Camellia sinensis ALL ZONES

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1 Assessment date 15 October 2018 Prepared by Young and Lieurance Camellia sinensis ALL ZONES Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 10 South Zone: suited to Zone Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation inches Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y Weed of agriculture n Environmental weed unk 3.05 Congeneric weed n Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Allelopathic unk Parasitic n Unpalatable to grazing animals y Toxic to animals n Host for recognised pests and pathogens y Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North unk & Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols Climbing or smothering growth habit n Forms dense thickets unk Aquatic n 0

2 5.02 Grass n Nitrogen fixing woody plant n Geophyte n Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n Produces viable seed y Hybridizes naturally unk Self-compatible or apomictic n Requires specialist pollinators n Reproduction by vegetative propagation unk Minimum generative time (years) > Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily n trafficked areas) Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n Propagules water dispersed n Propagules bird dispersed n Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) y Prolific seed production n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) n Well controlled by herbicides unk Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation unk ? Total Score -1 Implemented Pacific Second Screening Risk Assessment Results no LOW section A B C total # questions answered satisfy minimum? 10 yes 9 yes 18 yes 37 yes

3 Reference Source data 1.01 cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness 1.02 Skip to question Skip to question PERAL NAPPFAST Global Plant Hardiness ( l%20zones/10- year%20climate/plant_hardiness_10yr%20lgnd.tif). 2. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. ( ). No computer analysis was performed. 1. Global hardiness zone: 8, 9, 10, 11 ; equivalent to USDA Hardiness zones: USDA Zone 8a: to C (10 F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 C (15 F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 C (20 F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 C (25 F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 C (30 F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 C (35 F) USDA Zone 11a: to USDA Zone (40 F) USDA Zone 11b: to (45 F) USDA Zone. 2. Native to Asia-Temperate China: China - Guangdong, - Guangxi, - Yunnan Asia-Tropical Indian Subcontinent: India - Assam Indo-China: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand Köppen-Geiger climate map ( 1. Distribution in the native/cultivated range occurs in Cwa, Cfa, Aw, Cwb (includes zones Aw and Cfa which are present in FL) Climate Charts. World Climate Maps. ( ) Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant 2. KEW Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Camellia_sinensis.htm ( ) 2. hopmuseum.org /pdf/op88-6.pdf+%22camellia+sinensis%22+naturalized%7c naturalizing%7cnaturalize&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us (accessed from HEar.org htm 10/15/2018) 1. Native to regions with avergae rainfall from 39 to 97 inches 1. Successful plantations have been established in southeast United States. 2. Tea was introduced into Japan in about 600 AD by Buddhist priests returning home after studying in China. 1. An introduced species originally from China now naturalized in places in North East Queensland (Australia). Grows on old farmland and in disturbed areas in lowland rain forest. 2. "Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. New island record. Tea has been cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands for over a century, experimentally as a commercial crop and as a home garden ornamental. Lorence & Flynn (this issue) record-ed the first record of it being naturalized in the state (on Kaua i). The record below marks the first naturalized record of C. sinensis on the island of Hawai i. In Hauani Gulch C.sinensis is a dominant middle-story tree, with abundant plants present in all size classes."

