-by-2050/ Europe

8 Warmer Winters Changes in Temperature Patterns Changes in Precipitation Patterns

9 Polar Vortex!! Natural Occurrence, but more frequent NOAA

10 Environmental stress physiology and genetics Tissue differences; bud, phloem, xylem, cambium Genetic, physiological and mechanical defenses Impacts early, mid, and late season. Dormancy Frost Fall Winter Cold extremes Spring Budburst Frost

11 Dormancy Growth and Bud Development Auxin, Cytokinin, Giberrelin Paradormancy Hormonal Goffinet 2004 Photoperiod changes cold Endodormancy Molecular- Metabolic Goffinet 2004??? Warmth Growing Degree Days Ecodormancy Growth resumes Environmental Goffinet 2004

12 Acclimation, Dormancy, Midwinter Bud Hardiness, and Deacclimation Lethal Temperature Endodormancy Acclimation Maximum Hardiness Ecodormancy Deacclimation

13 Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing Goffinet /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm Ice which forms between cells is not typically lethal ~-5 C If temperatures continue to drop, ice may form inside the cell, or damage from dehydration becomes irreversible

14 Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing Goffinet /13f/pf13fp2p1.htm Mills et al 2006

15 Midwinter freezing, the difference between non-lethal and lethal freezing LT50 = -21 C Lethal Freezing Non-Lethal Freezing Temperature Mills et al 2006

16 Winters are not created equal Mild/Cool Winter No Freeze Damage Cold Punctuated Winter Extensive Damage Cold Sustained Winter Patchy Damage

17 Species are also, not created equal. Average LT50 Mid December-February aestivalis amurensis cinerea hybrid labrusca riparia rupestris vulpina Different species have different ability Winter conditions change how hardy any variety can be

18 Species are also, not created equal. Average LT50 Mid December-February aestivalis amurensis cinerea hybrid labrusca riparia rupestris vulpina

19 Tracking Bud Survival Nov 7-Dec 6-Jan 5-Feb 7-Mar 6-Apr Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 11-Apr Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar Temperature C The type of winter determines the extent of bud cold hardiness Vitis riparia Vitis amurensis Vitis hybrid

20 Tracking Bud Survival Nov 7-Dec 6-Jan 5-Feb 7-Mar 6-Apr Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 11-Apr Nov 12-Dec 11-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar Temperature C The type of winter determines the extent of bud cold hardiness Vitis riparia Vitis amurensis Vitis hybrid Buds do not gain maximum hardiness unless the winter conditions are severe. Assessing bud cold hardiness using LTE is location AND year dependent.

21 Cold hardiness variation in V. riparia Oct 22-Nov 22-Dec 21-Jan 20-Feb 22-Mar 21-Apr Oct 17-Nov 17-Dec 16-Jan 15-Feb 17-Mar 16-Apr different genotypes of V. riparia Temperature C Over 10 C range of variation at any point in the winter Varieties of both Northern and Southern riparia are very winter hardy (in NY) Varieties -32 C ; Montreal, Montana, Ontario, Illinois Varieties -32 C ; Manitoba, Quebec, Ontario, Minnesota, North Dakota, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Texas

22 Breaking Dormancy Buds require a specific number of hours of cool (not cold) temperatures = Chilling Hours Once enough chilling hours have occurred, buds are ready to grow, but require heat to do so = Heating Hours Different species and different cultivars have different Chilling Hours, and different Heating hours

23 Chilling hours Cold winters, mostly below 0 C Low chilling hours Buds measure length of winter Start tracking temperature below ~7 C Stop tracking temperature below freezing. Cool winters moderated by the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean High chilling hours Variable winters Fluctuating chilling hours Brent Wilson,

24 Chilling hours are different based on geography, due to climate differences Chilling hours accumulate between 0-7 C Temperatures above 7 C may rewind the clock Temperatures below 0 C are essentially invisible and the clock does not advance Chilling Hours Missouri New York South Dakota Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Chilling Hours Missouri New York South Dakota Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May

25 Chilling hours are different based on geography, due to climate differences Winter warming will tend to increase chilling hours in northern growing regions NY 1300 SD 900 MO 1500 Warm/Mild Winter Higher Chilling Hours NY 1100 SD 800 MO 1200 Cold Winter Lower Chilling Hours Missouri New York Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May South Dakota Missouri New York Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May South Dakota

26 Why would a mild vs. cold winter matter?

27 Chilling Hours in Geneva NY Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30 Mild/Cool Winter Cold Punctuated Winter Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr Cold Sustained Winter

28 Chilling Hours in Geneva NY Warm/Mild Winters are dangerous as vines are super-chilled and will burst early/faster in spring. Utah Chilling Hours Oct 1-Apr 30 Early Budburst 2012 Followed by frost event Late Budburst 2013/2014 No major frost event 0 Oct-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr

29 Chilling hours Chilling hours = 750 Riesling = Synchronous 50% Budburst at 4 wks Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous

