European Grapevine Moth Lobesia botrana
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1 European Grapevine Moth Lobesia botrana Monica L. Cooper UC Cooperative Extension, Napa Viticulture Farm Advisor February 3 & 4, 2011 Jack K Clark Jack K Clark
2 Distribution of Lobesia botrana Sep 2009: Napa Origin: Italy 2008 Adapted from Distribution Maps of Pests, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology (1974) with additions of subsequent findings.
3 Regulatory program Ag Commissioners, CDFA, USDA Monitoring All grape-growing regions 16 to 25 traps per square mile Mar-Oct Quarantine 5 mile radius around detections restricted movement plant material and machinery Compliance agreements: Grower, Harvester, Hauler, Nursery, Receiver, Green Waste Transporter
4 Males trapped by County and by Flight* (2010) Napa Sonoma Solano Monterey Mendocino Fresno Merced San Joaquin Santa Cruz Santa Clara 99, , , ,068 4,965 1,514 1,594 8, ,733 3, st flight 2 nd flight 3 rd flight Total males trapped (2010) Total traps serviced at peak trapping * By flight is estimated because traps were serviced at minimum of 14 day intervals
5 Research and Education program University of California, CDFA, USDA Identification Articles, Handouts, Presentations, UC IPM website Other vineyard tortricids Monitoring Commercial pheromone lures Evaluate bait traps Biology Traps and field surveys Alternate host surveys Management Insecticide trials Mating disruption Beneficial insects Website: Newsletter:
6 Identification and Biology Monica Cooper
7 Life cycle Adult (Moth) eggs per Egg Monica Cooper
8 Eggs change color as they develop White (freshly laid) Yellow (developing) Orange Black cap Hatch: 15-20%
9 Life cycle Adult (Moth) eggs per Egg Larva (caterpillar) Monica Cooper Jack Kelly Clark
10 Larva is the damaging life stage; Larval health determines adult fitness. 5 larval instars Monica Cooper Monica Cooper
11 Life cycle Adult (Moth) Pupa Egg Jack Kelly Clark Larva (caterpillar) Monica Cooper Jack Kelly Clark
12 Life cycle Egg Generation: to Adult Monica Cooper Monica Cooper 3 generations per year in Napa: Spring Summer Summer/Fall
13 Spring 1st generation pre-bloom to berry set Feb 22 May 31 Monica Cooper Monica Cooper
14 Spring 1st generation pre-bloom to berry set Feb 22 May 31 Monica Cooper Monica Cooper
15 1st generation pre-bloom to berry set Full bloom is easy time to scout Feb 22 May 31 Monica Cooper
16 Summer 2nd generation Pea-sized berry to veraison Jun 10 Aug 6 Javier Saénz Zangheri et al. 1992
17 Summer 2nd generation Pea-sized berry to veraison Jun 10 Aug 6 Monica Cooper Monica Cooper
18 3rd generation Post-veraison to post-harvest Aug 12 Nov 3 Do we have photos? Difficult time to treat: Larvae are inside berries; Crop damage extensive 3 rd generation: Mating disruption Insecticides? target eggs LuciaVarela
19 Winter harvest to bud break Pupa (diapause) Triggered by long nights (>10.75 hours) Withstand cold temperatures LT 50 in degrees C Non-diapausing Diapausing Male Female JK Clark JK Clark
20 Host Monitoring (2010) Monica Cooper
21 Main hosts: V. vinifera Daphne gnidium Daphne gnidium Secondary hosts: Olive Blackberry Gooseberry Black & Red currant Cherry Prune Persimmon Kiwi Pomegranate JF Gaffard
22 Olive flowers may host larvae in the spring. Olive fruit is not a host Olive hosted % of grape populations Monica Cooper
23 Alternate Host Survey Greg Simmons Napa River (Rutherford to Oakville) 3 rd Ave (John s Creek) May, June, August, September Total number inspected Blackberry flowers and fruit: 2,125 Wild grape flowers and fruit: 2,991 Plums: 1,511 Elderberry fruit: 1,115 Rose hips: 30
24 Alternate Host Survey Greg Simmons Napa River (Rutherford to Oakville) 3 rd Ave (John s Creek) May, June, August, September Total number inspected Blackberry flowers and fruit: 2,125 No Eggs Wild grape flowers and fruit: 2,991 Plums: 1,511 Elderberry fruit: 1,115 Rose hips: 30 No Larvae No pupae of Lobesia botrana One non-target larva in plum