4 Royal Botanical Gardens Kew ( ) 2. CICCUZA, D., & Kokotos, S. (2007). The invasive potential of tea: naturalisation and spread of Camellia sinensis in natural and logged forests of the Amani Nature Reserve. Evidence that this species is invasive, but the type of weed is uncertain or it is a minor weed. Therefore this question is answered as a YES 1. Camellia sinensis has been considered an invasive pest species in a nature reserve in Tanzania. There are also reports of it spreading into Madagascan forests where it may have detrimental effects on the regeneration of native forests which are important lemur habitats. 2. The tea is regenerating at very high densities, suppressing all other species... The extent of this dominance in the study site and its effect on the natural forest dynamics, through regeneration suppression, has clear management implications regarding the incorporation of tea plantations into nature reserves. [Although widely cultivated across the world, only two observations of this plant as an "invasive" plant are available. However, both of these instances occur in clearly natural envrionments as opposed to disturbed sites] 3.03 no evidence Royal Botanical Gardens Kew ( ) 2. CICCUZA, D., & Kokotos, S. (2007). The invasive potential of tea: naturalisation and spread of Camellia sinensis in natural and logged forests of the Amani Nature Reserve. Answered 3.02 as a YES (see justification in source data) 1. Camellia sinensis has been considered an invasive pest species in a nature reserve in Tanzania. There are also reports of it spreading into Madagascan forests where it may have detrimental effects on the regeneration of native forests which are important lemur habitats. 2. The tea is regenerating at very high densities, suppressing all other species... The extent of this dominance in the study site and its effect on the natural forest dynamics, through regeneration suppression, has clear management implications regarding the incorporation of tea plantations into nature reserves. [Although widely cultivated across the world, only two observations of this plant as an "invasive" plant are available. However, both of these instances occur in clearly natural envrionments as opposed to disturbed sites] 3.05 no evidence Flora of China Dibah, H., Majd, A., Nejadsattari, T., & Ghanati, F. (2012). Allelopathic potential of Camellia sinensis L. Advances in Environmental Biology, Encyclopedia of Life ( ) National Tea Research Institute (Pakistan) ASPCA ( ) 1. No evidence of these features 1. In laboratory setting, allelopathic potential was recorded. Studies were not conducted using plants in the field. 1. No evidence of parasitic activity 1. Being a non-palatable crop to animals, it requires minimum care and protection against grazing animals. No evidence of toxicity. 1. The ASPCA lists C. sinensis as nontoxic to cats, dogs, and horses

5 Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant 2. Hamasaki, R. T., Shimabuku, R., and Nakamoto, S. T Guide to insect and mite pests of tea (Camellia sinensis) in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 15 pp. (Insect pests series; Report No. IP-28). Obtained from: LiveStrong camellia-sinensis-side-effects/ ( ) 4.08 no evidence Dave's Garden ( ) 2. Encyclopedia of Life ( ) Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant KEW 3. University of Florida IFAS ( ) Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Flora of China 1. Numerous fungi attack the tea plant, including the following: Aglaospora aculeata, Amphitiarospora neothiosporoides, Armillaria mellea, Asterina camelliae, Auricularia polytricha, Beltrania indica, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Botryosphaeria microspora, B. ribis, B. theicola, Calonectria theae, Cephaleuros virescens, C. mycoidea, Cercospora theae, Colletotrichum camelliae, Corticium salmonicolor, C. solani, Cylindrocladium camelliae, C. parvum, Diatrype conferta, Didymosphaeria theae, Discosiella longiciliata, Elsinoe theae, Exobasidium vexans, Fomes lignosus, F. noxius, Fusarium oxysporum, Glomerella cingulata, Guignardia camelliae, Helicobasidium compactum, Hypocrella scutata, Hypoxylon michelianum, H. vestitum, Irpex destruens, Leptoporum lignosus, Leptosphaeria depressa, L. tornatospora, Macrophoma theae, M. theicola, Macrophomina phaseoli, Marasmius equicrinus, M. pulcher, M. scandens, Massaria theicola, Melanoconiella stellata, Mycosphaerella camelliae, M. ikedai, M. theae, Nectria lucida, Penicillium caryophilum, Pestalotia theae, P. guepini, Pestalotiopsis gigas, P. nattrassii, P. theae, Phaeosphaerella theae, Phoma camelliae, Phyllosticta erratica, Ph. theae, Pythium complectens, P. vexans, Rhizoctonia bataticola, Rosellina arcuata, R. bunodes, Sclerotium rolfsii, S. zeylanicum, Sphaerostilbe repens, Sporidesmium deightonii, S. tropicale, Stachylidium bicolor, Stilbella theae, Thyronectria pseudotrichia, Trichoderma viridi, Ustulina deusta and U. zonata. Bacteria known to attack tea include: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia theae and Pseudomonas theae. The cause of oil-spot is undetermined. Many nematodes are known to infest tea also, including: Anguillulina pratensis, Basirotyleptus archius, B. basiri, B. eximius, Criconema octangulare, Criconemella. rustica, Helicotylenchus erythrinae, 1. Although consumed world-wide in the form of tea, in senstive individuals, health complications can occur - mostly related to the caffiene content. 1. Full Sun 2. full to part sun 1. Thrives on tropical red earths, deep drained, with organic matter. 2. Requires acidic soil 3. Requires special care in sandy soils. no evidence 5.01 Family: Theaceae 5.02 Family: Theaceae 5.03 Family: Theaceae 1. Grows in thickets, however, insufficient evidence for "dense thickets"

