Effects of seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar on barley malt quality
|
|
- Homer Fisher
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Research Article Received: 28 October 2011 Revised: 29 February 2012 Accepted article published: 5 March 2012 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 23 April 2012 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI /jsfa.5687 Effects of seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar on barley malt quality Michael J Edney, a John T O Donovan, b T Kelly Turkington, b George W Clayton, c Ross McKenzie, d Pat Juskiw, e Guy P Lafond, f Stewart Brandt, g Cynthia A Grant, h K Neil Harker, b Eric Johnson g and William May f Abstract BACKGROUND: Crop management tools have been shown to affect barley kernel size and grain protein content, but the direct effect on malt quality is not well understood. The present study investigated the effect of seeding rate, nitrogen fertilisation and cultivar on malt quality. RESULTS: Higher seeding rates produced barley with less grain protein and smaller, more uniformly sized kernels. The small, uniformly sized kernels modified more completely, leading to malt with higher extract and lower wort β-glucan than malt from low-seeding-rate barley. Increasing rates of nitrogen fertilisation caused grain protein levels to increase, which limited endosperm modification and reduced malt extract levels. AC Metcalfe showed better modification and higher malt extract than CDC Copeland, but CDC Copeland had better protein modification at higher fertilisation rates, which resulted in less reduction of malt extract as nitrogen rate increased. CONCLUSION: Higher seeding rates reduced kernel size and grain protein levels without compromising malt extract owing to better endosperm modification of the more uniformly sized kernels. Negative effects of higher nitrogen rates on malt quality can be reduced through development of cultivars with improved ability to modify protein during malting. c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Keywords: endosperm modification; friability; germination index; grain protein; kernel size variability 2672 INTRODUCTION Western Canada is an important producer of high-quality malting barley, but on average less than 25% of annual production is selected for malting. The short growing season with limited precipitation and hot temperatures leads to a quality malt with high levels of starch-degrading enzymes and free amino acids, but conditions can restrict barley from achieving strict malt barley specifications. The short growing season limits kernel filling, leading to lower kernel plumpness, while inadequate precipitation and hot temperatures produce high levels of grain protein. 1,2 The strict specifications ensure the barley processes efficiently in the malthouse and brewery, leading to the maximum amount of beer possible. Malt extract, the malt quality parameter traditionally used to predict beer production, is maximised by processing plump barley with minimum levels of grain protein. The high levels of starch associated with plump, low-protein barley increase malt extract, but the barley endosperm must still be well modified to realise that extract potential. Endosperm modification is a physical change characterised by breakdown of the β-glucan in cell walls and the protein matrix entrenched among the starch granules and cell walls. 3 The walls must be degraded to allow starch-degrading enzymes eventual access to starch granules and release the sugars that contribute to malt extract. 4 More importantly, the β-glucan must be broken down to prevent Correspondence to: Michael J Edney, GRL 1050, Grain Research Laboratory, Main Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 3G8, Canada. michael.edney@grainscanada.gc.ca a Grain Research Laboratory, Main Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 3G8, Canada b Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1 W1, Canada c Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada d AlbertaAgricultureandRuralDevelopment, 54011stAvenueSouth, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4V6, Canada e Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, th Street, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1 W8, Canada f AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada, IndianHeadResearchFarm, Box760, Indian Head, SK, S0G 2K0, Canada g Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Scott Research Farm, PO Box 10, Scott, SK, S0K 4A0, Canada h Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research Centre, PO Box 1000A, Brandon, MB, R7A 5Y3, Canada J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92: c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
2 Effects of seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar on barley malt quality problems in the brewery such as slow wort and beer filtration times and poor fermentation. 5,6 Protein must also be hydrolysed to allow access to the granules and in addition release the free amino acids essential for fermentation. Endosperm modification can be restricted in plump barley, because large kernels take water up more slowly 3 and contain higher levels of grain β-glucan. 7 Modification can also be restricted in grain with higher levels of protein owing to slow water uptake and uneven processing. 3,8 Kernel plumpness and grain protein levels are affected by crop management practices such as seeding rate, nitrogen fertilisation rate and cultivar selection. Higher seeding rates reduce kernel plumpness and, although grain protein level is also reduced, it is generally accepted that a lower malt extract level will result. 9 Higher seeding rates, however, also reduce variability in kernel size, 10,11 which can result in a more consistent endosperm modification. 12 Increasing the nitrogen fertiliser rate, necessary for maximum barley yields, results in higher grain protein levels, thinner kernels and greater variability in kernel size. 10 Acceptable levels of barley protein have been achieved at high fertilisation rates with breeding lines, but malt extract levels decreased significantly. 2 Commercial barley cultivars also differ in their response to nitrogen fertilization, as seen with CDC Copeland and AC Metcalfe, 10 but effects on malt quality are not well understood. Crop management studies for barley seldom determine malt quality directly owing to the expense and time requirements for malting and malt analysis. Comments on malt quality tend to be extrapolated from barley data or based on previous experiences. The present study, an extension of our previous publication that reported on effects of crop management on barley quality, 10 investigated malt quality directly. The study investigated seeding rates, nitrogen fertilisation rates, differences between two commonly grown Canadian malting cultivars and interactions among these treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant materials and treatments An experiment was conducted at multiple sites over four years to determine the effects of seeding rate, nitrogen rate and barley variety on malt quality. A factorial combination of seeding rate (200 and 400 seeds m 2 ), nitrogen rate (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha 1 actual nitrogen) and barley cultivar (AC Metcalfe 13 and CDC Copeland 14 ) was randomised in a complete block with four replicates. The nitrogen, applied as urea (46-0-0) at seeding time, was banded to the side of and below the seed. Field experiments were conducted under no-tillage management at Fort Vermilion, AB (58 24 N, W), Beaverlodge, AB (55 11 N, W), Lacombe, AB (52 28 N, W), Lethbridge, AB (49 41 N, W), Canora, SK (51 63 N, W), Scott, SK (52 21 N, W), Indian Head, SK (50 32 N, W) and Brandon, MB (49 50 N, W), Canada between 2005 and Details of field operations and soil types were described previously. 10 Barley grain analyses Analyses of grain protein, germination energy and water sensitivity were performed according to the standard methods of the American Society of Brewing Chemists. 