Increasing Tea Yields Through Consolidation of Fields by Infilling
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1 E & E Forum-2013 Increasing Tea Yields Through Consolidation of Fields by Infilling M.A.Wijeratne Officer-in-Charge & Senior Research Officer, TRI Low country station B.A.D.Samansiri Head, Advisory & Extension Division 1
2 Then Now Declining VP tea yield (Corporate sector) Yield (kg/ha/yr) Up country Mid Country Uva Low Country (-7.0%) 1799 (-2.5%) 1690 (-6.3%) 1693 (12.9%) Extent (ha) Up country Mid Country Uva Low Country (5.5%) 3241 (1.5%) 6093(4.5%) 8580 (-6.3%) TRI Diagnostic Survey
3 Cycle Average Y ield (kg /ha/yr) Cycle Average Y ield (kg /ha/yr) 26/07/2013 Yield decline of aging tea fields Age and Productivity in Low Country Region Diagnostic survey Low country Age and Productivity of Tea in Up Country Region Age from Planting (yr) Up country Age from Planting (yr) Samansiri et al-2010 Factors affecting tea yield Tea yields vary with: Weather Cultivar Soil conditions Field management practices 3
4 Impact of some field practices on yield Lesson learnt from the Diagnostic survey Field condition (% satisfactory fields) High (>3000kg/ha/yr) Low (<1500 kg/ha/yr) Leader & Contour Drains Bush formation Canopy of the bush Leaf litter Pruning-Cleaning Tipping Mossing & Ferning Weed management Manuring (N requirement) Lesson learnt from the Diagnostic survey. Percentage of satisfactory fields High (>3000kg/ha/yr) Low (<1500 kg/ha/yr) Plucking-Standard Plucking-Active shoots Plucking Table Shade level-high Shade level-medium Shade-management
5 Yield (MT-kg/ha/yr) Tea Yield (kg/ha/yr) 26/07/2013 Lesson learnt from the Diagnostic survey Percentage of infested /affected fields High (>3000kg/ha/yr) Low (<1500 kg/ha/yr) Pest-SHB -infested Pest-Termite -infested Disease-Canker-present Disease-Wood rot-present Bush stand (%) High (>3000kg/ha/yr) Low (<1500 kg/ha/yr) Bush stand % Bush stand (density) and tea yield Casualties vs tea yield Percentage of casualties y = x R² = Percentage of Casulaties 5
6 Summary of the analysis Low yield is largely due to high rate of casualties with: Poor soil management In appropriate bush management practices (Pruning & Plucking) Poor Shade management Pest & disease infestation Consequences of casualties in tea lands Weed infestation & competition with tea Soil erosion & degradation Low labour productivity Low yield High COP 6
7 Interventions for improving tea yield by Consolidation (infilling) of field Potential for improving yield by infilling Target yield by consolidation/infilling: Average yield at the most productive age of VP tea Suitable fields for consolidation: Fields with over 50% of the target yield Diagnostic survey data VP Tea UP Uva Mid Low Average yield (kg/ha/yr) (Most productive age) Yield category considered for infilling (kg/ha/yr) >1000 >900 >900 >1000 Extent available (ha) % of the total VP extent
8 Outcome of infilling (estimated) Potential Contribution to national tea production (Million kg/yr) VP Present Estimated Increase Up (45%) Uva (28%) Mid (36%) Low (28%) Steps to be taken Identify suitable fields for infilling/consolidation Select fields with good soil conditions about two years prior to pruning Avoid ravines, water logged areas and patches with a shallow soil (slab rocks etc) Fields earmarked for replanting (within next 2-3 cycles) should be best avoided 8
9 Select suitable fields Select suitable fields/blocks 9
10 Select suitable blocks.. Steps to be taken Prepare field for soil improvement Remove all debilitated/weak bushes (passengers) in the periphery of the vacant patches Identify pest/disease infested areas & treat them as appropriate before planting of grasses Burn in-situ pest/disease infested bushes 10
11 Remove passengers if any. Passengers Steps to be taken. Improve soil by Rehabilitation Remove stones/roots etc by forking to a depth of about 45 cm Construct/renovate terraces and drains Apply dolomite and plant Mana and shade trees as appropriate Lop grasses and add fertilizer periodically until next pruning 11
12 Planting mana. Planting mana (block infilling). 12
13 Establish shade. Re-cut or de-silt drains... 13
14 Steps to be taken Select suitable cultivars for infilling Have well grown nursery plants (jumbo bags) of suitable cultivars/improved seedlings ready by the time of planting High elevation Mid elevation Low elevations TRI 2025, TRI 3072, TRI 3073, N2, DT1, DN, CY9, K145, PK2 TRI 2025, TRI 3019, TRI 4071, TRI 4053, TRI 4042, TRI 4046, DG7, DG 39, N2 TRI 2025, TRI 2027, TRI 4049, TRI 4059, KP 204, S106, DG7 DG 39 Select suitable cultivars. TRI
15 Steps to be taken. Infilling & after-care Cut deep planting holes (30cmx60cm) Add compost to the planting hole Plant tea with the onset of monsoonal rains Protect plants from trampling by workers Follow mulching & other after-care operations of young tea fields Steps to be taken Special attention be paid while: Spraying of weedicides Lopping of shade trees Fertilizer application to old bushes Pruning of old bushes Rest before pruning Adopt all sanitation practices 15
16 Special attention Special attention 16
17 Special attention Sanitary pruning Burying of prunings Economic benefits Economic benefits of infilling Productivity (Rs/ha/Yr) COP (Rs/kg) Variable cost (Rs/kg) Total cost (Rs/ha) Revenue (Rs/ha) GM (Rs/ha/yr) GM (Rs/kg) NSA = Rs400/kg Shyamali HW(2013) 17
18 Infilling not only helps increasing tea yields But also preserves the environment Acknowledgements Author wishes to thank Staff/Advisory Division, & Dr. HW Shyamali, Head, Agric. Economics Division, TRI for providing data for this presentation. Thank you 18
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