25 Management Insecticide trials Mating disruption Beneficial insects Website: Newsletter:
26 Insecticides Ovicide: apply to plant before egg is laid Larvicide: most effective against young larvae
27
28 Insecticide Trials (2010) Large plot trials: Grower applied Small plot trials: Backpack applied
29 Insecticide Summary Very effective products on the market Reported to be minimally disruptive to natural enemies Be aware of resistance issues (rotate products) Explore use of larvicides, rather than relying on ovicides
30 Treatment summary: 1 st generation: Feb 22-May 31 At egg hatch Conventional products: One application Organic products: 2-3 applications 2 nd generation: Jun 10-Aug 6 Conventional products: One application Ovicides: 3-5 days after 1 st moth caught Larvicides: egg hatch (~14 days after 1 st moth caught) Organic products: 2 applications at egg hatch 3 rd generation: Aug 12-Sep 30 Conventional: Ovicides at peak flight (Peak egg-laying); days after 1 st moth caught Mating disruption
31 Biological Control Egg parasite: Trichogramma sp. Larva parasite: Tachnid fly Phytomyptera nigrina Pupa parasites: Campoplex capitator Dicaelotus infexus (Ichnemonidae) JK Clark Dibrachys cavus Dibrachus affinis (Pteromalidae)
32 Parasitism of OT and OLR larvae in Napa & Sonoma Counties Webbing produced by OLR larva Dead OLR larva (killed by parasitoid) Pupal case of the parasitic wasp, a species of Braconid
33 Mating Disruption 200 dispensers per acre $100 per acre Area-wide program Low populations Main effect: delayed mating reproductive output 1 mated at 1 day: 150 viable eggs mated at 16 days: 22 viable eggs reproductive efficiency 1 1 day: 16 eggs per mg body weight 16 days: 2 eggs per mg body weight Pacific Biocontrol Corporation Shin-Etsu Fine Chemicals Division 1 Tores-Vila et al Bulletin of Entomological Research. 92:
34 Mating Disruption Inversely density dependent: becomes increasingly effective as insect populations become smaller Insecticides Density independent: kill same proportion of insects regardless of how many are present in an area Pacific Biocontrol Corporation Shin-Etsu Fine Chemicals Division
35 Use of Pheromone Traps Jack K Clark
36 Sticky traps with pheromone lures used to monitor male flight Craig Graffin
37 Pheromone traps Start trapping 2 weeks before budbreak At least one trap for every 10 acres Check once per week from bud break to harvest Lure manufacturers: Alpha Scents Suterra Trece
38 Males in traps generally retain their color Craig Graffin
39 Bait traps vs. Pheromone traps Food attractant vs. Sex attractant Apple juice No preservatives (no Vitamin C) Molasses + Wine + Vinegar Bait traps capture 1/5 of what pheromone traps catch Bait traps work better in warmer weather Equivalent to pheromone traps for following a flight, but pheromone traps are better for following population levels Likely remain experimental/research tool in 2011.
40 The Year in Review: European Grapevine Moth Lobesia botrana Jack K Clark Jack K Clark
41 The Year in Review 10 California counties affected 3 generations per year Spring: pre-bloom to berry set Summer: pea-sized berry to veraison Summer/Fall: post-veraison to post-harvest Olive flower: host 1 st generation high population pressure No populations found (yet) in Riparian hosts Pheromone traps: excellent monitoring tool; high densities and without mating disruption; one trap per 10 acres Bait traps: Apple juice, best and easiest to use, although bait traps remain a research tool
42 Lucia Varela, Rhonda Smith, Jack Kelly Clark Acknowledgments Emily Smith, Molly Fanto Collaborating growers Napa County Ag Commissioner Martin Mochizuki NVG, NCFB, NVV CDFA, USDA Dow AgroSciences, DuPont, Valent Corporation, Wilbur Ellis (Ag Supply in St Helena) Pacific Biocontrol, Suterra, Alpha Scents, Trece Napa County grape growers and vintners
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