15 The present study used percentage germination under 8 ml conditions as an indication of water sensitivity rather than the official use of the difference between the 8 and 4 ml tests. Germination index was calculated from germinative energy results according to Riis and Bang- Olsen. 16 A Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS 1400, Perten Instruments, Springfield, IL, USA) was used to measure kernel weight, diameter and hardness. 17 The system calculated averages for weight, diameter and hardness of 300 barley kernels together with their respective standard deviations, the latter being used as an indicator of kernel uniformity. Micromalting process and malt analyses Barley samples from all growing locations were tested for plumpness, germinative energy and protein content to determine suitability for malting. Constraints on capacity for malting and quality analysis limited the number of locations that could be malted and analysed each year. Selection of locations was based on barley quality (grain protein and germination). Barley from a total of 16 location/years was malted. Barley from two locations (Beaverlodge and Scott) was only malted from one year. Barley from all other locations was selected for multiple years. The number of replicates malted for each selected location/year varied but generally was greater than two. A total of 39 replicates spread across the 16 location/years were malted (780 samples). Only plump barley (>2.38 mm slotted sieve) was malted in a Phoenix Automated Micromalting machine (Adelaide, SA, Australia) using the following malting schedule: steeping (8 h wet,16 h air, 8 h wet, 12 h air at 13 C), germination (96 h at 15 C) andkilning(12 hat55 C,6 hat65 C,2 hat75 C,4 hat85 C 24h total). Steep-out moisture was calculated from the difference in weight between dry matter barley and steeped-out barley. Malt analyses included: (1) malt extract (fine grind), a measurement of the solubility of malt that indicates a malt s beer production potential; (2) Kolbach index, the ratio of soluble to total malt protein that indicates the extent of protein modification;(3) wort β- glucan, an indicator of the extent to which cell walls were degraded during malting; (4) diastatic power and α-amylase, enzymes that produce fermentable sugars from malt starch during mashing, the first phase of brewing. Analyses were performed according to the standard methods of the American Society of Brewing Chemists. 15 Malt modification and homogeneity of modification were assayed with both the friability method 15 and the Calcofluor staining method. 18 Statistical model and analyses Data were analysed using PROC MIXED of SAS. 19 Seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar were considered fixed effects. Location by year combinations (environments) and their associated interactions with fixed effects were considered random effects, as were replicates within environments. Yang 20 suggests that in breeding and agronomic studies it may be more appropriate to consider year and location effects and their interactions with fixed effects as random, since the goal of most crop improvement programmes is to infer future performance at many untested locations. The large number of environments investigated in this study facilitated the use of this approach. Barley cultivar and seeding rate means were compared using Fisher s protected least significant difference (LSD) test. Contrast statements were used to test for linear and quadratic responses to nitrogen rate. The mixed model was used to obtain regression equations to describe relationships between nitrogen rate and dependent variables. All differences were deemed significant at α< J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92: c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa
3 MJ Edney et al. RESULTS The average quality of barley from the 16 location/years selected for malting was appropriate for end use malting. Average grain protein level (dry matter, DM) for all malted samples was 111 ± 15 g kg 1 (mean ± standard deviation). Average kernel plumpness was 928 ± 50 g kg 1. The average 4 day germination was 98± 2%. Barley showed some water sensitivity, but the average value (92 ± 9%) was well above the commercially acceptable level of 80%. Malts produced from barley grown at the 16 location/years were reasonably well modified, as indicated by low wort β-glucan levels (124 ± 90 mg L 1 ) and high Kolbach indices (42.7 ± 4.0%). Malts had good levels of malt extract (805 ± 11 g kg 1 )and starch-degrading enzymes, the latter indicated by diastatic power (132± 27 Lintner) and α-amylase (58.0± 11.0 dextrinising units). Effect of seeding rate Seeding rate affected several aspects of barley and malt quality (Tables 1 and 2). Barley grown at the high seeding rate had lower levels of grain protein, greater potential for a rapid initiation to germination (germination index) and higher steep-out moistures (Table 3). Malts produced from high-seeding-rate barley had better endosperm modification, as indicated by lower levels of wort β- glucan, 112 vs 143 mg L 1, higher Kolbach indices, 42.9 vs 42.0%, and higher values for both friability and Calcofluor. Malts made from the high-seeding-rate barley showed slightly higher levels of malt extract, 806 vs 805 g kg 1 DM, but lower seeding rates resulted in higher malt yields, 921 vs 920 g kg 1. Levels of starchdegrading enzymes were similar between the two seeding rates, although malt from the high seeding rate had more α-amylase while malt from the low seeding rate had more diastatic power. Effect of nitrogen rate Increasing levels of nitrogen fertilisation affected nearly all aspects of malt processing and malt quality (Tables 1 and 2). Grain protein levels increased with increasing nitrogen rate, while germinative energy showed a parabolic relationship (Fig. 1). Germination index and steep-out moistures decreased with increasing nitrogen and, as a result, endosperm modification decreased, as indicated by increasing levels of wort β-glucan, lower Kolbach indices (Fig. 2) and lower values for both friability and Calcofluor (Fig. 3). Malt extract levels decreased with increasing levels of nitrogen (Fig. 4), but, as expected, levels of diastatic power and α-amylase increased (Fig. 2). Malt yields were unaffected by nitrogen rate. Table 1. P values from analysis of variance for fixed effects of barley cultivar, seeding rate and nitrogen rate on grain and malt processing variables Grain hardness Effect Barley protein Average Standard deviation Germinative energy Water sensitivity Germination index Steep-out moisture Malt yield Cultivar (C) <0.001 a < <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Seeding rate (S) < <0.001 < C S Nitrogen rate (N) < < < N linear < < < N quadratic < C N S N C S N Environment interaction b a Significant effects (P < 0.05) indicated in bold. b Variance associated with the effects of environment by treatment (fixed effects) interaction expressed as a percentage of the sum of the total variance associated with the effect of environment. All environment interactions were significant at P < Table 2. Effect P values from analysis of variance for fixed effects of barley cultivar, seeding rate and nitrogen rate on malt quality variables Malt extract Soluble protein Kolbach index Wort β-glucan Diastatic power α-amylase Friability modification Calcofluor modification Calcofluor homogeneity Cultivar (C) a <0.001 < <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 < Seeding rate (S) <0.001 <0.001 < <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 C S Nitrogen rate (N) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 N linear <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 N quadratic < <0.001 < < C N < S N C S N Environment interaction b ND c ND 2674 a,b See Table 1. c Not determined. wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92:
