Management of Citrus Diseases for Sustainable Fruit Production BACK GROUND

Transcription

1 Management of Citrus Diseases for Sustainable Fruit Production Siti Subandiyah Jurusan Hama Penyakit Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian UGM BACK GROUND The importance of citrus in Indonesia High Economic value 2.4 million farmers has engaged in the production activities (2003) 9.6 million people is doing business citrus industry Main Production centers (22 Provinces) Suitable grown at low-land areas up to high-land areas Most of Indonesian citrus are : Dominantly tangerine, (85%), mandarin (8%), pomello (4%), other citrus (3%) Managed traditionally Lack of quality Produced by production oriented

2 Big citrus farms in West Kalimantan Upland citrus backyard farm in Tawangmangu, Central Java Low land citrus farm in HLB endemic area, Purworejo, Central Java Citrus Production Year Harvesting Area (ha) Production (tones) Deptan RI

3 Changes in consumer preference Higher quality and safety Lower price Tend to consume more mandarin than tangerine Environmental friendly Labor health and wealth Current Issue Jeruk Medan Jeruk Siem Jeruk Soe

4 EXISTING CITRUS ORCHARD Traditional Subsistent Low productivity No standard Non market oriented Individualism FRUIT ORCHARD BASE ON QUALITY Fruit orchard that implementing GAP As main business High productivity Implementing SOP Market Oriented Grouping Current Policy Shifting ratio of tangerine to mandarin Strengthening existing production centers Rehabilitating some of citrus production centers Switching from non commercial into commercial varieties Expanding citrus production centers Improving product competitiveness Improving quality and safety, quantity, continuity of product SOP and GAP Improving farm facility

5 Current Policy Continue Capacity Building Strengthening Farmers institution Empowering human resources (farmers and government officials) Identifying and improving Supply Chain Management Promoting quality and safe product Shifting Citrus Varieties Strengthening Production Centers Tangerine Mandarin Pomello 80% 20% 20% 80% Implementation Implementation of of local local specific specific technology technology Implementation Implementation of of GAP GAP dan dan SOP SOP Variety Variety switching/top switching/top WORKING WORKING Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Strengthening Strengthening farmers farmers institutions institutions Improving Improving officers officers and and farmers farmers competitiveness competitiveness Expanding Production Centers AEZ AEZ based based development development Economic Economic scale scale orchard orchard development development (1 (1 management, management, single single variety, variety, strong strong farmers farmers institution) institution) Improving Improving officers officers and and farmers farmers competitiveness competitiveness

6 Open Citrus Nurseries in HLB endemis area

7 Fig 1. Citrus production in Indonesia (FAO Statistical Databases for Agriculture: CITRUS PRODUCTION CONSTRAINS -Pests : many -Diseases : the most important is CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration) or Citrus Greening of Huanglongbing - Social Political Issue

8 PENYEBARAN CVPD (HUANGLONGBING / GREENING) CITRUS PRODUCTION CONSTRAINS CVPD is caused by candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, transmitted throuh psyllid vector, Diaphorina citri and through vegetative propagation

9 Severe damage of citrus orchard due to CVPD Heavy chlorosis symptom of infected branch Dying of infected citrus plants Field Citrus Orchards showing CVPD Symptoms Orchard of Keprok Siem Orchard of Pumelo

10 HLB infected seedling from disease scion Symptoms of CVPD Field HLB infection of citrus Close uo HLB symptoms on mandarin leaves HLB symptom on Muraya exotica Gejala CVPD di lapangan, khlorosis, merana, kerdil

11 Gejala CVPD pada Buah, menguning mulai dari tangkai, kecil, asimetris, biji abortus Sehat CVPD CVPD D. citri colony on mandarin shoott Eggs of D. citri on newly shoot Diaphorina citri the psyllid vector of HLB Adult of D. citri Adults of D. citri on Muraya exotica

12 Diaphorina citri the psyllid vector of HLB D. citri nymph D. citri colony with adults, nymphs and eggs on young shoot of citrus Newly molthing of 5 th nymph Diaphorina citripopulation on field trial of citrus relative in 2006 Number of shyllid Time C. ret. Cv. Leter C. aurantium C, natsudaidai JC C. maxima C. hystrix Clausena indica M. exotica M. paniculata M. konigii swinglea glutino Triphasia aurant Only 12 sp (cv) from 20 sp (cv) of citrus relatives were visited by D. citriobserved in 2006

13 Grafting technique for Citrus Propagation Iwanami PhD is a hard working researcher CVPD symptom on citrus seedling Governmental Citrus Nursery with Multiplication Block for Healthy Certification Seedlings

14 Many certified seedlings showing chlorosis symptoms Citrus Orchards Dying Due to CVPD

15 Diaphorina citri dan juga CVPD juga menginfeksi tanaman dari keluarga Rutaceae lainnya D. Citri dan CVPD pada Kemuning Jepang Other Diseases

16 Gumosis caused by Soilborne Fungus Botryodiplodia Infected plant Declining, falling Leaves, gumosis diying Greasy Spots caused by Airborne Fungus Mycosphaerella citri Foliar spots and leaf drops dying branches

17 Powdery Mildew caused by fungus, Oidium sp usually at upland orchards Citrus Tristeza Virus Declining, stem pitting, transmitted by Aphids

18 Citrus Canker caused by Bacteria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri Fruit Rot caused by fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

19 Citrus Pests Fruit Fly Leaf Minner Citrus Aphids Citrus Disease Management -Eradication of infected plants -Planting disease free seedlings -Intercropping with other plants for suppressing insect vector population (with guava for controlling CVPD through D. citri suppression -Monitoring disease occurrence regularly with early detection techniques -Pesticide Spray only when needed, Mineral Oil Spray is recommended -Maintaining Healthy Trees by well cultivation (organic fertilizers and maintaining natural enemies of pests are recommended)

20 Healthy HLB infected Leaf midrib thin section I-ELISA using MAbs Detection of HLB DIBA using MAbs PCR and RFLP using specific primers of candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus CTV-DIBA detection A 1B 2A 2B

21 Mineral Oil spray Without Spraying With Mineral Oil Spray Entomopathogen Hirsutella citriformis infecting adult D. citri Parasitized nymph of D. citri Natural enemies found in Indonesia Coccinelides predator of D. citri Parasitoid

22 Thank you