PERFORMANCE OF THE SELECTED MAIN TREE OF LIBEROID COFFEE IN THE PEATLAND OF KEPULAUAN MERANTI, RIAU

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1 PERFORMANCE OF THE SELECTED MAIN TREE OF LIBEROID COFFEE IN THE PEATLAND OF KEPULAUAN MERANTI, RIAU Budi Martono Indonesian Research Institute for Industrial and Beverage Crops ABSTRACT In order to develop (renewal and extension) the Liberoid coffee in peatland, it is necessary to do the program in increasing its production and quality. It requires the superior planting materials and location. This study had the objective to find out the performance of the selected main trees of Liberoid coffee in peatland. study was conducted from January to September 2015 in Kedaburapat Village, Rangsang Pesisir District, Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau. method used was the direct observation of main trees of selected Liberoid coffee. observed characters were quantitative and qualitative characters. results showed that the diversity of quantitative characters within a range between 7.39 to 40.11%. average number of pieces per bunch was third with a production of kg tree -1 year -1, cm plant height, stem diameter cm, the number of primary branches of 5.88; the number of secondary branches 12.63, crown width cm western, eastern cm, cm southern and northern cm. diversity of qualitative characters were seen in the character of shoot color, old fruit color, fruit shape, fruit discuss, and the upper surface of the leaf. Keywords: Peatland, growth performance, liberoid coffee, and main tree INTRODUCTION Liberoid Coffee is one of coffee that is different from Arabica and Robusta coffee (Robustoid). Liberika coffee (Coffea liberica Bull ex Hiern) and Ekselsa coffee (Coffea excelsa Chev.) are categorized as Liberoid coffee that have the main difference in the fruit flesh thickness and color faded leaves (flush). coffee Liberika flesh is thick and pale leaves are or slightly brownish whereas Ekselsa coffee is like Arabica in thin flesh and the faded leaves of the underside of the leaf are red-brown (Hulupi, 2014). AICE (2007) reported that more than 90% of coffee in Indonesia today is Robusta, while the remaining 9% is Arabica coffee and other types. One of the Liberoid coffee-producing areas in Indonesia is Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province. Correspondence: Budi Martono. Research Institute for Industrial and Beverage Crops budimartono@hotmail.com area of coffee planting area reached ha involving 950 heads of family and spread over six districts, namely Rangsang Pesisir, Rangsang Barat, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi Barat, Tebing Tinggi Timur, and Pulau Merbau (Dishutbun, 2012). Liberoid coffee from Kepulauan Meranti has an excellent flavor and gets a higher price than Robusta. In addition to fulfill the local needs, Liberoid coffee from Meranti is also exported to Malaysia (Martono et al., 2015). liberoid coffee crop productivity is low in Kepulauan Meranti, about kg of dry seed ha -1 year -1. One of the efforts to increase the production and the quality of the Liberoid coffee was to use superior planting material. Based on this, there has been a selection of local varieties of Liberoid coffee on specific soil condition of peatland in Kepulauan Meranti. se activities have been conducted since 2012 between the Department of Forestry and Plantation of Kepulauan Meranti Regency of Riau Province in cooperation with Research Institute of 32

