Review of Arabica Coffee Management Research in Ethiopia

Transcription

1 Review of Aric Coffee Mngement Reserch in Ethiopi Anteneh Netsere 1, Tye Kuf 1 Tesfye Shimer 2 1, Jimm Agriculturl Reserch Center, P.. Box 192, Jimm, Ethopi 2, Ethopin Institute of Agriculturl Reserch, P. Box 23, Addis A, Ethiopi Astrct Coffee seeds with moisture content grter thn 4% when stored in moisture vpor rrier continers, viz. glss jr nd polythene g hd retined their viility nd vigor for longer period. However, sowing coffee seeds immeditely fter hrvesting nd processing ws found to e the est option for higher germintion rte nd etter seedling growth. Pre-germintion is the primry cuse of multiple nd crooked tp roots nd eventul tree deth in the field. Forest soil or mixture of top soils (TS), compost nd snd (S) in 3 : 1: nd 2 : 1 : 1 rtios or lends of orgnic mnure nd TS in 1 : 4, 2 : 4 nd 3 : 4 rtios resulted vigorous seedling growth. Applying 75 mg P or comintion of 2.31 g lime nd 25 mg P pot -1 (2.5 kg sieved TS) ensured production of qulity seedlings. Sowing coffee seeds t depth of 1 cm with the grooved side plced down nd emryo tip up hd improved germintion. Seededs covered with 3-5 cm thick mulch fter seed sowing nd wtered t 2 dys intervl until hypocotyl emergence hd higher germintion percentge. After emergence, with the removl of mulch, nursery eds provided with 5% over hed shde nd irrigted twice week until seedlings ttined 2 to 4 pirs of leves nd then fter t week intervl produced vigorous seedlings. Sowing clen coffee seeds fter soking in cold wter for 24 hours hstened germintion nd seedling growth. Soft wood single node cuttings with one pir of leves nd lends of TS, S, nd mnure in 2 : 2 : 1 rtio ws recommended for vegettive propgtion of hyrid coffee. Rrejuvention prctices, viz. topping, goido nd eskeletmento increse forest coffee yield y 43.2, 4.4 nd 38.% over clen stumping nd 12.5, 8.4 nd 4.7% over control (not rejuvented trees), respectively. Erlier stumping immeditely fter hrvesting tends to promote yield. Coffee trees stumped t 5 cm height hd slightly higher yield thn the conventionl 3 cm stump. Tied ridge gve respective yield dvntge of 19. nd 23.6% over untied ridge nd trditionl flt lnd field. Mintining 3-4 ering heds per tree or stump nd djusting plnt popultion to 4-5, 5-6 nd 7-8 trees h -1 hd mximized productivity of forest coffee t Tepi, Jim nd Metu nd Agro, respectively. On the other hnd, forest coffee stnds did not respond to minerl fertilizer ppliction nd weed mngement. Deeper nd wider hole size nd trnsplnting July/August incresed field survivl rte of coffee seedlings. Trctor nd oxen cultivtion, plnting coffee seedlings 1 cm deeper thn the collr level nd ll root trnsplnting mehod hd significntly improved erly growth performnce nd survivl rte of of the plnts. Milletti ferrugine, Alizi spp. nd Acci yssinic, Erythrin yssinc, Clpurne sudecondr nd Cordi fricn shde trees promoted coffee yield especilly when strip plnted with coffee trees. Bsed on the cnopy rchitecture three distinct morphologicl clsses (open, intermedite nd compct) Aric coffee types re identified. High density plnting incresed coffee yield especilly in the open sun fields; however its efficiency hs een found to vry depending on the cnopy nture of coffee plnt nd gro-ecologicl condition of the re. The use of loclly ville nd chep orgnic fertilizer sources such s coffee husk nd mnure s complements to minerl fertilizer ws found to e very importnt for sustinle soil fertility mendment nd promotion of orgnic coffee production. Intercropping did not significntly ffect growth nd development of coffee trees when plnted in proper comintions. Among coffee cultivrs, the compct types were more suitle for intercropping thn the intermedite nd open coffee type to sustin crop yields. Moreover, higher yield dvntge ws otined from intercropped plots s compred to sole stnds. This ws prticulrly noticed for nnul crops t erly stge nd with lower coffee popultion nd decresed with incresing yers of coffee production. Similrly, the gross monetry enefits were greter due to intercropping coffee with potto, turmeric nd ginge thn for sole coffee plots. In generl intercropping coffee with loclly dpted nd comptile csh nd food crops is gronomiclly eneficil nd economiclly fesile in south nd southwest Ethiopi. Keywords: Aric coffee, coffee seed, forest coffee, intercropping, plnttion coffee Introduction In Ethiopi, coffee (Coffe ric L.) production systems grouped into four, viz. forest, semi-forest, grden nd modern plnttions ccounting for 1, 35, 5 nd 5% of the totl production, respectively (Workfes nd Kssu, 2). Despite the existence of enormous genetic diversity nd importnce of the crop in the ntionl economy of the country, its production potentil hrdly exceeds.7 ton h -1 clen coffee (Centrl Sttisticl Authority, 212). Such low productivity of the crop stems from the use of wek nd weepy seedlings with undesirle shoot nd root growth for field trnsplnting, erroneous mngement of the plnt during the initil nd ltter stge in the field. These emnte from poor seed preprtion nd hndling, use of deteriorted seeds s plnting mteril nd growing medi not suitle for germintion nd seedling growth, improper depth of seed sowing, 235

2 pre-germintion prctice nd indequte or excessive shding nd wtering during the nursery period, exhustion due to ging, unregulted tree growth nd popultion density, drought, indequte or excessive light or shde, low soil fertility nd undulting topogrphy nd ssocited fctors, such s soil erosion (Pulos, 1994; Wondyifrw, 1994; Institute of Agriculturl Reserch, 1996; Yco et l., 1996; Tesfye et l., 25). In order to llevite the constrints severl pre- nd -post seed sowing nd field mngement prctices hve een tested iming t promoting qulity coffee production in the country. Therefore, outstnding reserch chievements generted so fr pertining to coffee seed nd nursery mngement, nd forest nd coffee plnttion mngement in Ethiopi re reviewed nd riefly presented in this pper. Reserch Findings 1. Pre-sowing coffee seed mngement 1.1. Stge of fruit mturity nd seed drying Stge of hrvest of the cherries, the condition of processing nd drying ffect germintion of coffee seeds. In line with this, results reveled tht red ripe cherries re the est stge of mturity for seed purpose (Figure 1). After pulping the cherries nd removing the floters, drying prchment intct seeds in well erted, cool nd shded condition till they ttined the desired moisture level efore sowing/plnting or further storge ensured higher germintion percentge (Figure 1) Seed storge time Studies reveled tht coffee seed germintion percentge, percentge of seedling emergence (%E) nd seedlings ttined first true leves (%FTL) decresed grdully since the second month nd rpidly fter the third month of storge (Figure 2 nd Tle 1). Besides, men dys to germintion (MDG) nd men dys to first true leves (MDFTL) consistently delyed with prolonged storge time (Tle 1). Thus, immedite sowing fter hrvesting nd processing is lwys the est option for higher germintion nd susequent growth (Wondyifrw, 1994; Tesfye et l., 1998; Anteneh et l., 28; Anteneh, 215). %germintion () Deep red Buni Reddening Sge of mturity Yellow c Green Figure 1. Germintion of coffee seeds s ffected y stge of fruit mturity () nd drying condition (). Brs cpped with sme letter(s) re not significntly different t.5 proility level. Source: Anteneh et l. (28) nd Anteneh (215). % Germintion c Open sun () Alizi shde Grss tukul Drying methods Corrugted iron (% ) G erm in tio n Storge month Figure 2. Effect of time of storge on germintion of coffee seed. Source: Tesfye et l. (1998). 236