4 Effects of seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar on barley malt quality Table 3. Parameter Effect of seeding rate on grain and malt quality variables 200 seeds m seeds m 2 LSD (P < 0.05) Barley protein (g kg 1 DM) a 114 b Average grain hardness (SKCS units) Standard deviation grain hardness Germinative energy (%) Water sensitivity (%) c Germination index Steep-out moisture (g kg 1 ) Malt yield (g kg 1 ) Fine grind malt extract (g kg 1 DM) Soluble protein (g kg 1 DM) Kolbach index (%) Wort β-glucan (mg L 1 ) Diastatic power ( L) d α-amylase (DU) e Friability modification (%) Calcofluor modification (%) Calcofluor homogeneity (%) a DM, dry matter. b Pair means in bold differ significantly (P < 0.05). c Presented as % germination with 8 ml of water. d L, degrees Lintner. 15 e DU, dextrinising units. 15 Effect of cultivar Several aspects of barley and malt quality were affected by cultivar (Tables 1 and 2). CDC Copeland had lower protein than AC Metcalfe, 109 vs 116 g kg 1 DM, slightly better germinative energy, 98.2 vs 97.9%, and less water sensitivity, 94.2 vs 91.5% (Table 4). AC Metcalfe kernels initiated germination more rapidly, as indicated by higher germination indices, 7.37 vs 6.88, which contributed to higher steep-out moistures, 459 vs 456 g kg 1, even though AC Metcalfe had harder kernels, 56.6 vs 46.1 SKCS units. The endosperm of the two cultivars modified differently. Levels of wort β-glucan were similar on average between cultivars, but AC Metcalfe had better Calcofluor modification values, 93.8 vs 92.2%, a measurement of the pattern of β-glucan breakdown in contrast to absolute levels of this undesirable compound in wort. AC Metcalfe produced more soluble protein, 48.9 vs 47.6 g kg 1 DM, but the percentage of protein breakdown, as indicated by Kolbachindex,washigherinCDCCopeland,42.9vs42.1%,andCDC Copeland also had higher friability, 83.9 vs 76.3%, a parameter also associated with protein modification. AC Metcalfe malt produced a slightly higher level of malt extract, 806 vs 805 g kg 1 DM, but CDC Copeland had higher malt yield, 922 vs 919 g kg 1, or reduced losses during malting. AC Metcalfe had higher levels of diastatic power and α-amylase. An interaction of seeding rate by cultivar was observed for levels of wort β-glucan (Table 2). CDC Copeland had more wort β-glucan than AC Metcalfe at the low seeding rate but less wort β-glucan than AC Metcalfe at the high seeding rate (Table 5). Grain hardness also had a seeding rate by cultivar interaction, although grain protein was not affected. The hardness of AC Metcalfe kernels remained constant between seeding rates, while CDC Copeland had significantly softer kernels and higher malt extract at the higher seeding rate. An interaction between nitrogen rate and cultivar was detected for two aspects of malt quality (Table 2). The negative effect of nitrogen fertilisation on friability was more pronounced with AC Metcalfe than with CDC Copeland (Fig. 3). As a result, AC Metcalfe s advantage of higher levels of malt extract was slowly eroded with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilisation (Fig. 4). DISCUSSION Environment was a significant source of variance for most barley and malt parameters analysed (data not shown). However, the objective of the study was to determine how seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar affected malt quality, and not effects of environment on quality, which have been previously Figure 1. Effect of nitrogen rate on (A) grain protein, (B) germinative energy, (C) germination index and (D) steep-out moisture. Symbols represent data averaged over all environments. Lines were derived from regression coefficients as calculated with mixed model analysis J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92: c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa
5 MJ Edney et al. Figure 2. Effect of nitrogen rate on (A) wort β-glucan, (B) α-amylase, (C) Kolbach index and (D) diastatic power.symbols represent data averaged over all environments. Lines were derived from regression coefficients as calculated with mixed model analysis. Figure 3. Effect of nitrogen on (A) friability modification, (B) friability homogeneity, (C) Calcofluor modification and (D) Calcofluor homogeneity. Symbols represent data averaged over all environments. Lines were derived from regression coefficients as calculated with mixed model analysis documented. 1,2 Consistency of treatment effects across environments (locations/years) was a concern and was indicated by the percentage of environment variance associated with the sum of environment/treatment interactions (Tables 1 and 2). The percentage was low (<10%) for the malt processing parameters, germination index, steep-out moisture and malt yield but higher (15 20%) for barley parameters such as grain protein, grain hardness, germinative energy and water sensitivity (Table 1). The percentage for malt quality parameters averaged nearly 16%. All percentages of environment/treatment interaction variance were still relatively low compared with the overall variances associated with the environment, indicating that treatment effects were relatively consistent across environments. Seeding rates and nitrogen fertilisation rates are known to affect barley quality, but effects on malt quality have often only been surmised from the barley data. However, the endosperm modification so necessary for good malt quality is a complex process dependent on all aspects of barley quality, including their interactions. Malt quality, therefore, is best determined directly if wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92:
6 Effects of seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar on barley malt quality Figure 4. Effect of nitrogen rate on malt extract. Symbols represent data averaged over all environments. Lines were derived from regression coefficients as calculated with mixed model analysis. Table 4. Parameter Effect of barley cultivar on grain and malt quality variables AC Metcalfe CDC Copeland LSD (P < 0.05) Barley protein (g kg 1 DM) a 116 b Average grain hardness (SKCS units) Standard deviation grain hardness Germinative energy (%) Water sensitivity (%) c Germination index Steep-out moisture (g kg 1 ) Malt yield (g kg 1 ) Fine grind malt extract (g kg 1 DM) Soluble protein (g kg 1 DM) Kolbach index (%) Wort β-glucan (mg L 1 ) Diastatic power ( L) d α-amylase (DU) e Friability modification (%) Calcofluor modification (%) Calcofluor homogeneity (%) a e See Table 3. effects of crop management on end use quality are to be clearly demonstrated. Higher seeding rates for malting barley have not been recommended owing to poor barley plumpness and a perceived negative effect on malt extract. 9 The slight decrease in grain protein was not considered sufficient to overcome the negative effects of small kernels. However, recent studies showed a reduction in variability of kernel size as seeding rates increased, which improved malt quality. 12 In the present study, higher seeding rates produced barley with smaller but more uniformly sized kernels 10 that processed differently, with a quicker start to germination and higher steep-out moistures. This was expected, as smaller kernels are known to take water up at a greater rate than larger kernels. 