Biofumigant effect of defatted seed meals against the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

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1 Giovanna Curto 1, Elisabetta Dallavalle 2, Roberto Matteo 2, Luca Lazzeri 3 Biofumigant effect of defatted seed meals against the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita 1 Plant Protection Service Emilia-Romagna Region, Via di Saliceto 81, Bologna, Italy gcurto@regione.emilia-romagna.it 2 Private Consultant, Bologna, Italy Direzione generale agricoltura Servizio fitosanitario 3 Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN) via di Corticella, 133, Bologna, Italy Harper Adams University (UK), 9-12 September 2014

2 MATERIALS and METHODS Location: Bologna, Northern Italy, 30'27"00 N; 11 21'5"04 E; 54 m a.s.l. Greenhouse: at 22 ± 2 C with 12 h photoperiod of autoclaved sandy- Pots: containing 500 cm 3 loamy soil Experimental design: randomized complete block, 15 repetitions for each thesis

3 MATERIALS and METHODS Four experiments at different J2 inoculum Exp. 1 = 30 J2 100 cm -3 soil (14 thesis + UTC) Exp. 2 = 120 J2 100 cm -3 soil (12 thesis + UTC) Exp. 3 = 250 J2 100 cm -3 soil (7 thesis + UTC) Exp.4 = 1000 J2 100 cm -3 soil (7 thesis + UTC)

4 MATERIALS and METHODS Treatments Untreated control Barbarea verna Brassica carinata cv. ISCI7 Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea var. acephala od 74 Brassica rapa cv. Silla Brassica tourneforti Crambe abyssinica cv. Mario Eruca sativa cv. Nemat Lepidium densiflorum Lepidium sativum Raphanus sativus cv. Boss Rapistrum rugosum Sinapis alba Helianthus annuus Treatment dose: 0.9 g DSM = 2.5 ton ha -1 (dose commonly applied in the field) in all 15 pots for each treatment. Seedling transplant: After 7 days from the DSM application, 1 seedling of Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. UC82 was transplanted into 9 pots for each treatment. Tomato cultivation: The tomatoes were grown in the greenhouse for about 3 weeks.

5 MATERIALS and METHODS SOIL ASSESSMENT J2 100 cm - 3 extraction from soil After 7 days from the DSM application, M. incognita J2 were extracted from the soil of 6 pots for each treatment. Abbott's formula calculation Percentage of effectiveness compared to the untreated control Where : n = J2 100 cm - 3 (infective juveniles population), T = treated, Co = control Reference: Abbott, W.S. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol.; 18 :

6 MATERIALS and METHODS ROOT ASSESSMENT Gall Index weighted average of root infestation rated according to a 0 5 scale (Lamberti, 1971): 0 = no galls (healthy plant), 1 = 1 5 galls (very light damage), 2 = 6 20 galls (moderate damage), 3 = more than 20 galls (medium damage), 4 = root system reduced and root physiology altered by some large galls, 5 = root system completely destroyed.

7 MATERIALS and METHODS PLANT ASSESSMENT Vigour The plant vigour was assessed after 3 weeks before the emergence of the new generation of nematodes. Vigour was rated using 0 5 classes, whose range was calculated in each trial by dividing 5 by the difference in height between the tallest and the shortest plant.

8 RESULTS Abbott DSM effectiveness at 30 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum Eruca sativa Sinapis alba Crambe abyssinica Treatment Lepidium densiflorum Lepidium sativum Abbott (%) 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a Brassica nigra 99 ab Raphanus sativus cv. Boss 96 ab Rapistrum rugosum 95 ab Brassica carinata 93 bc Brassica rapa cv. Silla 88 cd Helianthus annuus 88 cd Brassica oleracea var. acephala 83 de Brassica tourneforti 82 de Barbarea verna 79 e F **

9 RESULTS Gall index and vigour at 30 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum

10 RESULTS Abbott DSM effectiveness at 120 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum Treatment Eruca sativa Barbarea verna Brassica carinata Brassica oleracea var. acephala Brassica rapa cv.silla Rapistrum rugosum Sinapis alba Raphanus sativus cv. Boss Helianthus annuus Crambe abyssinica Lepidium densiflorum Abbott (%) 99 a 98 a 97 a 96 a 95 a 94 a 90 a 90 a 87 a 80 a -334 b F **

11 RESULTS Gall index and vigour at 120 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum

12 RESULTS Abbott DSM effectiveness at 250 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum Treatment Brassica nigra Barbarea verna Eruca sativa Raphanus sativus cv. Boss Brassica carinata Sinapis alba Helianthus annuus Abbott (%) 100 a 100 a 99 a 98 a 98 a 81 b 63 c F **

13 RESULTS Gall index and vigour at 250 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum

14 RESULTS Abbott DSM effectiveness at 1000 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum Treatment Barbarea verna Eruca sativa Brassica nigra Brassica carinata Raphanus sativus cv. Boss Sinapis alba Helianthus annuus Abbott (%) 100 a 99 a 96 ab 91 ab 88 b 77 c 63 d F **

15 RESULTS Gall index and vigour at 1000 J2 100 cm -3 inoculum

16 DISCUSSION 1. All the DSMs, except Lepidium spp., decreased the infestation of M. incognita in soil particularly with the lowest J2 inoculum. 1. The best results both in decreasing the nematode infestation and in increasing the vegetative vigour, were achieved by the DSM of E. sativa cv. Nemat, B. verna and B. nigra. 1. In the experiment with the lowest inoculum (30 J2 100 cm -3 of soil) other accessions were found to be effective and soil improvers such B. oleracea var. acephala as were S. alba and R. sativus cv. Boss. 1. R. sativus cv. Boss was also effective against 250 J2 100 cm -3 of soil, but not with 1000 J2 100 cm -3 of soil. 1. All the other evaluated accessions gave intermediate results. 1. Sunflower and Lepidium spp. DSMs did not show any nematicidal effects and even the vigour was not remarkable, in spite of the organic matter supply, and not so different from the untreated control.

17 CONCLUSION High effectiveness and amendment power of DSMs of : E. sativa cv. Nemat at every M. incognita inoculum level, S. alba and R. sativus cv. Boss at the low-medium nematode density in the soil, B. verna and B. nigra at different J2 inocula

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