3 Tle 1. Effect of time of storge on coffee seed germintion nd growth performnce of seedlings Storge time in month %E %FTL MDG MDFTL * f 94.2 f e 99.4 e c d 15.4 d d 69.2 c 44. 7c 19.5 c e 51.7 d f 43.6 e Figures followed y sme superscript letters within column re not significntly different t.1 proility level. *The time just t the dte of storge. %E = Percentge of seedling emergence; %FTL = percent ge seedling ttin first true leves; MDG = Men dys to germintion nd MDFTL = men dys to first true leves. Source: Wondyifrw (1994) Seed moisture content nd types of continer A comintion of high initil seed moisture level (not less thn 4%) nd moisture vpor rrier continers reltively etter preserved coffee seed viility longer nd improve growth of coffee seedlings. Accordingly, Wondyifrw (1994) reported comintion of seeds with moisture content of 55.2% nd glss jr resulted 97.5, 84.5 nd 89.1% vlues for seed germintion, seedling emergence nd seedlings ttin first true lef stge fter five months of storge. While seeds stored t 45.2% moisture content in plstic g (polythene tue) resulted 89., 82. nd 86.3% vlues for the respective prmeters (Figure 3, nd c). () 2.7% 31.1% 45.2% 55.2% () 2.7% 31.1% 45.2% 55.2% Viility (%) Glss gr Plstic g Tin cn Cloth g Jute g Open try Seedling emergence (%) Glss gr Plstic g Tin cn Cloth g Jute g Open try (c) Continer type Continer type Seedling with first true leves (%) Glss gr Plstic g Tin cn Cloth g Jute g Open try 2.7% 31.1% 45.2% 55.2% Continer type Figure 3. Effect of initil seed moisture level nd type of continer on coffee seed viility (), seedling emergence () nd seedling ttin first true leves growth stge (c). Source: Wondyifrw (1994) Pre-germintion prctices Aville reports showed tht pre-germinted nd plnted seeds hd resulted lrge percentge of seedlings with deformed roots, viz. multiple nd crooked tp roots (MTR nd CTR, respectively) thn sowing in situ in permnent ed (direct sowing) (Tle 2). The prctice cn lso dely the growth of seedlings nd thus lrge percentge of cotyledon nd first pir of true leves ws initited much erlier from direct sowing thn pregermintion prctice (Figure 4 nd ). Hence, coffee seeds should e seeded directly in seededs or polythene tue for the production of seedlings with norml root system thn following the pre-germintion techniques. 237

4 Tle 2. Effect of plnting norml (not pre-germinted) nd pre-germinted coffee seeds in conventionl seeded, nd fine (sieved) nd course (unsived) soils filled in polythene tue on percentge of multiple tp root (MTR) nd crude tp root (CTR). Tretments Fine soil Corse soil Conventionl seeded MTR CTR MTR CTR MTR CTR PGS DS LSD (.5) (.1) PGS = Pre-germinted seed nd DS = direct sowing (not pre-germinted seeds). Source: Byett nd Mesfin (25). %seedling with cotyledon leves () % seedlings with true leves () A B C Week Week Figure 4. Weekly differences in the proportion of seedlings with cotyledon () nd first pir of true leves () for tretments A= Pre-germinted nd plnted in polythene tue, B = Pre-germinted nd plnted on conventionl seeded, nd C= Direct sowing on seeded. Source: Byett nd Mesfin (25) Prchment removl nd seed soking Sowing prchment removed coffee seeds hd significntly promoted men dys to emergence s compred to prchment seeds (Figure 5). The prctice could lso enhnce seedling growth (Tle 3) nd shortens the nursery period y out four weeks (Tye nd Alemseged, 27). Though the difference is not considerle, soking coffee seeds in cold pure wter for 24 hours immeditely efore sowing hd improved rte of emergence, prticulrly during the erly stge fter sowing (Figure 5) nd produced vigorous seedlings thn unsoked seeds (Tle 3). Figure 5. Effect of pre-sowing seed tretment on rte of seedling emergence of Aric coffee seedlings. Source: 238

5 Tle 3. Growth prmeters (mens ± SD) of coffee seedlings s influenced y pre-sowing seed tretments. Growth chrcter Prchment removl Wter soking Unremoved Removed Unsoked Soked Height (cm) 28.2 ± ± ± ± 5.78 Stem dimeter (cm).46 ±.8.49 ±.5.46 ±.4.48 ±.8 No. of true lef pir 7. ± ± ± ±.63 Shoot dry mtter (g) 2.88 ± ± ± ± 1.3 Root dry mtter (g).7 ± ± ± ±.2 Totl dry mtter (g) 3.58 ± ± ± ± 1.5 RGR* (g month -1 ).58 ± ±.2.62 ±.21.7 ±.31 *RGR = Reltive growth rte. Source: Tye nd Alemseged (27). 2. Coffee nursery mngement 2.1. Nursery medi Coffee seedlings cn e grown on rised eds (15 cm height) or in polythene tue (1-12 cm dimeter nd cm height) filled with forest soil collected from the top 5-1 cm depth. However, in the sence of forest soil (FS), it ws recommended to use lends of top soil (TS) nd compost (C) only or TS, C nd snd (S) following the order of 3TS : 1C : S > 2TS :1C 1S > 2TS : 1C : S > 6TS : 3C :2S (Figure 6). Likewise, Tye et l. (1999) reveled tht mixture of loclly ville orgnic mnure nd TS in 1 : 4, 2 : 4 nd 3 : 4 rtios hd promoted oth shoot nd root growth of coffee seedlings. However, if this medi lends is suspected to e low in plnt nutrients, ddition of 2 g DAP/seedling fter the seedling ttin two pirs of true leves would improved seedling growth (Tye et l., 1999) Medi mendment It hs een reported tht ppliction of g lime nd 75 mg P nd 2.31 g lime nd 25 mg P/pot (2.5 kg sieved top soil) produced seedlings with the higher dry mtter yield (Figure 7). This ws primrily ssocited to the rise in soil ph nd precipittion of the exchngele lmunium tht fixes P nd increse in soluility nd vilility of soil P to the seedlings (Anteneh nd Heluf, 27). Dry mtter production (g) Shoot Root Totl FS 3TS : 1C : S 2TS : 1C : 1S 2TS : 1C : S 6TS : 3C : 2S 3TS : 2C : 1S 1TS : 1C : 1S 2TS : 2C : 1S 2TS : C : 1S TS Medi compostion Figure 6. Effect of different medi composition on dry mtter production of coffee seedlings. TS = Top soil; C = Compost nd S = Snd. Source: Tye et l. (22). () () Shoot dry mtter (g) Lime rte (g/pot) Figure 7. Effects of interction of lime nd P rtes on shoot () nd root () dry mtter of coffee seedlings. Source: Anteneh nd Heluf (27). Root dry mtter (g) Lime rte (g/pot) mg P/pot 25 mg P/pot 5 mg P/pot 75 mg P/pot 239