3 The uniform kernel size also allowed barley grown at higher seeding rates to modify more uniformly, as indicated by better Calcofluor homogeneity. The result was higher malt extract levels, despite the smaller kernels, and lower levels of wort β-glucan. Therefore relatively high seeding rates can be used to grow malting barley with excellent malt potential. The necessity to reduce the rate of nitrogen fertilisation to achieve required grain protein levels, which compromises on yield, can be overcome with specific barley cultivars. Cultivars have been developed that produce lower grain protein, 2 but the ability to maintain acceptable malt quality under high fertilisation rates is not well understood. In the present study, higher rates of nitrogen led to increased grain protein and a consequent reduction in malt extract and endosperm modification. The two cultivars tested did behave differently, although differences were often subtle, as both cultivars had been developed to produce the high but narrow malt quality demanded by industry. CDC Copeland showed greater ability to resist the negative effects of increasing rates of nitrogen, as indicated by smaller reductions in friability and malt extract compared with AC Metcalfe. The two cultivars differed in their manner of endosperm modification. CDC Copeland showed better protein modification, as indicated by the higher levels of friability at all nitrogen levels. The enhanced protein modification of CDC Copeland was expected owing to specific breeding for high friability with this cultivar (BL Harvey, breeder of CDC Copeland, personal communication). AC Metcalfe showed better Calcofluor modification, indicating more complete modification of cell walls. In contrast to protein modification, Calcofluor showed no cultivar/nitrogen interaction, suggesting different constraints to cell wall versus protein breakdown. Kernel size appeared to be a greater restriction to cell wall breakdown, as indicated by the cultivar/seeding rate interaction on wort β-glucan. Breeding barley cultivars with better ability to break protein down during malting, and not necessarily β-glucan, could lead to cultivars with good malt quality potential, even at higher rates of nitrogen fertilisation. In conclusion, higher seeding rates resulted in barley that produced malt with good quality owing to smaller, more uniformly sized kernels and more complete endosperm modification. Better modification led to less wort β-glucan and good levels of malt extract despite the smaller kernels. Varieties responded differently to changing crop management, which affected malt quality owing to differences in protein modification. Negative effects on malt Table 5. Effects of interaction between barley cultivar and seeding rate (low, 200 seeds m 2 ; high, 400 seeds m 2 ) on kernel diameter, kernel hardness, wort β-glucan and malt extract Average kernel diameter (mm) Average grain hardness (SKCS units) Wort β-glucan (mg L 1 ) Maltextract(gkg 1 DM) Cultivar Low rate High rate Low rate High rate Low rate High rate Low rate High rate AC Metcalfe 2.56 a CDC Copeland a Seeding rate pairs in bold differ significantly (P < 0.05) J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92: c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa
7 MJ Edney et al. quality of higher nitrogen rates can be reduced by breeding and growing cultivars that achieve better protein modification during malting. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was funded by grants from the Alberta Barley Commission, the Canadian Wheat Board, RAHR Malting and the Matching Investment Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. The excellent technical assistance of the following is gratefully appreciated: Len Dushnicky, Jason Herman, Justin Highmoor, April Johnson, Anders Leung, Shirley Lowe, Marnie MacLean, Aaron MacLeod, Ashley Orr, Shawn Parsons, Mary Richardson and Mike Svistovski. REFERENCES 1 Therrien MC, Carmichael CA, Noll JS and Grant CA, Effect of fertilizer management, genotype, and environmental factors on some malting quality characteristics in barley. Can J Plant Sci 74: (1994). 2 Weston DT, Horsley RD, Schwarz PB and Goos RJ, Nitrogen and planting date effects on low-protein spring barley. Agron J 85: (1993). 3 Briggs DE, Hough JS, Stevens R and Young TW, Malting and Brewing Science, Vol. 1, Malt and Sweet Wort. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 42, 80, 121 (1981). 4 Palmer GH, Cereals in malting and brewing, in Cereal Science and Technology,ed.byPalmer GH.AberdeenUniversityPress,Aberdeen, pp (1989). 5 Crabb D and Bathgate GN, The influence of β-glucanase on efficiency ofwortseparation. JInstBrew79: (1973). 6 Edney MJ, Eglinton JK, Collins HM, Barr AR, Legge WG and Rossnagel BG, Importance of endosperm modification for malt wortfermentability. JInstBrew113: (2007). 7 Duijnhouwer IDC, Grashoff C and Angelino SAGF, Kernel filling and malting barley quality. Proc. European Brewing Convention, Oslo, pp (1993). 8 SheehyM,MarafiotiA,KrawecC,Löfqvist B and Stewart D, Active stack management actively undoing malt quality? Proc. 14th Australian Barley Technical Symposium, Brisbane, (2009). 9 McKenzie RH, Middleton AB and Bremer E, Fertilization, seeding date, and seeding rate for malting barley yield and quality in southern Alberta. Can J Plant Sci 85: (2005). 10 O Donovan JT, Turkington TK, Edney MJ, Clayton GW, McKenzie RH, Juskiw PE, et al, Seeding rate, nitrogen rate and cultivar effects on malting barley production. Agron J 103: (2011). 11 Wade A and Froment MA, Barley Quality and Grain Size Homogeneity for Malting, Vol. I, Agronomic Effects on Cultivars. Project Report #320. Home Grown Cereals Authority, Kenilworth (2003). 12 Muller R, Barley Quality and Grain Size Homogeneity for Malting, Vol. II, Assessment and Control. Project Report #320. Home Grown Cereals Authority, Kenilworth (2003). 13 Legge WG, Metcalfe DR, Haber S, Harder DE, Noll JS, Tekauz A, et al, ACMetcalfebarley. Can J Plant Sci 83: (2003). 14 CDC Copeland. [Online]. Available: english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bar/app e.shtml [28 February 2012]. 15 ASBC, Methods of Analysis (9th edn). American Society of Brewing Chemists, St Paul, MN (2004). 16 Riis P and Bang-Olsen KB, Germination profile a new term in barley analyses. Proc. European Brewing Convention, Lisbon, pp (1991). 17 Osborne BG and Anderssen RS, Single-kernel characterization principles and applications. Cereal Chem 80: (2003). 18 Aastrup S, Gibbons GC and Munk L, A rapid method for estimating the degree of modification in barley malt by measurement of cell wall breakdown. Carlsberg Res Commun 46:77 86 (1981). 19 SAS, SAS User Manual 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary, NC (2008). 20 Yang RC, Towards understanding and use of mixed model analysis of agriculturalexperiments. Can J Plant Sci 90: (2010) wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa c 2012 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada J Sci Food Agric 2012; 92:
Response of malting barley cultivars to increasing nitrogen rates in western Canada
Response of malting barley cultivars to increasing nitrogen rates in western Canada B.D. Tidemann J.T. O Donovan Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Collaborating Scientists Neil Harker and Kelly
More informationCMBTC 2017 Crop MALTING BARLEY QUALITY ASSESSMENT Preliminary Report
CMBTC 2017 Crop MALTING BARLEY QUALITY ASSESSMENT Preliminary Report Introduction This report contains results of the Canadian Malting Barley Technical Centre (CMBTC) 2017 new crop quality evaluation conducted
More informationEvaluation of the Malting and Brewing Performance of the New Canadian Malting Barley Variety Norman
Evaluation of the Malting and Brewing Performance of the New Canadian Malting Barley Variety Norman Summary Malting Performance Water Uptake Good Chitting at end of Steep Good Acrospire Growth Good Malt
More informationEvaluation of the Malting and Brewing Performance the new Canadian Two Row Variety Cerveza
Evaluation of the Malting and Brewing Performance the new Canadian Two Row Variety Cerveza of Summary 2011 crop barley samples of Cerveza, AC Metcalfe and cot Copeland were provided to CMBTC by Dr. Bill
More information2013 Crop AAC Synergy Pilot Malting and Brewing Trials
2014 2013 Crop AAC Synergy Pilot Malting and Brewing Trials CMBTC 4/4/2014 Page2 2013 Crop AAC Synergy Pilot Malting and Brewing Trials Summary CMBTC conducted pilot trials on two AAC Synergy barley samples
More informationPilot Malting and Brewing Trials with 2011 Crop CDC Meredith Barley
2012 Pilot Malting and Brewing Trials with 2011 Crop Barley 7/5/2012 Pilot Malting and Brewing Trails with 2011 Crop Samples of Barley Executive summary CMBTC conducted several pilot malting and brewing
More information2012 Crop CDC Meredith Malting and Brewing Trials
2012 2012 Crop CDC Meredith Malting and Brewing Trials CMBTC 7/9/2012 Page2 Malting and Brewing Trials with CDC Meredith Barley Samples of 2012 Crop Summary CMBTC conducted barley analysis, pilot malting
More information2012 Crop CDC Kindersley Malting & Brewing Trials