6 Encyclopedia of Life ( ) KEW Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant 2. KEW KEW 1. No evidence of these features 1. It is not clear whether a truly 'wild' plant still exists 'Wild' tea plants can be found growing in forests, but these may be relics of past cultivation. 1. Tea is propagated either from seeds or by vegetative means. 2. Propagated by seed 1. It is not clear whether a truly 'wild' plant still exists 'Wild' tea plants can be found growing in forests, but these may be relics of past cultivation. [No evidence of natural hybridization, as vast majority of species lives in a controlled setting) Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant 1. Tea flowers are largely, if not completely, self-sterile and require cross-pollination by insects to produce seed Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant 1. Tea flowers are largely, if not completely, self-sterile and require cross-pollination by insects to produce seed. 2. Many 2. Wickramaratne, M. R. T., & Vitarana, S. I. different types of insect frequented the seed garden (1985). Insect pollination of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in Sri throughout the year. Diptera were the most numerous and Lanka. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago). 3. Chen, were found to be efficient pollinators of tea flowers. Bees were X., Hao, S., Wang, L., Fang, W., Wang, Y., & Li, X. (2012). also effective pollinators but were only present seasonally and Late-acting self-incompatibility in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). in smaller numbers. 3. Tea plants exhibit self incompatibility Biologia, 67(2), Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant KEW 2. Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant Propagated by cuttings not sufficient to justify YES answer. 1. Tea is propagated either from seeds or by vegetative means Under agricultural conditions, selected clones are propagated vegetatively. 1. It requires 4-12 years to bear seed. 1. It is not clear whether a truly 'wild' plant still exists 'Wild' tea plants can be found growing in forests, but these may be relics of past cultivation. 2. Most plants are grown in a agricultural setting

7 Purdue University, Center for New Crops and Plant Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 1. World tea production, excluding Mainland China, for 1971 was approximately 1,092,000 metric tons. Some of the major producing countries include Pakistan, India, Kenya, Uganda and Argentina. World tea exports, including estimates for Mainland China, in 1970 were 635,000 tons, a 10% gain over the previous year's level of 574,000; South African exports totaled 101,000 tons, South American, 23,000 tons; Asian, 511,000 tons. London auction prices in 1970 for all teas averaged 49.7cents/lb, as compared to 44.1cents/lb in 1969; with an average price of $1.25/kg. Largest importers of tea are United Kingdom, totaling 254,564 tons in 1970, and the United States, approximately 150 million pounds in Sri Lanka remains the largest source of U.S. imports with 46.1 million pounds, followed by Indonesia, India, and Kenya. 2. Commercial tea plant, occasionally grown ornamentally in Hawaii 7.03 Probably not - no evidence that the species grows near fields of seed crops Flora of China 1. Seed capsule large: cm 7.05 no evidence Flora of China no evidence 1. no fleshy covering on seeds Flora of China No mechanism for attachment BioNET-EAFRINET Media/Html/Camellia_sinensis (Tea_Plant).htm ( ) 2. CICCUZA, D., & Kokotos, S. (2007). The invasive potential of tea: naturalisation and spread of Camellia sinensis in natural and logged forests of the Amani Nature Reserve Plants for a Future nsis M.Jamalomidi, M.Gholami (2013) Effect of packing type and storage time on tea (Camellia sinensis L.) seed germination. Department of biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences Vol, 4 (5) 1. Seeds of Camellia sinensis are animal-dispersed. 2. In terms of dispersal, a number of dense clusters of 10 to 20 even-aged seedlings were found growing far from the plantation. These clusters are typical of rodents that feed on and store seeds in the ground. It was suggested that the pouched giant rat (Cricetomys spp.) is the species involved, though this would need to be investigated further. 1.. Plants are not very self-compatible, self-fertilized flowers produce few seeds 1. Tea seeds have been shown to be short- lived and storage ranging from nine months to six years has been reported with more than 70% germination at the end of these periods by several workers 8.03 no evidence of control Encyclopedia of Life ( ) 1. It has thrived under cultivation for over 2000 years 8.05 no evidence