6 2.3. Seed sowing For mximum germintion, coffee seeds should e sown t depth of 1 cm with grooved side of the seed down nd the emryo tip up. However, seed germintion rpidly decline with sowing depth greter thn 1 cm (Tle 4). Tle 4. Effect of sowing depth nd position of seeds on percent germintion of coffee seeds. Sowing depth Seed position (cm) Grooved side Emryo tip Men up down up down Source: Yco (1986) Wtering seededs It ws oserved tht coffee seed eds covered with 3-5 cm thick mulch need to e wtered t 2 dys intervl until seedling emergence during the dry seson. After emergence y removing mulch nd providing moderte overhed shde, wtering seededs twice week until seedlings produce 2 to 4 pirs of true leves nd then fter t week intervl resulted vigorous seedlings (Tesfye et l., 25) Mulching seededs Seededs covered with 3-5 cm thick mulch of strw or dried grss, nn or enset leves etc., immeditely fter sowing hd resulted in significntly higher germintion percentge thn did mulch + shde nd shde lone (Figure 8). Reltively higher germintion response to mulch lone could e scried to regultion of the diurnl temperture in the nursery eds, which ensued from its insulting nture ginst fluctutions of soil temperture. However, the mulch should e removed nd replced y moderte (5-75%) overhed shde when the seedlings strt to emerge. %Germintion Mulch Mulch + Shde Mngement prctices Shde Figure 8. Germintion percentge of coffee seeds s ffected y mulch, shde nd their comintion. Brs cpped with different letter(s) re significntly different t.1 proility level. Source: Yco (1986) Overhed shde Provision of moderte level of over hed shde (25-75%, ut 5% is the est option) to coffee seedlings upon emergence nd removl of mulch resulted vigorous seedling growth with the highest totl dry mtter yield nd reltive wter content nd improve moisture content of the rooting medium (Tle 5). To hrden the seedlings, it is recommended tht the wtering frequency nd the overhed shde level should grdully e reduced one month hed of trnsplnting to the field t stge of six to eight pirs of true leves (Tesfye et l., 26). Tle 5. Effect of shde level on growth nd reltive wter content of seedlings (RWC) nd medium moisture content (MMC). Shde level (%) Plnt height (cm) Lef numer TDM* (g) of seedling RWC (%) MMC (% y volume) 24.7 c 14.4 c 5.3 c Mens within column followed y sme superscript re not significntly different t.1 proility level. c 24

7 *TDM = Totl dry mtter. Source: Yco et l. (1996) Vegettive propgtion Reserch results showed tht comintion of single node with soft wood cuttings with one pir of leves tken from orthotropic shoot nd rooting medi composed of top soil, snd nd mnure in 2 : 2 : 1 rtio were recommended for propgtion of hyrid coffee. It ws oserved tht this prctice resulted the highest rooting ility of stem cuttings (89.2%) nd survivl rte (63.3%) t hrdening off stge (Behilu et l., 26). 3. Forest coffee 3.1. Old coffee rejuvention In four, five nd seven yer s cycle stumping trils, stumped plots gve higher yields thn unstumped coffee (Figure 9, nd c). Similrly, it ws oserved tht yield of old coffee stnds incresed y 43.2, 4.4 nd 38., nd 12.6, 8.4 nd 4.7% using rejuvention methods, nmely topping, goido nd eskeletmento, s compred to the conventionl clen stumping nd the control (not rejuvented) plot, respectively (Figure 1). However, the doption of the different rejuvention methods my e influenced y stem nture of coffee trees (flexile or stiff), spcing etween plnt (popultion density), ge of coffee trees, economic sttus of the frm nd mngement system (Yco et l., 1996; Anteneh, 215). Thus, these fctors determine the economic fesile method to e dopted to renew old coffee orchrds Time nd height of stumping It ws oserved tht erlier stumping nd incresed stumping height significntly promoted forest coffee yield t different loctions (Figure 11 nd ). Reltively higher yield response to incresing stumping height could e ttriuted to the lrge mount of cron compounds (photosynthtes) ccumulted in the stump, nourishing the newly growing suckers nd the root system. This could mintin optimum shoot to root rtio nd thus, promote productivity of coffee trees. () () (c) Jimm Tepi Metu Jimm Agro Yield (clen coffee qh -1 ) unstumped stumped Rrejuvintion method Yield (clen coff qh -1 ) unsumped stumped Rejuvintion method Yield (clen coffee qh-1) unsumped Rejuvintion type stumped Figure 9. Four (), five (2) nd seven (3) yer stumping tril. Brs cpped with sme letter(s) re not significntly different t P =.5 proility level. Yield is given in quintl (q), which is equivlent to 1 kg. Source: Anteneh (215). 12 Yield (clen coffee q/h) Control (not rejuvinted) c Ground level stumping c Clen stumping Lyerying Figure 1. Effect of different rejuvention methods on yield of forest coffee. Brs cpped with sme letter(s) re Decote Rejuvintion methods Eskeleteminto Agoido Topping 241

8 not significntly different t P =.5 proility level. Yield is given in quintl (q), which is equivlent to 1 kg. Source: Anteneh et l. (28). Yield (clen coffee q/h) () Yield (clen coffee q/h) () 3cm 5 cm 2 Jnury 3 Mrch 3 April 1 My 15 4 Jim Tepi Agro Metu Time of stumping Loction Figure 11. Effect of time () nd height () of stumping on yield of forest coffee. Source: Anteneh (215) Popultion density nd ering heds Higher popultion density improved forest coffee yield, culminting the highest vlue t 5, 6 nd 8 trees h -1 t Tepi, Jimm, Metu nd Agro, respectively (Figure 12, nd c). Besides mintining optimum popultion density yield of forest coffee stnds linerly incresed with incresing numer of ering heds per tree or per stump (Figure 13). The increse in coffee yield with incresing popultion density hs een ttriuted to efficient utiliztion of environmentl inputs, viz. light, moisture nd nutrients, until the iologicl optimum is ttined (Tye et l., 21) Soil nd moisture conservtion Soil nd moisture conservtion structures, such s ridging tree rows were found to e effective in improving yield of forest coffee stnd especilly on sloppy lnds. With regrd to this, tied ridge exhiited 19. nd 23.6% yield dvntge over untied ridge nd flt lnd, respectively (Figure 13). Similrly yield dvntge oserved with closed end ridges for nnul crops (Heluf, 23) nd for tree crops like coffee (Yco et l., 1996) Minerl fertilizer nd weed control It ws oserved tht forest coffee yield ws not significntly ffected y ppliction of minerl fertilizer nd weed mngement (Figure 14 nd ). This could e ssocited to high orgnic mtter content of the soil, resulted from minerliztion of dense litter fll from the shde trees, nd hevy over hed shdes tht msk, depressed or nullified the effect of fertilizer nd weed mngement, respectively, on the performnce of coffee tees underneth. () () Yield (clen coffee q/h) Metu Agro Popu;tion density (trees/h) yield (clen coffee qh -1 ) popultion density (trees h -1 ) 242