2013 2012 Crop Malting & Brewing Trials CMBTC 7/2/2013 Malting and Brewing Trials with 2012 Crop Barley Samples of Summary CMBTC conducted pilot malting and pilot brewing trials on 2012 crop barley samples
More informationMalting and Brewing Trials with 2011 Crop Barley Samples of CDC PolarStar and AC Metcalfe
2012 Malting and Brewing Trials with 2011 Crop Barley Samples of and 7/10/2012 Malting and Brewing Trials with 2011 Crop Barley Samples of and Summary Pilot malting and brewing trials were conducted at
More informationProfessional Analytical Services Catalogue
2015 Professional Analytical Services Catalogue www.cmbtc.com Hewlett-Packard Company CMBTC Fee-for-Service Costs Senior Consultant $1,000 per day Standard Pilot Malting Trial* $2,100 Includes analysis
More informationEvaluation of the Malting and Brewing Performance of the New Malting Variety CDC Meredith
Evaluation of the Malting and Brewing Performance of the New Malting Variety CDC Summary Malting Performance Malting timing Normal Water uptake Faster than AC Metcalfe Modification Normal Malt Quality
More informationCMBTC 2015 MALTING BARLEY CROP QUALITY ASSESSMENT Preliminary Report
CMBTC 2015 MALTING BARLEY CROP QUALITY ASSESSMENT Preliminary Report December 14, 2015 Preliminary Report CMBTC 2015 MALTING BARLEY CROP QUALITY ASSESSMENT Summary Barley production in Canada in 2015 is
More informationEvaluation of Malting Barley Potential for Atlantic Canada. Prepared for the Atlantic Grains Council December, 2013
Evaluation of Malting Barley Potential for Atlantic Canada Prepared for the Atlantic Grains Council December, 2013 Contents Executive Summary... 3 Background... 4 Methods... 4 Results and Discussion...
More informationInfluence of Cultivar and Planting Date on Strawberry Growth and Development in the Low Desert
Influence of Cultivar and Planting Date on Strawberry Growth and Development in the Low Desert Michael A. Maurer and Kai Umeda Abstract A field study was designed to determine the effects of cultivar and
More information2014 Crop Merit 57 Pilot Malting and Brewing Trials
2014 Crop Merit 57 Pilot Malting and Brewing Trials 3/27/2015 2014 Crop Merit 57 Pilot Malting and Brewing Trials Summary CMBTC conducted a pilot malting and a pilot brewing trial with a 2014 crop barley
More informationQuality of western Canadian peas 2009
ISSN 1920-9053 Quality of western Canadian peas 2009 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204-983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationQuality of western Canadian malting barley 2010
ISSN 1182-4417 Quality of western Canadian malting barley 2010 Aaron L. MacLeod Chemist, Applied Barley Research Michael J. Edney Program Manager, Applied Barley Research Marta S. Izydorczyk Program Manager,
More informationQuality of western Canadian pea beans 2009
ISSN 1920-9096 Quality of western Canadian pea beans 2009 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204-983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationQuality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2017
ISSN 2560-7545 Quality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2017 Bert Siemens Oilseeds Section Contact: Véronique J. Barthet Program Manager, Oilseeds Section Grain Research Laboratory Tel : 204 984-5174
More informationQuality of western Canadian flaxseed 2012
ISSN 1700-2087 Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2012 Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Tel : 204 983-3354 Email: ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax : 204-983-0724 Grain
More informationTECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET: CALCIUM CHLORIDE FLAKE - LIQUOR TREATMENT
TECHNICAL INFORMATION SHEET: CALCIUM CHLORIDE FLAKE - LIQUOR TREATMENT PRODUCT NAME: CALCIUM CHLORIDE FLAKE PRODUCT CODE: CALCHLF COMMODITY CODE: 25201000 PACKAGING: 5 AND 25 KG Description Calcium Chloride
More informationNon-Structural Carbohydrates in Forage Cultivars Troy Downing Oregon State University
Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Forage Cultivars Troy Downing Oregon State University Contact at: OSU Extension Service, Tillamook County, 2204 4 th St., Tillamook, OR 97141, 503-842-3433, Email, troy.downing@oregonstate.edu
More informationBarley Breeding Institute. South Africa. Barley Breeding Institute. South African. Barley Breeding Institute
South African S A B B I GUIDE TO SABBI SOUTHERN CAPE (DRY LAND) BARLEY VARIETIES 2011 At present four varieties are released for malting barley production, viz. SSG 564, SabbiErica, SabbiNemesia and S5
More informationQuality of western Canadian flaxseed 2014
ISSN 1700-2087 Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2014 Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Tel : 204 983-3354 Email: ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax : 204-983-0724 Grain
More informationQuality of western Canadian flaxseed 2013
ISSN 1700-2087 Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2013 Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Tel : 204 983-3354 Email: mailto:ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax : 204-983-0724
More informationPassionate about malt for over 90 years. Meet your specific requirements
A brief GUIDE Passionate about malt for over 90 years The Baker-Munton family had been trading in malt and grain in London since the 19th Century and, shortly after the end of the First World War, in 1921,
More informationEvaluation of Soxtec System Operating Conditions for Surface Lipid Extraction from Rice
RICE QUALITY AND PROCESSING Evaluation of Soxtec System Operating Conditions for Surface Lipid Extraction from Rice A.L. Matsler and T.J. Siebenmorgen ABSTRACT The degree of milling (DOM) of rice is a
More informationQuality of western Canadian lentils 2012
ISSN 1920-9037 Quality of western Canadian lentils 2012 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204 983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationColored Malt Products June 23, 2012 Robert Seggewiss 3/07/2012 1
Colored Malt Products June 23, 2012 Robert Seggewiss 3/07/2012 1 What is Malt? Malt is a source of carbohydrates, proteins and other nutrients which are fermented by yeast to produce beer Malt for brewing
More informationQuality of western Canadian pea beans 2010
ISSN 1920-9096 Quality of western Canadian pea beans 2010 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204 983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationQuality of Canadian non-food grade soybeans 2014
ISSN 1705-9453 Quality of Canadian non-food grade soybeans 2014 Ann S. Puvirajah Chemist, Oilseed Services Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Chemist, Oilseeds Services Tel: 204-983-3354 Email: ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationHARVESTING MAXIMUM VALUE FROM SMALL GRAIN CEREAL FORAGES. George Fohner 1 ABSTRACT
HARVESTING MAXIMUM VALUE FROM SMALL GRAIN CEREAL FORAGES George Fohner 1 ABSTRACT As small grains grow and develop, they change from a vegetative forage like other immature grasses to a grain forage like
More informationPERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT
Suranaree J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 19 No. 2; April - June 2012 105 PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID AND SYNTHETIC VARIETIES OF SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INPUT Theerachai Chieochansilp 1*, Thitiporn Machikowa
More informationFlowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta
Flowering and Fruiting Morphology of Hardy Kiwifruit, Actinidia arguta Chantalak Tiyayon and Bernadine Strik Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University 4017 ALS, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Email:
More informationMaterials and Methods
Objective OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY SEED LABORATORY SUMMIT SEED COATINGS- Caldwell ID Final Report April 2010 Effect of various seed coating treatments on viability and vigor of two blends of Kentucky bluegrass
More informationwww.brewersassociation.org The Search for a Public Malting Barley Variety Better Suited for All Malt Brewing and lessons we all learned along the way Brewers Association ~3,850 Members of over 5,439 U.S.