2 Industrial Plant and Fresher, Research and Development Center of Plantation, and Agricultural Research and Development Agency. One of the results of these activities was varieties of Liberoid coffee released in 2015 under the name of Liberoid Meranti 1 and 2. In relation to those activities, this study aimed to find out the performance of the main selected plant of coffee in Kepulauan Meranti Regency. MATERIALS AND METHODS study was conducted in Kedaburapat Village, Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riaa Province. study was conducted from January to September research material was eight selected main trees of Liberoid coffee located in altitude of seven meters above sea level. parameter measured is quantitative (the number of pieces per bunch, production tree -1 year -1, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, crown width West, East, South, and North) and qualitative character (color shoots, young fruit color, the color of old fruit, fruit shape, fruit discuss, upper and lower surfaces of leaves, as well as the edges of the leaves). processing data used MINITAB program version 14:13. data were analyzed by calculating the average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variance (cv) of each character/nature observed, the qualitative character displayed descriptively. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Quantitative Character observation result of quantitative characters showed any diversity among elected main trees on the number of pieces per bunch with diversity coefficient of 30.24%. observed main trees have an average number of pieces per bunch in a low number ranging 3 or from 2.50 to number character of pieces per bunch is classified quite important because the number of pieces per bunch give the effect on production. research result done by Marandu et al. (2004) concluded that the number of fruit per bunch had a significant positive correlation with yield of Robusta coffee. While Esther and Adomako (2010) reported that the apparent positive correlation between the code numbers of pieces per bunch with power results are only visible when the plants are young. number character of pieces per bunch was influenced by the growth of environmental conditions (Evizal et al., 2008). fruit production is a major component that affects the outcome of the coffee plant and determines the productivity of the plant. average production of the main plant was selected by kg tree -1 year -1 or around kg tree -1 year -1. Besides influenced by genotype, coffee production was strongly influenced by the environment. liberoid coffee was adaptable in wetland of Kepulauan Meranti Regency where Arabica and Robusta coffee cannot grow. Daras and Martono (2015) reported that the peat in the Kedaburapat Village had a sufficient level of nutrients varying from very low to high. elements of N varies from 0.13 to 0.62%, P ( mg kg -1 P2O5), K ( mg kg - 1 K 2 O), Ca ( cmol kg -1 ), and Mg ( cmol kg -1 ). observation result of other quantitative characters showed that there are variations on the character of the number of branches, crown width west, east, south, and north to the coefficient diversity above 20%. plant height ranges between cm (average cm); plant height above 300 cm is in the main tree number 5, 133, and 136. average diameter of the trunk is cm or about cm, and all selected main trees have a diameter 30 cm, except number 141 (27 cm). 33

3 Table 1. Performance of Selected Main Tree No. Selected Main Trees average number of pieces per bunch average production of pieces tree -1 year -1 (kg) , , , , , Average 3,35±1,01 30,63±2,26 KK (%) 30,24 7,39 observation result of other quantitative characters showed that there are variations on the character of the number of branches, crown width west, east, south, and north to the coefficient diversity above 20%. plant height ranges between cm (average cm); plant height above 300 cm is in the main tree number 5, 133, and 136. average diameter of the trunk is cm or about cm, and all selected main trees have a diameter 30 cm, except number 141 (27 cm). average number of primary branches is by 5.88 with a range between According to Marandu et al. (2004), Anim- Kwapong and Adomako (2010), Anim- Kwapong et al. (2011), and Randriani et al. (2014), the number of primary branch is not significantly correlated to the yield results but with character components, namely weight of 100 fresh fruit, weight of 100 grains of rice, and a weight of 100 grains of rice. number of secondary branches is a character that can be used as positive selection criteria for coffee productivity (Randriani et al., 2014); the number of secondary branches of the observed genotypes range between 8-21 (ave ). selected main tree number 134 has the highest number of secondary branches (21 cm) with a production of 34 kg tree -1 year -1 or higher being compared to the other selected main plant (Table 1). western part of the crown width ranges from cm (average cm), eastern cm (average cm), south cm (average cm), and north cm (average cm) as described in Table2. Randriani et al. (2014) reported that the crown width character is significantly correlated negatively with two characters yield component character, namely the number of fruit per bunch and the fruit length. It means that the genotypes with the narrower crown produce the amount of fruit per bunch more and longer fruit size (inclined oval shape). Thus, the genotypes with crown width narrower tend to show a higher yield even though the value of the correlation coefficient is not real. According to Priyono et al. (2011), more powerful crown with the wide character is influenced by genetic factors. crown narrower allows the plant to be developed in a more tightly so that the spacing of population per unit area is higher. Qualitative Character performance of the qualitative character of the selected eight main plants of Liberoid is shown in Table 3. diversity appears from the character of edge color, old fruit color, fruit shape, fruit discuss, and the upper surface of the leaf. edge is brown, reddish brown, and brown. 34