9 6 Yield (clen coffee qh-1) (c) popultion density (trees h-1) Figure 12. Forest coffee yield (clen coffee q h -1 ) s ffected y popultion density t Metu nd Agro (), Tepi () nd Jimm (c) (five yers men). Figures followed y the sme superscript(s) re not significntly different t P =.. Source: Anteneh et l. (28) nd Anteneh (215). WF WOF Slshing Slshing + Hoeing Yield (clen coffee q/h) () Ger Agro Metu Melko Tepi Loction Yied (clen coffee q/h) () Tepi Melko Metu Agro Ger Loction Figure 14. Forest coffee yield s ffected y minerl fertilizer ppliction () nd weed mngement () (four yers men). WF = With recommended rte of fertilizer (N 172 P 77 nd N 15 P 63 kg h -1 ), WOF = Without fertilizer. Source: Anteneh et l. (28) nd Anteneh (215). 4. Plnttion coffee 4.1. Hole size nd time of trnsplnting Results showed tht survivl rte of coffee seedlings incresed with incresing hole size; though, the response vries mong ecologicl conditions (Figure 15). Moreover, pproprite time of trnsplnting is lso importnt to ensure etter survivl of coffee seedlings. Although proper plnting time hs to e est predicted nd modeled using severl yers wether dt, My/June nd July/August trnsplnting resulted in etter field survivl rte of coffee seedlings in most of the study sites (Figure 15). () 1 Melko Wengo Mechr () 11 Mrch/April My/June July/August. survivl % survivl % Melko Wengo Mechr Hole size (cm 2 ) Loctions Figure 15. Influence of hole size () nd time of trnsplnting () on survivl rte of Aric coffee seedlings. Source: IAR (1996) nd Endle et l. (28). 243

10 4.2. Tillge methods At Jim significnt difference in seedling survivl rte hs een oserved due to tillge tretments, where 85.3, 82.5, 76.7 nd 7.3% were recorded for trctor cultivtion, oxen plow, mnul digging nd conventionl holing on untilled plots, respectively (Tle 6). Though the difference is not significnt, vrious tillge tretments hd lso improved survivl rte nd erly growth prmeters of coffee seedlings t Tepi (Tle 6 nd 7). In contrst, t high lnd re of Ger, high seedling survivl rte ws recorded under zero tillge s compred to oxen cultivtion (Tle 6) indicting the loction specific effect of tillge opertions. On the other hnd, the ftereffect of erly tillge tretments on yield of coffee ws not significnt t oth Ger nd Tepi conditions (Tle 6). Furthermore, sustntil vritions were lso evidenced mong coffee cultivrs for survivl rte t Jimm nd most growth prmeters evluted t Tepi (Tye et l., 21). The findings of Yco et l. (1996) nd Tye et l. (21) hve lso indicted the existence of such genetic vrition mong Aric coffee mterils with regrd to their dpttion long topogrphic grdients. Tle 6. Per cent seedling survivl rte nd men clen coffee yields of Aric coffee s influenced y tillge methods cross different gro ecologies. Tillge method Survivl rte (%) Yield (kg h -1 ) Jimm Tepi Ger Tepi Ger * NS NS NS NS Trctor cultivtion Oxen cultivtion Mnul digging Conventionl holing SE (±) CV (%) NS, *, Non-significnt nd significnt t.5 proility level, respectively. Mens within ech column followed y the sme superscript letter(s) re not significntly different from ech other t P =.5 proility level. Source: Tye et l. (21) nd Endle et l. (28). Tle 7. Erly destructive growth prmeters of CBD resistnt coffee cultivrs s ffected y different tillge methods t Tepi. Tillge Method Tp root length (cm) Lef dry mtter (g) Shoot dry mtter (g) Root dry mtter (g) Totl dry mtter (g) NS NS NS NS NS Oxen cultivtion Mnul digging Conventionl holing SE (+) CV (%) NS = Non signifint. Source: Tye et l. (21) Depth of plnting The depth t which coffee seedlings re plnted ffects the success of survivl nd growth performnce in the field. With this regrd, results otined t Tepi reveled tht deeper plnting of coffee seedlings hd improved erly field growth performnce of coffee seedlings s compred to collr plnting (Tle 8). However, difference etween tretments ws not significnt in erly growth prmeters of coffee seedlings oserved t Ger (Tye et l., 21). The result indictes tht the choice of plnting depth depends on gro-ecologicl conditions of the re. 244

11 Tle 8. Erly growth performnce of three Aric coffee cultivrs s ffected y depth of plnting t Tepi. Lef dry Trnsplnting depth mtter (g) Stem + rnch dry mtter (g) Shoot dry mtter (g) Tp root length (cm) Root dry mtter (g) Totl dry mtter (g) ** ** ** ** ** ** Collr level c c c 5 cm deeper thn collr cm deeper thn collr SE (±) CV (%) ** Significnt t.1 proility level, men within ech column followed y the sme superscript letter re not significntly different t.5 proility level. Source: Tye et l. (21) nd nd Endle et l. (28) Trnsplnting methods Methods of trnsplnting hd sustntil influences on percent survivl rte of coffee seedlings. Polythene pote rised (ll root trnsplnted) coffee seedlings showed 92.92% field survivl s compred to the those rised on seed ed (re root trnsplnted) seedlings with men vlue of 62.44% (Figure 16). There ws significnt difference etween coffee cultivrs when re root trnsplnted, where the open type (752257) exhiited lower survivl rte thn did the intermedite (744) nd compct (74112) types Figure 15). However, ll the cultivrs showed mximum men survivl under ll root trnsplnting methods. Yco et l. (1996) hd lso oserved similr dpttions ptterns of the three coffee types long with the different soil moisture regimes. On the other hnd, the impct of trnsplnting methods on coffee yield response ws non-significnt t Ger nd Tepi (Tye et l., 21). Survivl rte (%) () Bre root Bll root Trnsplnting methods Survivl rte (%) Figure 16. The effects of trnsplnting method () nd interction of cultivrs nd trnsplnting methods () on percent coffee seedling survivl rte. Brs cpped with sme letter re not significntly different t P =.5 proility levels. Source: Tye et l. (21) nd nd Endle et l. (28) Soil nd Moisture Conservtion Coffee husk, grsses s mulch mteril nd cover crops such s desmodium re found to e importnt in minimizing soil nd moisture loss, suppression of weed seed germintion nd smothering of its growth in plnttion coffee. In unreplicted oservtionl plot t Jimm, noug(gzoti scr), hricot en (Phseolus vulgris L.) nd soyen (Glycine mx L.) used s cover crops in coffee plnttion reduced weed growth y 6, 4 nd 3%, respectively (Pulos, 1987). In nother study conducted t Jimm reveled tht Desmodium plnted s cover crop in coffee plnttion incresed coffee yield y out 3% s compred to sole coffee plots (personl communiction). Soil nd moisture conservtion techniques such s ridging (tied nd untied ridges) enhnced yields of CBD resistnt coffee cultivrs in coffee plnttion over the control plot, nd flt lnd (Figure 17). () c Bre root Bll root Trnsplnting methods 245

