Managing Trunk Diseases of Grapevine

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1 Managing Trunk Diseases of Grapevine Kendra Baumgartner Chris Wallis United States Department of Agriculture Dario Cantu Mark Lubell David Doll Themis Michailides Philippe Rolshausen University of California Jonathan Kaplan California State University Mizuho Nita Virginia Tech

2 GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Eutypa dieback Esca Phomopsis dieback Botryosphaeria dieback

3 GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Phaeomoniella chlamydospora Eutypa lata Phaeoacremonium minimum Neofusicoccum parvum Diplodia seriata Diaporthe ampelina Lasiodiplodia theobromae

4 Rain induces spore release and dispersal. Cold temperatures delay wound healing.

5 Eutypa dieback Esca Phomopsis dieback Botryosphaeria dieback

6 EUTYPA DIEBACK Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

7 EUTYPA DIEBACK Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

8 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

9 ESCA (AKA MEASLES) Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

10 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

11 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

12 Botryosphaeria dieback Eutypa dieback Phomopsis dieback Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

13 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

14 DISEASE INCIDENCE INCREASES WITH VINEYARD AGE Preventative practices 75% of vines are symptomatic % of vines are symptomatic Post-infection practices Years From Duthie et al (Colombard vineyards ranging from 5 to 34 years)

15

16 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

17 Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

18 Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

19

20 SCENARIO 1 YOUNG VINEYARD (3 TO 5-YRS-OLD) DISEASE INCIDENCE IS LOW TO NON-EXISTENT

21 Delayed Pruning PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES Double Pruning Protectants December January February March 1 st pass in December, 2 nd pass in March Topsin, Rally, B-Lock, Vitiseal

22 Petzold et al Pruning wound susceptibility to Eutypa dieback. High spores December Low spores No spores Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

23 February High spores Low spores Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst. No spores

24 March

25 December February March VINEYARD ACREAGE IN CALIFORNIA ~900K ACRES HIGH COST OF PRUNING FEWER SKILLED LABORERS IN MARCH ALTERNATIVES TO DELAYED PRUNING: DOUBLE PRUNING PRUNING-WOUND PROTECTANTS

26

27 PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES Pruning-wound protectants -Topsin M (thiophanate-methyl) -Rally (myclobutanil) -B-lock (boron) -Vitiseal *Apply before rain, which induces spore production/dispersal.

28 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $0 -$10,000 -$20,000 -$30,000 -$40,000 -$50,000 CUMULATIVE NET RETURNS WITH TOPSIN (50% disease control efficacy) Healthy Vineyard Infected Vineyard Year 3 Year 5 Year 10 $50, Vineyard Age $42,282 $12,784 $5,787 -$19,624 -$39,662

29 LAST YEAR THAT ANNUAL NET RETURNS ARE POSITIVE (out of 25 years total) Delayed Pruning Double Pruning Topsin 25% effective Year Year Year % effective Year Year Year % effective Year Year Year

30 SCENARIO 2 MATURE VINEYARD (10-YRS-OLD) DISEASE INCIDENCE IS LOW (20%) SYMPTOMATIC VINES POST-INFECTION PRACTICES ENTIRE VINEYARD PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES

31 POST-INFECTION PRACTICES Vine surgery Sanitation Replanting Retrain cordon Retrain trunk Cut out infected spurs and cordons Replant rows or Sections of vineyard

32 Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

33 Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

34 1. Basal buds push into new shoots at base of trunk 2. Trunk sucker is trained up trellis system 3. Old vine kept in place for 1-2 yrs. OR 1. Old vine cut at base 2. Basal buds push into new shoots at base of trunk 3. Trunk sucker is trained up trellis system Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

35 Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

36

37 Photo by Renaud Travadon, UC Davis

38 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

39 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

40 Photo by Mark Sosnowski, So. Australian Research & Dev. Inst.

41 SCENARIO 3 MATURE VINEYARD (15-YRS-OLD) DISEASE INCIDENCE IS HIGH (75%) ALL VINES RETRAIN TRUNK AND/OR REPLANT ROWS

42 POST-INFECTION PRACTICES Vine surgery Sanitation Replanting Retrain cordon Retrain trunk Cut out infected spurs and cordons Replant rows or Sections of vineyard

43 Delayed Pruning PREVENTATIVE PRACTICES Double Pruning Protectants December January February March 1 st pass in December, 2 nd pass in March Topsin, Rally, B-Lock, Vitiseal

44 Specialty Crop Research Initiative USDA, National Institute of Food & Agriculture American Vineyard Foundation California Table Grape Commission treeandvinetrunkdiseases.org

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