More informationFungicides for phoma control in winter oilseed rape
October 2016 Fungicides for phoma control in winter oilseed rape Summary of AHDB Cereals & Oilseeds fungicide project 2010-2014 (RD-2007-3457) and 2015-2016 (214-0006) While the Agriculture and Horticulture
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS
: 15-26 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS J. Dixon, C. Cotterell, B. Hofstee and T.A. Elmsly Avocado Industry
More informationQuality of Western Canadian malting barley
Quality of Western Canadian malting barley 2017 Annual Harvest Report Tricia McMillan, M.Sc. and Marta S. Izydorczyk, Ph.D. Grain Research Laboratory, CGC Yueshu Li, Ph.D. Canadian Malting Barley Technical
More informationwestern Canadian pulse crops 2005
ISSN 1712-8315 Quality of western Canadian pulse crops 2005 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel: 204 983-2154 Email: nwang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationwestern Canadian flaxseed 2003
Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2003 Douglas R. DeClercq Program Manager, Oilseeds Services James K. Daun Section Head, Oilseeds and Pulses Contact: Douglas R. DeClercq Program Manager, Oilseeds Services
More informationCOMPARISON OF SEEDING RATES AND COATING ON SEEDLING COUNT, ROOT LENGTH, ROOT WEIGHT AND SHOOT WEIGHT OF CRIMSON CLOVER
COMPARISON OF SEEDING RATES AND COATING ON SEEDLING COUNT, ROOT LENGTH, ROOT WEIGHT AND SHOOT WEIGHT OF CRIMSON CLOVER V.A. Corriher, G.W. Evers and P. Parsons 1 Cool season annual legumes, especially
More informationD Lemmer and FJ Kruger
D Lemmer and FJ Kruger Lowveld Postharvest Services, PO Box 4001, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA E-mail: fjkruger58@gmail.com ABSTRACT This project aims to develop suitable storage and ripening regimes for
More informationBig Data and the Productivity Challenge for Wine Grapes. Nick Dokoozlian Agricultural Outlook Forum February
Big Data and the Productivity Challenge for Wine Grapes Nick Dokoozlian Agricultural Outlook Forum February 2016 0 Big Data and the Productivity Challenge for Wine Grapes Outline Current production challenges
More informationGreat Lakes Hop & Barley Conference Barley Contributions to Beer Flavor: Flavor Fields and The Oregon Promise
Great Lakes Hop & Barley Conference 2018 Barley Contributions to Beer Flavor: Flavor Fields and The Oregon Promise OSU Barley Project Breeding/Genetics Management Malting The Life Cycle of Barley World
More informationMATERIALS AND METHODS
to yields of various sieved fractions and mean particle sizes (MPSs) from a micro hammer-cutter mill equipped with 2-mm and 6-mm screens (grinding time of this mill reported by other investigators was
More informationMalting barley prices Basis FOB Swedish /Danish Port Basis Oct 14/15/16/17/18/19 EUR/mt 230
t 17 October 2016 General: Crop 2016 is now save in the barns in all Viking Malt countries. We have started to malt the new crop in Poland, Denmark and Sweden Lithuania will start in the next weeks. Our
More informationQuality of western Canadian pea beans 2011
ISSN 1920-9096 Quality of western Canadian pea beans 2011 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204 983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationResponse of Three Brassica Species to High Temperature Stress During Reproductive Growth
Response of Three Brassica Species to High Temperature Stress During Reproductive Growth S. V. Angadi 1 *, H. W. Cutforth 1, P. R. Miller 2, B. G. McConkey 1, M. H. Entz 3, S. A. Brandt 4 and K. M. Volkmar
More informationCOMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT
New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.
More informationCanola and Frost What happens to the seed?