12 Yield (kg h -1 ) Tied ridge Untied ridge Bnding Flt lnd conservtion methods Figure 17. The influence of soil nd moisture conservtion techniques on yield of modern Aric coffee cultivrs. Source: Tesfye et l. (1998) nd nd Endle et l. (28) Coffee shde tree mngement In the center of origin, Ethiopi, Aric coffee hs een found growing nturlly under the cnopy strt of vrious shde tree species nd, thus, it flourishes est when grown under shde thn open sun condition (Yco et l., 1996). In ddition to their pprent roles in soil fertility enhncement, moisture conservtion, weed suppression nd modultion of light (Yco et l., 1996), leguminous shde trees hve tremendous use in promoting orgnic coffee production in the countery (Yco et l., 1996; Tye nd Tesfye, 21). Accordingly, Milletti ferrugine, Acci yssinic, Alizi sp., Erythrini yssinic, Clpurine sudecondr nd Cordi fricn were found to e suitle shde tree species for coffee production (Tle 9) s most of them hve wider cnopies nd fethery leves to provide coffee plnt eneth with moderte light regime nd replenish orgnic mtter through decomposition litter fll. Strip plnting of coffee trees etween two estlished shde tree species hd enhnced coffee yield s compred to intercropping under ech cnopy (Tle 9). In line with this, unlike intercropping, the merits of strip cropping to minimize direct competition etween shde tree nd coffee plnt for the ville resources, viz. nutrient, moisture nd light hve een well documented (Yco et l., 1996). In generl, increment in yield of coffee grown under shde trees could e ttriuted to the high rte of photosynthesis of coffee plnt under moderte light regimes (26-6%) s eloved to e shde loving C 3 plnt. However, for improved productivity of coffee tree the shde trees should e estlished under their recommended spcing (Tle 9). Tle 9. The influenced y plnting ptterns on coffee yield nd some desirle trits of the prominent shde tree species. Strip plnting Intercropping Chrcteristics of shde trees Shde tree species Yield (kg h - 1 ) Shde tree species Yield (kg h - 1 ) % light interception Litter fll (kg h -1 yr - 1 ) Cnopy dimeter (m x m) Milletti + Alizi 2158 Milletti ferrugine x 8 Leucen + Acci 1896 Alizi sp 1521 c x 18 Milletti + Grville 1343 d Accci yssinic 1534 c x 2 Clpurne + Acci 1693 c Erythrin yssinic 1485 c x 16 Aliziz + Acci 1255 de Clpurne 1467 c x 6 sudecondr Tephrosi def Cordi fricn 124 d x 16 Erythrin Mens with in column followed y the sme superscript letter(s) is not significnt t.5 proility levels. Source: Yco et l. (1996), Tesfye et l. (1998) nd Endle et l. (28) Determintion of optimum spcing Cnopy volume, which is dictted y numer of ering heds, rnch ngle nd plnt height determines sptil rrngement nd optimum spcing in coffee (Yco et l., 1996). It is strong genetic trit which cn e used to group coffee into three rod cnopy clsses identified s open, intermedite nd compct types, ech of which requires its own spcing (Yco et l., 1996). On the other hnd, coffee yield nd cnopy dimeter significntly incresed nd optimum popultion density decrese with incresing numer of ering heds (Tesfye et l., 1998; Tesfye et l., 21). Tking into ccount the morphologicl nture of coffee trees nd pruning systems to e used, optimum spcing, nd the corresponding popultion density hs een recommended for ech cnopy 246

13 clsss (Tesfye et l., 1998). Field tril results showed tht coffee yield linerly incresed with incresing popultion density or close spcing (Tle 1) under open sun condition proly ecuse of mutul shding. However, the efficiency of close spcing vried mong gro-ecologies (Figure 18). For instnce, in low ltitude re like Tepi, the efficiency of close spcing declined fter four crop hrvests (Figure 18). Increse in the proportion of ded primry rnches nd decline in crop ering surfce, which is directly ssocited with the incresed level of mutul shding or reduction in light interception y individul tree, could e ccounted for the erly exhustion nd decline in coffee yield t Tepi. On the other hnd, significntly high yield gin (Figure 18) nd long lsting efficiency of close spcing were evidenced t Ger nd Wengo (oth high ltitude res) (Figure 18). Furthermore, results otined t Metu (mid ltitude re) hd reveled the incresed efficiency of close spcing in enhncing yield performnce of compct Aric coffee (Endle et l., 26). In the sme study it ws lso evidenced tht encourging more thn two orthotropic stems per tree did not significntly improve coffee yield t close spcing or high popultion density. Besides, n oservtion tril conducted t Jimm, cov system of plnting (plnting more thn one seedlings per hole) promoted erly growth of Aric coffee seedlings. Accordingly, plnning one seedling per hole for open (75227) nd three seedlings per hole for compct (74165) coffee cultivrs fvored erlier growth prmeters, which re eloved to e indicter of the performnce of coffee trees t lter stge (Yco et l., 1993). Tle 1. Effect of numer of ering heds on clen coffee yield (kg h -1 ) nd cnopy dimeter (m) mong the three cnopy clsses of CBD resistnt Aric coffee cultivrs t Ger high lnd. Cnopy clsses Bering heds Open Intermedite Compct Yield (kg h - 1 ) Cnopy dimeter Pop. h -1 Yield (kg h - 1 ) Cnopy dimeter Pop. h -1 Yield Kg h -1 ) Cnopy dimeter d d d c d c c Pop. = Popultion; Mens in column followed y sme superscript letter(s) re not significntly different t P =.5 proility levels. Source: Yco et l. (1993)nd Endle et l. (28). () Tepi Ger Wengo () Tepi Ger Wengo Popultion density (in thousnds) Crop sesons Figure 18. The influence of crop seson () nd popultion density () on men clen coffee yield t Tepi, Ger nd Wengo. Source: Tye et l. (21) nd Endle et l. (28). Yield (kg h -1 ) Yield (kg h -1 ) Pop. h

14 Tle 11. Effects of close spcing on percent light interception (LI), rnch deth rte, clen coffee yield nd estimted crop ering surfce in the 8 th crop yers t Tepi Spcing Cnopy Men Brnch deth Clen coffee yield Height up Estimted (m * m) volume % LI to 1 st crop ering (m 3 ) upper Lower Kg tree -1 Kg h -1 primry surfce (m) lower rnch (m) c c c c c Pop. = Popultion; Mens in column followed y sme superscript letter(s) re not significntly different t P =.5 proility levels. Source: Tesfye et l. (21) nd Endle et l. (28) Rejuvention of old nd exhusted coffee trees After eing exhusted due to vrious environmentl fctors or ging, coffee tree needs to e rejuvented. Although, the conventionl prctice in Ethiopi is stumping, old nd exhusted coffee trees cn lso e renovted during cycle conversion nd ecome productive y different rejuvention prctices, viz. goido, topping, decote nd eskeltmento (Yilm, 1986). However, informtion in the potentil enefits of these methods in coffee plnttions is not ville in the country. On the other hnd, it hs een reported tht stumping coffee trees in slnt position (45 ngel) t 3-45 cm height ove the ground renovte old coffee orchrds nd mke it productive (Pulos, 1997). Rejuvention of exhusted coffee trees my e dictted y the nture of their stem, s open vrieties with stiff stem cn e renovted y stumping, while the compct vrieties with flexile stems re suitle for oth goido system nd stumping (Yco et l., 1996) Soil fertility mngement In Ethiopi, Aric coffee is predominntly grown on highly wethered nd leched Nitosols which is deficient in nitrogen nd phosphorus. Coffee is hevy nutrient feeder. It hs een documented tht more nutrients re removed nnully y the hrvested products in comprison to other tree crops like Coco nd Te (Coste, 1992). However, nutrient requirement y th crop my vry mong the coffee vrieties, ge of the tree, crop lod, type of production (forest, grden, plnttion, nd open nd low shde), sol fertility sttus, soil rection nd pnt popultion. According to Tye (1998) ppliction of nitrogen nd phosphorus minerl fertilizer t Jimm t rte of 15 nd 66 kg h -1, respectively, nd undecomposed coffee husk plus frm yrd mnure t rte of 1 ton h -1 resulted in high vegettive growth of coffee plnt nd improved coffee yields (Figure 19). In nother tril, the ppliction of decomposed coffee husk ws etter thn Sesni sesn pplied plot in terms of improving the yield performnce of coffee plnt. The use of decomposed coffee husk compost t rte of 1 ton h -1 (4 kg tree -1 on dry weight sis) with 5% soil incorportion nd the remining hlf surfce ppliction ws found to e superior in terms of yield performnce of coffee trees. Hence, it cn e concluded tht depending on the vilility of orgnic inputs nd plnt ecologicl fctors, the use of orgnic inputs t the rte of 5 to 1 t h -1 (2 to 4 kg tree -1 ) is dvisle for Aric coffee production (Tye, 1998; Tye nd Tesfye, 21). In other studies crried out t Jimm nd its su-center tht represent the mjor coffee growing groecologies of the country Pulos (1994) come out with set recommendtion (Tle 12) tht re of immense vlue to the grower. Accordingly, forest coffee, low yielding nd young trees (less thn three yers) nd rich soil (fertile soil) should e give low mount thn the recommended full dose. On the other hnd, open nd low shded coffee plnttions, high yielding vrieties nd mture trees on poor soils should e given the full dose of the recommended fertilizers (IAR, 1996). 248