4 Table 2. Quantitative Character of Main Tree of Liberoid Coffee No. Selected Main Tree Plant height Rod Diameter Number of Primary Branch Number of Secondary Branch West Crown Width Eat South North Average ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Coefficient Diversity (%) selected main trees being observed mostly are in brownish, except the main tree selected number 5 (reddish brown) and number 142 (brown). old fruit color varies from red (numbers 5, 7, 132, 133, 136, and 142), orange (number 134) and reddish yellow (number 141). diversity of fruit shape is oval (number 5 and 142), oval (number 7, 132, 133, and 134), and oval (number 136 and 141), while the fruit discuss varies from flat, slightly bulging and protruding. upper surface leaves (number 7, 134, 136, and 142) and dark (number 5, 132, 133, and 141) of the lower surface light leaf and flat leaf edge. quantitative and qualitative characters on the plant are the phenotype as a result of the effect of genotype (G), environment (E) and the interaction between genotype and environment (GxE) (Falconer and Mackay, 1996; Allard, 1999). Table 3. Qualitative Character of Selected Eight Main Trees of Liberoid Coffee No. Selected Main Tree Shoot Color 1. 5 Reddish brown 2. 7 Brownish Brownish Brownish brownish Brownish Brownish color of young fruit color of old fruit Type Fruit Fruit Discuss Upper Surface of Lower Surface of Green Red Oval Dark Light Green Red Oval Protruding Green Light Green Red Oval Proturding Dark Light Green Red Oval Dark Light Green Orange Oval Green Light Green Red Oval Green Light Green Reddish Oval Fairly Dark Light yellow Protruding Edge Brownish Green Red Oval Fairly Protruding Green Light 35

5 CONCLUSIONS Based on the data diversity coefficient of quantitative character from the selected main trees, it shows the variations. diversity of above 20% is seen in the number character of branches, crown width of the west, east, south, and north. qualitative diversity is seen in the character of shoot color, dark fruit color, fruit shape, fruit discuss, and the upper surface of the leaf. REFERENCES AEKI Statistik Kopi Asosiasi Eksportir Kopi Indonesia. 82 p. Allard RW Principles of Plant Breeding (2 nd Edition). John Wiley and Sons Ltd, New York, USA. 254 p. Anim-Kwapong E, Adomako B Genetic and environmental correlations between bean yield and agronomic traits in Coffea canephora. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. 2(4): Anim-Kwapong E, Anim-Kwapong GJ, Adomako B Variation and association among characters genetically related to yield and yield stability in Coffea canephora genotypes. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. 3(12): Daras U, Martono B Budidaya kopi Liberoid pada lahan gambut di Kabupaten Meranti. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri. 21(1): Dishutbun Meranti Luas dan Produksi Kopi Excelsa di Kepulauan Meranti. Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti. Esther AK, Adomako B Genetic and environmental correlations between bean yield and agronomic traits in Coffea canephora. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. 2: Evizal R, Tohari, Prijambada ID, Widada J, Widianto D Layanan lingkungan pohon pelindung pada sumbangan hara dan produktivitas agroekosistem kopi. Pelita Perkebunan. 25(1): Falconer DS, Mackay TFC Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. Fourth Edition. Adison-Wesley Longman, Harlow UK. Marandu EFT, Reuben SOWM, Misangu RN Genotypic correlations and paths of influence among components of yield in selected Robusta coffee (Coffee canephora L.) clones. West African Journal of Applied Ecology. 5: Martono B, Setyono RT, Udarno ML Potensi kopi Excelsa di Kepulauan Meranti. Bunga Rampai Kopi. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar, Sukabumi: Hulupi, R Libtukom: Varietas Kopi Liberika Anjuran untuk LAhan Gambut. Warta Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia. 26(1): 1-6. Priyono, Sumirat U, Crouzillat D Identification of quantitative trait loci determining vegetative growth traits in Coffea canephora. Pelita Perkebunan, 27(3): Randriani E, Dani, Tresniawati C, Syafaruddin Hubungan antar karakter vegetatif, komponen hasil, dan daya hasil kopi Robusta hasil sambung tunas plagiotrop. Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar. 1(2):