30 Chilling hours Chilling hours = 750 Riesling = Synchronous 50% Budburst at 4 wks Increased chilling hours results in super-optimal chilling of vines, tighter flowering time, but more rapid spring budburst. Cabernet Sauvignon = Not Synchronous

31 Conserved response to chilling in wild grape All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Southern Different species (genotypes) have different chilling requirements. High chill-slow Moderate We can select specific germplasm to breed for these different traits Northern Low chill-rapid Chilling Hours

32 Conserved response to chilling in wild grape All species need chilling to synchronize budburst Southern Different species (genotypes) have different chilling requirements. We can select specific germplasm to breed for these different traits Northern It is possible to over-chill or provide super-optimal chilling. This makes buds more synchronous and break bud faster. Chilling Hours

33 Variation in response to chilling and super-optimal chilling within 43 wild grape genotypes of V. riparia If wild riparia is used in breeding programs for cold hardy Hybrid grapes, it may be beneficial to select southern material to avoid inadvertently breeding for rapid budburst Days needed for Budburst Northern Southern Another alternative may be to breed with non-riparia species, but hardiness needs to be tested in Northern Plains Hours of chilling at 4 C

34 What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? Chilling hours determines budburst synchronicity, and budburst speed Need to use low chill varieties for the Northern growing regions for budburst and synchronous flowering Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May However, these varieties are also the most at risk of super-optimal chilling and frost, particularly in the Midwest and Northeast. Missouri New York South Dakota

35 What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? Chilling Hour Requirements Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch Missouri/New York Synchronized Synchronized and over-chilled Synchronized and over-chilled Synchronized and over-chilled Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

36 What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? Chilling Hour Requirements Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch South Dakota Desynchronized Synchronized if late spring Synchronized Synchronized and over-chilled Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

37 What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? V. riparia based hybrids are likely to also be at risk to spring frost due to low chill phenotypes. Marquette? Frontenac? St. Croix? Others? Vitis riparia chilling Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

38 What does this mean for grape production and for new cultivars? Range of wild Vitis chilling However, lots of variation in chilling hours if you use additional wild species in breeding programs. Breeding for a warmer, but less stable, future Vitis riparia chilling Cabernet Sauvignon Concord Cabernet Franc, Riesling Marechel Foch Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

39 Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota Projected minimum temperature increase by New York South Dakota Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

40 Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota New York South Dakota Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

41 Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota New York + 2 C New York has delayed chilling in Fall, but increased chilling by spring South Dakota + 2 C South Dakota has little effect in Fall, but increased chilling by spring Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

42 Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota New York + 2 C hours more South Dakota + 2 C 249 hours more For every 100 hours of chilling, can predict an increased budburst rate of ~1.3 days, or 31 hours Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

43 Projected effect of 2 C increase in hourly temperature on Chilling hours in New York and South Dakota New York + 2 C average of 5.17 days faster South Dakota + 2 C average of 3.2 days faster For every 100 hours of chilling, can predict an increased budburst rate of ~1.3 days, or 31 hours Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr

44 Looking Ahead. Predicted Warm Winter

45 Conclusions Winter extremes are more likely to happen with a warmer pole and weakened trade wind system, so bud hardiness must be retained for acute cold. Not foolproof Warmer winters may over-chill grapevines in Northern growing regions, increasing risk for frost event damage.

46 Conclusions Acclimation, midwinter hardiness, dormancy, and budburst are complex phenotypes in grape and differences are driven by both genetics, and geography/climate. Need to select for both midwinter survival, and chilling hour phenotypes based on climate. Endodormancy Ecodormancy

47 Conclusions Maximal hardiness is determined by the type of winter This means damage from severe midwinter cold events are very difficult to prevent. Cultivar choice helps, but is not possible to prevent all damage. All wild species have potential in breeding.

48 Conclusions Chilling hours and dormancy level along with spring temperatures determines frost risk. This risk is different based on geography Sep 7-Nov 27-Dec 15-Feb 6-Apr 26-May Missouri New York South Dakota

49 Conclusions Climate change is projected to result in warmer, northern winters. This will increase chilling hour accumulation, leading to super-optimal chilling of all varieties. Hybrid varieties with low chill pedigrees may be at higher risk to frost damage due to the combination of genetics and climate changes Oct 31-Oct 30-Nov 30-Dec 29-Jan 28-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr NY Warm NY SD Warm SD V. riparia and V. amurensis based hybrids at highest risk, but must be evaluated at multiple locations Breeding programs shouldn t be afraid of trying southern species.

50 Questions? USDA Kathleen Deys Jacquelyn Lillis Nancy Consolie Bill Srmack John Keeton Bob Martens Greg Noden Cornell Alisson Kovaleski Bruce Reisch Bill Wilsey Tim Martinson Chrislyn Particka Beth Takacs Steve Luce Lynn Johnson Anne Fennell - SDSU Michela Centinari Penn State