15 Figure 19. Clen coffee (kg/h) With NP Without NP Appliction rte (ton/h) Men clen coffee yield of Aric coffee cultivr-f59 s influenced y the ppliction rte of the two orgnic fertilizer. Sources. Tye (1998). Tle 12. Loction specific NPK fertilizer recommendtion for coffee Loction Recommendtion domin Recommendtion rte (kg h -1 ) N P K Melko Jimm, M, Sek, Gomm nd Koss Ger Ger No fertilizer No fertilizer No fertilizer Metu Metu, Hurumu, Yyou d Chor Tepi Tepi Beek Beek Wongo Wongo, Dle, Alet Wodo nd Fiseh Genet Bedess Hro, Kui nd Dreleu Source: IAR (1996). 5. Intercropping of coffee nd horticulturl crops 5.1. Coffee nd turmeric (Curcum long) nd ginger (Zingier officinle Rose) Three CBD resistnt coffee cultivrs intermedite (744) nd compct (741 nd 74112) plnted t popultion density of 16, 25, 3265, 4444 nd 6398 trees h -1 were intercropped with turmeric nd ginger t Tepi Reserch Center. Coffee cultivr 741 ws intercropped with turmeric, while nd 744 were intercropped with ginger vriety Gin.37/79 nd Gin.4/79, respectively. A sole plot of ech crop ws lso included. Results of this tril show tht there were no significnt differences etween sole nd intercropped coffee plots throughout the study period, though the ltter exhiited inferior yield performnce s compred to the former. Similrly, men yield difference etween the coffee cultivrs ws not significnt. However, the intermedite (744) coffee cultivr gve higher yield thn the compct coffees (74112 nd 7411) in oth sole nd intercropped plots (Tle 13). This confirms the high suitility of the low lnd Tepi re for intermedite coffee cultivr. The influence of popultion density ws significnt (p <.1) on coffee yield nd the verge clen coffee yields significntly decrese with decresed tree popultion cross the crop yers nd this ws presented for the lst crop yer (Figure 2). The yield reduction ws highest for the intermedite coffee cultivr s compred with the compct types, indicting the more suitility of the ltter coffee cultivrs for intercropping. This is in line with the work done y Tye et l. (21). On the other hnd, men yield of turmeric nd ginger over the study period were significntly (p <.1) higher for sole stnds thn intercropped plots. However, turmeric yield ws higher for intercropped plots thn sole plots on the erly yer, nd men yield of turmeric nd ginger intercropped with coffee significntly decresed with incresing popultion density (Figure 2) nd ge of coffee trees. This is proly ecuse of the grdul incresing shde level y the upper strt of coffee cnopies nd reduced light interception y turmeric nd ginger underneth during the ltter yer of production. The iennil ering nture of coffee trees ws reflected y inconsistent yield over production seson. But, unlike turmeric nd ginger (Figure 2), yields of the three coffee cultivrs incresed with incresing popultion density coffee trees (Figure 2). The LER depicted the yield dvntge of growing coffee nd turmeric nd ginger together, suggesting their complementry to utilize efficiently the ville resources nd their eneficil effects on ech other. However, LER less thn one were otined for ginger nd coffee cultivr t the erly crop yer nd for ginger nd cultivr 744 during the ltter yer of production (Figure 21). The verge vlues of LER were higher for coffee thn spices throughout the study period. The totl LER ws greter during the first two cropping yers nd tends to decline then fter (Figure 21), indicting tht intercropping coffee nd spices is more dvntgeous t the erly stges. Aprt from this, higher gross field enefit or income ws otined from sole plot thn intercropped plots of ll crop types (Tle 14). Moreover, high reltive yield ws chieved when ginger nd 249

16 turmeric were intercropped with compct coffee type thn with the intermedite cultivr, indicting the more suitility of the former coffee cultivr for intercropping (Tye et l., 21; Tye et l., 28). Tle 13. Men clen coffee yield (Qt h -1 ) nd fresh rhizome yields of turmeric nd ginger (Qt h -1 ) s influenced y the intercropping prctices t Tepi over six crop yers Coffee Sole Intercropped Men Spices Sole Intercropped Men cultivr Gin. 37/ Gin.4/ Turmeric Men Qt = Quintls, where 1 Qt = 1 kg; Figures followed y the sme letter(s) within row/column re not significntly different t.5 proility level. Source: Tye et l. (28). () () Men clen coffee (Qt/h) Coffee popultion (tree/h) Yield (Qt/h) Gin.4/79 Turmeric Gin.37/ Coffee popultion (tree/h) Figure 2. Men clen coffee yield () nd fresh rhizome yields of turmeric nd ginger () s influenced y coffee popultion density t Tepi during the lst crop yer. Source: Anteneh nd Tye (215) Gin. 37/ Turmeric Gin. 4/ LER 1.5 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Crop yer Figure 21. Lnd equivlent rtio (LER) of coffee cultivrs intercropped with turmeric nd ginger (Gin. 37/79 nd Gin. 4/79) over six crop yers t Tepi. Source: Anteneh nd Tye (215). 25