Canola and Frost What happens to the seed? Robert Park Oilseed Specialist MAFRI Growing Degree Days 2004 Examples of low temperature impact on Growing Degree Day accumulation 1 : Location Edmonton Saskatoon
More informationQuality of western Canadian lentils 2011
ISSN 920-9037 Quality of western Canadian lentils 20 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204 983-254 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax
More informationIMPACT OF OVERSEEDING COOL-SEASON ANNUAL FORAGES ON SPRING REGROWTH OF TIFTON 85 BERMUDAGRASS 1. Abstract
ID # 07-10 IMPACT OF OVERSEEDING COOL-SEASON ANNUAL FORAGES ON SPRING REGROWTH OF TIFTON 85 BERMUDAGRASS 1 1 Financial Support by FAPESP and CNPq R.A. Reis 2, L.E. Sollenberger 3 and D. Urbano 3 2 UNESP-FCAV,
More informationWine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts
Wine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts When you need to understand situations that seem to defy data analysis, you may be able to use techniques
More informationGuidelines and Suggestions for Starting Maltsters
Guidelines and Suggestions for Starting Maltsters *Advice compiled from MSU barley lab experience and from a presentation given by Ryan Hamilton, previously of Pilot Malt House in Michigan Advice in securing
More informationGasoline Empirical Analysis: Competition Bureau March 2005
Gasoline Empirical Analysis: Update of Four Elements of the January 2001 Conference Board study: "The Final Fifteen Feet of Hose: The Canadian Gasoline Industry in the Year 2000" Competition Bureau March
More informationTHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES CULTIVATED UNDER VAN ECOLOGICAL CONDITION ABSTRACT
Gecer et al., The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 23(5): 2013, Page: J. 1431-1435 Anim. Plant Sci. 23(5):2013 ISSN: 1018-7081 THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS ON FRUIT YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF
More informationForestry, Leduc, AB, T9E 7C5, Canada. Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. *
Effect of High Pressure Processing on Quality, Sensory Acceptability and Microbial Stability of Marinated Beef Steaks and Pork Chops during Refrigerated Storage Haihong Wang 1 *, Jimmy Yao 1 Mindy Gerlat
More informationRegression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran
Regression Models for Saffron ields in Iran Sanaeinejad, S.H., Hosseini, S.N 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk, nasir_nbm@yahoo.com, Abstract: Saffron
More informationTo study the effects of four different levels of fertilizer NPK nutrients, applied at a ratio of N:P 2
98 E4 Effect of different levels of fertilizer NPK nutrients on growth, yield and economic parameters of coffea arabica (V. catimor) grown on the ferralitic soils of entral ighlands, Vietnam Objective
More informationViking Malt Barley News Crop 2017
Viking Malt Barley News Crop 2017 General: The 2017 crop season has shown unreliable and partly extreme weather conditions and made the life for many malting barley farmers difficult. Related to these
More informationEFFECT OF TOMATO GENETIC VARIATION ON LYE PEELING EFFICACY TOMATO SOLUTIONS JIM AND ADAM DICK SUMMARY
EFFECT OF TOMATO GENETIC VARIATION ON LYE PEELING EFFICACY TOMATO SOLUTIONS JIM AND ADAM DICK 2013 SUMMARY Several breeding lines and hybrids were peeled in an 18% lye solution using an exposure time of
More informationIdentifying Spring Malting Barley Varieties for the Craft Brewing Industries 2017 Final Report
Identifying Spring Malting Barley Varieties for the Craft Brewing Industries 2017 Final Report Richard Horsley and Paul Schwarz, North Dakota State University; Mark Sorrells, Cornell University; Ashley
More informationQuality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2016
ISSN 1705-9453 Quality of Canadian oilseed-type soybeans 2016 Véronique J. Barthet Program Manager, Oilseeds Section Contact: Véronique J. Barthet Program Manager, Oilseeds Section Tel : 204 984-5174 Email:
More informationINCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS.
: 43-50 INCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS. J. Dixon, T.A. Elmlsy, D.B. Smith and H.A. Pak Avocado Industry Council Ltd, P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author:
More informationQuality of New Canadian Malting Barley Varieties
Quality of New Canadian Malting Barley Varieties Quality of New Canadian Malting Barley Varieties February 2017 February 2017 1 Quality of New Canadian Malting Barley Varieties Canada has several new and
More information(36) PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM AFFECTS SHOOT GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON, ORANGE AND AVOCADO DIFFERENTLY
(36) PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM AFFECTS SHOOT GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON, ORANGE AND AVOCADO DIFFERENTLY Lauren C. Garner, Yusheng Zheng, Toan Khuong and Carol J. Lovatt 1 ABSTRACT Lemon (Citrus limon L.) and
More informationIs fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage?
Is fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage? T.L. Robinson 1, A.D. Rufato 2, L. Rufato 3 and L.I. Dominguez 1 1Dept. of Horticulture, NYSAES, Cornell
More informationGlobal barley marketing issues. John Stuart 25 February 2013
Global barley marketing issues John Stuart 25 February 2013 Key messages to think about 1. Do you have the right product for the right market? 2. Are all businesses in your supply chain profitable? 3.
More informationSCREENING OF BARLEY CULTIVARS FOR POTENTIAL ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN MARYLAND FINAL GRANT REPORT
MCAE Pub-2005-03 SCREENING OF BARLEY CULTIVARS FOR POTENTIAL ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN MARYLAND FINAL GRANT REPORT José M. Costa and Robert Kratochvil Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape
More informationGENOTYPIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON BREAD-MAKING QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT IN ROMANIA
GENOTYPIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON BREAD-MAKING QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT IN ROMANIA Mihaela Tianu, Nicolae N. Sãulescu and Gheorghe Ittu ABSTRACT Bread-making quality was analysed in two sets of wheat
More informationThe malting process Kilned vs. roasted Specialty grains and steeping Malt extract production
Slide Set 4 The malting process Kilned vs. roasted Specialty grains and steeping Malt extract production Grains Used in Beer Making The most commonly used grain for beer is barley Barley retains its husk
More informationThe Science of Mashing. Jamie Ramshaw M Brew IBD 25/10/17
The Science of Mashing Jamie Ramshaw M Brew IBD 25/10/17 Purpose Purpose Extract the starch from a source Convert the starch into a sugar that can be utilised by Yeast Control the extent of conversion
More informationINFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT - Wine evaporation from barrels By Richard M. Blazer, Enologist Sterling Vineyards Calistoga, CA
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT - Wine evaporation from barrels By Richard M. Blazer, Enologist Sterling Vineyards Calistoga, CA Sterling Vineyards stores barrels of wine in both an air-conditioned, unheated,
More informationQuality of western Canadian wheat exports 2011
ISSN 498-9670 Quality of western Canadian wheat exports 20 Contact: Susan Stevenson Chemist, Wheat protein research Grain Research Laboratory Tel. : 204-983-334 Canadian Grain Commission Email: susan.stevenson@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationBEEF Effect of processing conditions on nutrient disappearance of cold-pressed and hexane-extracted camelina and carinata meals in vitro 1
BEEF 2015-05 Effect of processing conditions on nutrient disappearance of cold-pressed and hexane-extracted camelina and carinata meals in vitro 1 A. Sackey 2, E. E. Grings 2, D. W. Brake 2 and K. Muthukumarappan
More informationDescription of CDC Tatra and CDC Yon spring emmer wheat cultivars.