17 Tle 14. Estimted gross field enefit [Ethiopin Birr (ETB)* h -1 ] from coffee nd turmeric nd ginger over three consecutive crop yers 4 th yer 5 th yer 6 th yer Crop type Sole Intercrop Men Sole Intercrop Men Sole Intercrop Men Coffee Turmeric Ginger Totl *2 ETB = 1 US Dollr; Field prices of dry coffee for the respective crop yers were 225, 475 nd 591 ETB Qt -1. The respective field prices of processed turmeric nd fresh ginger yields were 15, 1 nd 2 nd 1, 75 nd 5 ETB Qt during the 4 th, 5 th nd 6 th crop yers, respectively. Source: Anteneh nd Tye (215) Coffee nd ornge (Citrus sinensis) Agin, coffee erry disese resistnt selection ws row interplnted with locl sweet ornge (Citrus sinensis) t rtios 1 : 1, 3 : 1, 1 : 3, 3 : 2, nd 2 : 3 t Jimm. Sole plots of oth crops were lso included in the tril for comprison. Accordingly, the highest men coffee yields were otined t the fifth (29.5 Qt h -1 ) nd the eight (32.5 Qt h -1 ) crop yers, while the lowest t first (7. Qt h -1 ) nd sixth (5.3 Qt h -1 ) crop sesons (Tle 21). These results my lrgely e ttriuted to the iennil ering nture of coffee plnt. In most crop yers, sole plnted coffee gve the lowest yield s compred to the intercropped stnds, suggesting the enefits of intercropping to use efficiently the ville open spces. It my lso explined in terms of mutul shdings nd efficient utiliztion of the ville light due to intercropping of the two perennil fruit trees. This is prticulrly the cse for mximum coffee yield recorded t 1:3 coffee to ornge (25% coffee to 75% ornge) for most the cropping yers. This is in greement with the previous findings of Tye et l. (21) nd Tesfye et l. (22). Becuse of disese ttck, ornge fruits from ll the plots were not helthy nd norml nd considered unmrketle iologicl yield nd, hence it ws not possile to compute the economic enefits. In generl, intercropping coffee with ornge resulted in higher yield dvntge over the sole plots (Tle 22). The LER were greter thn unity for ll intercropped plots (Tle 22), indicting the yield dvntges of intercropping of the two crops s compre with sole plots of ech crop. The findings of this study were reported y Tye et l. (24) Coffee with vocdo (Perse mericn) Coffee erry disese resistnt coffee cultivr 744 ws intercropped etween rows of lredy estlished vocdo (Perse mericn) trees t Jimm t the rtio of :28, 67 : 24, 63 : 28, 71 : 2, 75 : 16, 79 : 12 nd 91: with totl plnt density of 91 trees per plot. In ddition, sole stnds of oth crops were lso included for comprison purpose. The results depict tht the pure stnds of coffee plots out yielded the intercropped plots (Tle 23), indicting the dense shding effects of vocdo trees on the coffee plnts underneth. Averge yields nd yield enefits of oth crops showed incresing trends for over yers with incresing popultions of coffee nd decresing vocdo trees. Moreover, reltively mximum yield dvntges of coffee nd vocdo were found intercropping rtios of 75 : 16 (Tle 23 nd 24). Similrly, the clculted LER lso depicted the yield enefits of the sme comintion nd its vlues were lower t the higher popultion densities of vocdo trees. In ddition, higher LER vlues were otined during the erly crop yer (Figure 22). These show the dverse effects of dense shding from the closely spced vocdo trees, prticulrly with geing. Hence, the idel comintion of the intercropping coffee to vocdo seems to e 75 : 16 in res with similr to Jimm condition. Besides, it is dvisle to remove either prts of the rnches of vocdo plnts or thin out coffee trees eneth the cnopies for mximum light interception nd incresed crop productivity. 251

18 Tle 21. Men clen coffee yield (Qt h -1 ) s ffected y different coffee to ornge tree intercropping rtios (1991/92-2/1 crop sesons) t Jimm. Coffee: 1991/ / / / / / / /2 2/1 Men ornge rtio NS NS NS * * ** NS * NS ** 1: : c c c 3: c c c 1: c : c B c Sole c c c coffee Men 7. de c E cd - CV (%) NS = Not significnt, * nd ** significnt t.5 nd.1% proility levels, respectively. Figures followed y sme superscript letter(s) within column nd row re not significntly different t.5% proility level. Source: Tye et l. (28). Tle 22. Men clen coffee nd fresh ornge fruit yields, their reltive yields nd LER s ffected y the intercropping rtios of coffee nd sweet ornge t Jimm. Coffee Plnt popultion 1994/95 2/1 : ornge (tree h -1 ) Crop yield (Qt h -1 ) Yield dvntge LER Crop yield (Qt h -1 ) Yield dvntge LER rtio Coffee Ornge Coffee Ornge Coffee Ornge Coffee Ornge Coffee Ornge 1: : : c : c : c Sole plots c Figures followed y sme superscript letter(s) within column re not significntly different from ech other t.5% proility level. Source: Tye et l. (28). Tle 23. Men coffee yield (kg h -1 ) nd its yield dvntges t the different intercropping rtios of coffee nd vocdo t Jimm (1993/ /96). Coffee to Coffee yield Men Coffee yield dvntge Coffee vocdo 1993/ / /96 yield 1993/ / /96 yield rtio dvntge : : : : : : :

19 Tle 24. Men vocdo yield (kg h -1 ) nd its yield dvntges of the different intercropping rtios t Jimm (1993/ /96). Coffee to Avocdo yield Men Avocdo yield Men yield vocdo rtio yield dvntge dvntge 1993/ / / / / /96 : : : : : : : Source: Tye et l. (28). LER / / /96 24:67 28:63 2:71 16:75 12:79 Avocdo to coffee rtio Figure 22. Lnd equivlent rtio (LER) of intercropping vocdo with coffee t vrious rtios nd crop yers t Jimm Coffee nd potto (Solnum tuerosum) Three CBD resistnt coffee lines with compct (7411 nd 74148) nd open (741) cnopy ntures were row intercropped with Irish potto (Solnum tuerosum) t Jimm. For comprison sole coffee plnts nd sole plot of potto ws included. The results of the experiment depicted tht coffee line grown sole gve the highest verge coffee yield, followed y the intercropped plot of coffee cultivr Among the intercropped plots, the lowest coffee yield ws otined from cultivr 74148, while yield of 7411 plnted sole ws more or less equivlent to the cultivr 741 intercropped with potto (Tle 25). Accordingly, the highest nd lest coffee yield dvntges nd LER were clculted for cultivrs 7111 nd , respectively (Tle 25). Similrly, higher verge potto tuer yields were otined from the pure stnds thn those intercropped with coffee. On the other hnd, potto plnts intercropped with cultivr gve the highest potto tuer yield s compred to other comintions. As result, gretest potto tuer yield dvntge ws recorded when interplnted with the compct coffee cultivr (Tle 25). On the other hnd, reltively higher gross monetry return ws estimted for the comintion of coffee nd potto in the order cultivrs > 741 > 7411 (Tle 26). Although sole stnds hd higher men yields thn did the intercropped plots of oth crops, ut y fr less thn tht of sole potto stnd. This is due to the higher locl mrket price of potto thn coffee. As result, increment in gross field enefit of the intercropping over tht of the sole coffee plots rnged from 9 to 11% (Tle 26) indicting the economic dvntge the prctice. The LER were lso more thn unity for ll coffee cultivrs nd followed the order of 7411 > 741 > 74148, proly indicting their order of suitility for potto intercropping under Jimm conditions (Tle 26). 253

20 Tle 25. Effect of intercropping of coffee nd potto on fresh cherry yield of coffee (kg h -1 ) nd potto tuer (kg h -1 ) yields t Jimm. Coffee cultivr Coffee yield Potto yield Yield dvntge LER Sole Intercrop Sole Intercrop Coffee Potto Source: Tye et l. (28). Tle 26. Estimted gross field enefit (ETB kg -1 h -1 ) of intercropping coffee nd potto t Jimm. Coffee cultivr Coffee Potto Coffee nd potto intercropped Sole Intercrop Sole Intercrop (11) (1) (9) The money field prices of fresh coffee cherry nd potto were.9 cents nd 1ETB kg -1, respectively. Figures in the prenthesis represent the percent increments of the gross field enefit from intercropped coffee nd potto over sole coffee. Source:Tye et. l. (28) Coffee nd enset (Ensete ventricosum) Coffee hs een intercropped with enset (Enset vetricosum) t Jimm nd Wengo, which is locted in southwest nd south Ethiopi using estlished 8-yer old coffee nd young coffee plnttions, respectively. The coffee trees were intercropped with enset seedlings t rtio of 1 : 1 nd 2 : 1 t Jimm nd 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1 nd 4 : 1 t Wengo. A pure stnd of oth test crops ws included in the study for comprison. The result show tht the growth of coffee trees ws not ffected y enset intercropping t Jimm (Tle 27) due to the reduced shde csting from enset on the well estlished old coffee stnds. Similrly, the differences etween tretments were not significnt for yield nd growth performnces of coffee trees t Wengo. Nevertheless, higher verge vlues were recorded for 4 : 1 nd 3 : 1 coffee to enset rtios, which were nerly equivlent to the vlue for the control (sole coffee) plot. In contrst, significntly the lowest vlue ws recorded t n equl proportion (1:1) of the two crops (Tles 28 nd 29). At oth sites, the yield dvntges of coffee differed cross crop yers nd the lowest results were otined from n equl crop comintion (Tles 27 nd 29). The findings in generl, hve estlished the criticl coffee to enset rtios of 2:1 nd 3:1 for Jimm nd Wengo res, respectively. Tle 24. Yield nd yield components of coffee trees intercropped with enset t Wengo. Tretment Plnt Numer of Length of 1 st Plnt vigor Cherry yield height primries primry rnch (visul score (1-4) (g tree -1 ) (cm) (cm) Coffee : enset NS NS * NS * 1: : : : : NS = Not significnt nd * = significnt t.5 proility level. 1 nd 4 stnd for poor nd very good plnt vigor, respectively. 254