Description of CDC Tatra and CDC Yon spring emmer wheat cultivars. Background: Currently, most of the emmer product sold in Canada is imported from either Italy or the USA. Emmer produced in Italy has
More informationUsing Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years
Using Growing Degree Hours Accumulated Thirty Days after Bloom to Help Growers Predict Difficult Fruit Sizing Years G. Lopez 1 and T. DeJong 2 1 Àrea de Tecnologia del Reg, IRTA, Lleida, Spain 2 Department
More informationQuality of western Canadian wheat 2006
ISSN 498-9670 Quality of western Canadian wheat 2006 N.M. Edwards Program Manager, Bread Wheat Studies and Baking Research D.W. Hatcher Program Manager, Asian Products and Wheat Enzymes B.A. Marchylo Program
More informationFinal Report to Delaware Soybean Board January 11, Delaware Soybean Board
Final Report to Delaware Soybean Board January 11, 2017 Delaware Soybean Board (susanne@hammondmedia.com) Effect of Fertigation on Irrigated Full Season and Double Cropped Soybeans Cory Whaley, James Adkins,
More informationCHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CULTIVAR ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY I. YIELD, HULLABILITY AND PHYSICAL SEED CHARACTERISTICS
CHAPTER 4 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CULTIVAR ON SEED YIELD AND QUALITY I. YIELD, HULLABILITY AND PHYSICAL SEED CHARACTERISTICS INTRODUCTION European investigations revealed that seed hullability is determined
More informationOptimum Plant Population Density for Chickpea In a Semiarid Environment
Optimum Plant Population Density for Chickpea In a Semiarid Environment Y. Gan 1, P. R. Miller 2, B. G. McConkey 1, R. P. Zentner 1, and C. L. McDonald 1 1 Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre,
More informationCorrelation of the free amino nitrogen and nitrogen by O-phthaldialdehyde methods in the assay of beer
APPLICATION NOTE 71798 Correlation of the free amino nitrogen and nitrogen by O-phthaldialdehyde methods in the assay of beer Authors Otama, Liisa, 1 Tikanoja, Sari, 1 Kane, Hilary, 2 Hartikainen, Sari,
More informationRelationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados
Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 395-402 Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados S.F. du Plessis and T.J. Koen Citrus and Subtropical
More informationQuality of western Canadian peas 2017
ISSN 1920-9053 Quality of western Canadian peas 2017 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission 1404-303 Main Street Winnipeg MB R3C 3G8 www.grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationStatistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental Station, Tea Research Association, Jorhat , Assam. ABSTRACT
Two and a Bud 59(2):152-156, 2012 RESEARCH PAPER Global tea production and export trend with special reference to India Prasanna Kumar Bordoloi Statistics & Agric.Economics Deptt., Tocklai Experimental
More informationTechnical note. How much do potential precursor compounds contribute to reductive aromas in wines post-bottling?
Technical note How much do potential precursor compounds contribute to reductive aromas in wines post-bottling? Introduction The formation of unpleasant reductive aromas in wines is an issue of concern
More informationNorthern Periphery and Arctic Programme Northern Cereals New Markets for a Changing Environment
Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme Northern Cereals New Markets for a Changing Environment Malting process and malt quality - Brewing from local grain Activity T4.1 Small scale local malting of grain
More informationPlant Population Effects on the Performance of Natto Soybean Varieties 2008 Hans Kandel, Greg Endres, Blaine Schatz, Burton Johnson, and DK Lee
Plant Population Effects on the Performance of Natto Soybean Varieties 2008 Hans Kandel, Greg Endres, Blaine Schatz, Burton Johnson, and DK Lee Natto Natto soybeans are small (maximum of 5.5 mm diameter),
More informationDANISH MALTING BARLEY. Catalogue 2018
DANISH MALTING BARLEY Catalogue 2018 Introduction The Danish Preferred Committee welcomes you to the 2018 Danish Malting Barley Catalogue version 1. In this catalogue, you will find a short presentation
More informationJoseph G. Alfieri 1, William P. Kustas 1, John H. Prueger 2, Lynn G. McKee 1, Feng Gao 1 Lawrence E. Hipps 3, Sebastian Los 3
Joseph G. Alfieri 1, William P. Kustas 1, John H. Prueger 2, Lynn G. McKee 1, Feng Gao 1 Lawrence E. Hipps 3, Sebastian Los 3 1 USDA, ARS, Hydrology & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville MD 2 USDA,ARS, National
More informationMalt Specifications for the Practical Brewer. Ashton Lewis Technical Sales Manager Central Midwest
Malt Specifications for the Practical Brewer Ashton Lewis Technical Sales Manager Central Midwest What are Specifications? A detailed description used to minimize miscommunication Examples include: Product
More informationProceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp
Proceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp. 335-339 SENSITIVITY OF AVOCADO FRUIT TO ETHYLENE P.J. Hofman, R.L. McLauchlan and L.G. Smith Horticulture Postharvest Group Department of Primary
More informationWINE GRAPE TRIAL REPORT
WINE GRAPE TRIAL REPORT Stellenbosch, Western Cape Louisvale 2008/09 season Introduction A trial was conducted in the Stellenbosch area on an older wine grape vineyard to determine whether AnnGro alone,
More informationEffect of Storage Period and Ga3 Soaking of Bulbs on Growth, Flowering and Flower Yield of Tuberose (Polianthes Tuberosa L.) Cv.
Vol.5 No. 1, 28-32 (2016) Received: Sept.2015; Accepted: Jan, 2016 Effect of Storage Period and Ga3 Soaking of Bulbs on Growth, Flowering and Flower Yield of Tuberose (Polianthes Tuberosa L.) Cv. Double
More informationFRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON
California Avocado Society 1960 Yearbook 44: 130-133 FRUIT GROWTH IN THE ORIENTAL PERSIMMON C. A. Schroeder Associated Professor of Subtropical Horticulture, University of California at Los Angeles. The
More informationKilned Versus Roasted: Do You Really Know Your Specialty Malt? DAVID RICHTER June 12, 2015 Briess Malting Company Chilton, Wisconsin
Kilned Versus Roasted: Do You Really Know Your Specialty Malt? DAVID RICHTER June 12, 2015 Briess Malting Company Chilton, Wisconsin Quick overview of discussion 1 - Malting 101 o Purpose of malting and
More informationTHE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE
THE GROWTH OF THE CHERRY OF ROBUSTA COFFEE L WEIGHT CHANGES CORRELATED WITH WATER AVAILABILITY DURING DEVELOPMENT BY J. DANCER Department of Agriculture, Kawanda Research Station, Kampala, Uganda {Received
More informationEFFECT OF CURING AND SEAL PACKAGING ON PEEL AND PULP WEIGHT LOSS PERCENTAGE OF SCUFFING DAMAGED AND UNDAMAGED CITRUS FRUIT.
200 EFFECT OF CURING AND SEAL PACKAGING ON PEEL AND PULP WEIGHT LOSS PERCENTAGE OF SCUFFING DAMAGED AND UNDAMAGED CITRUS FRUIT. Dr. M. Akram Tariq, 1 Ex Professor A. K. Thompson, 2 Ali Asghar Asi 3 and
More informationNAME OF CONTRIBUTOR(S) AND THEIR AGENCY:
TITLE OF PROJECT: Evaluation of Topaz (propiconazole) for transplant size control and earlier maturity of processing tomato. NAME OF CONTRIBUTOR(S) AND THEIR AGENCY: J.W. Zandstra, Ridgetown College, University
More information