21 Tle 25. Men fresh coffee yield nd reltive coffee yield of the first 3 yers for coffee intercropped with enset t Wengo. Coffee yield (g tree -1 ) Coffee yield dvntge 1985/ / /88 Men 1985/ / /88 Men Coffee : enset intercropping rtio * NS NS NS 1: : : : : Ns = Not significnt nd * = significnt t.5 proility level. Source: Tye et l. (28). Tle 26. Men clen coffee yield nd reltive coffee yield of coffee intercropped with enset t Jimm Tretment Coffee yield (kg h -1 ) Coffee yield dvntge Coffee:enset 1986/ / /89 Men 1986/ / /89 Men 1: : : Source: Tye et l. (28). Conclusion nd Recommendtions Coffee seeds to e used s seed mteril should e prepred from cherries picked t red ripe stge. Then, fter pulping the cherries nd removing the floters, seeds with their prchment intct should e dried under shde nd ventilted conditions s these reduces the drying temperture, which otherwise cn injure its germinility. Frmers who wnt to store coffee seed for sowing should store seeds hving initil moisture content of > 4% in well seled moisture proof continers, depending on their vilility, cost incurred, durility nd esiness for hndling, under cool nd dry condition. However, if condition forces to use pores or moisture-vpor permele continer, viz. cloth gs, fier scks, open try, etc., the moisture content of the seed cn e reduced to < 32%. Plnting pre-germinted seeds should not e prcticed y frmers s it results in lrge percentge of seedlings with mlformed root system nd eventul erly (forth to fifth ering) tree deth in the field. Hence, coffee seeds should e seeded directly in seededs or polythene tue. However, if seed viility is doutful, two seeds per hole should e seeded nd then thinned to one plnt. Furthermore, coffee seeds should e sown fter removing the hrd seed cover (prchment) nd soking the seeds in cold wter for 24 hours s the prctices enhnce germintion nd seedling growth. These cn lso e shorten the nursery period nd reduce the ssocited costs. After sowing, seededs should e covered with 3 to 5 cm thick mulch (strw or other dried plnt mterils) nd wtered t two dys intervl until the seedling emergence. The mulch should e removed when the seedlings strt to emerge. After emergence, the nursery eds should e provided with moderte (5%) overhed shde nd wtering frequency reduced to 4 nd 8 dys intervl within week until the seedlings ttin 2 to 4 pirs of true leves, respectively. Both wtering frequency nd shde level, however, should grdully e reduced one month efore trnsplnting the seedlings to the field t the stge of six to eight pirs of true leves. For mximum germintion nd seedling growth, coffee seeds should e sown in forest soil to depth of 1 cm with the grooved side of the seed plced down. However, in the sence of forest soil, divers type of lterntive potting medi with idel physicl nd chemicl conditions like forest soil cn e prepred y lending decomposed compost (C) nd top soil (TS) or C + TS + snd in vrious proportions. Phosphorus t rte of 75 mg P/pot (2.5 kg sieved top soil) nd comintion of 2.31 g lime nd 25 mg P/pot is lso recommended for growing Aric coffee seedlings t Jimm. In the sence of micro propgtion using tissue culture, the prctice of plnting soft wood single node cuttings with one pir of leves tken from orthotropic shoot in pot filed with mixture of top soil, snd nd mnure in 2 : 2 : 1 rtio should e exploited for multipliction of hyrid coffee vrieties using mist propgtion. Forest coffee cn e successfully rejuvented nd ecome productive y pplying different rejuvention prctices, viz. topping, goido nd eskeletmento, which out yield the conventionl stumping t lest y two fold. Furthermore, yield of forest coffee stnd slightly improved y stumping orthotropic shoots t 5 cm height ove the ground s compred the conventionl 3 cm stumping height. On the other hnd, tied ridge ws found to e importnt components of lnd mngement, especilly on sloppy lnd, to sustin nd promote forest coffee yield. Mintining coffee trees on flt lnd hd inferior compred to other lnd preprtion nd soil moisture conservtion prctices (tied nd untied ridge). Appliction of minerl fertilizer is 255

22 not recommended for forest coffee production s it promote orgnic coffee production y susistence nd smllscle forest coffee producers in the country. Yield of old coffee stnds increse linerly with incresing numer of ering hed per tree or stump y thinning out wek nd closely spced coffee trees nd/or y plnting new coffee seedlings in open spce rnging etween 4 nd 8 trees per h t different sites. The choice of hole size for plnting Aric coffee in the field depends on gro-ecologicl conditions. Wider nd deeper hole dug erly in the dry seson re preferle to ensure higher rte of survivl nd etter field estlishment prticulrly in res with moisture deficit. Time of trnsplnting is lso importnt for successful field estlishment. In most of the cses, My/June nd July/August trnsplnting seems to e proper time of trnsplnting, though this hs to e supported y long term rin-fll dt of ech loction for etter forecst of the plnting time. Vrious tillge methods nd trnsplnting techniques improved stnd estlishment nd susequent growth nd yield of coffee especilly in the erly yer of production. On the other hnd, conventionl holing on untilled plot nd collr level of plnting were found to e inferior t the different gro-ecologies. Thus, initil tillge nd deeper plnting should e prcticed to ensure mximum field estlishment of coffee plnttions. Similrly, soil nd moisture conservtion techniques, viz. tied-ridge, untied-ridge nd nding were found to e effective in improving productivity nd yield of plnttion coffee. Hence, mong soil nd moisture conservtion techniques, tied ridges nd untied ridge re recommended prticulrly for res with undulted topogrphy nd frequent moisture stress. Milleti ferrugine, Acci yssinic Alizi sp., Erythrin yssinic, Clpurne sudecondr nd Cordi fricn re fvorle shde tree species for coffee production in res where they cn dpt with coffee. These prominent shde tree species provide moderte light intensity to coffee plnt underneth; replenish soil fertility through liter fll nd thus, promote orgnic coffee production in the country. The productivity of coffee trees could e improved y strip plnting or intercropping with the shde trees. However, using strip plnting pttern hd more yield dvntge then intercropping. Thus, shde trees, fruit trees or other complimentry crops cn e stripped with coffee without ffecting coffee yield s the prctice minimize direct competition etween shde trees nd coffee plnt for ville nturl resources, viz. light, moisture nd nutrient. Bsed on their cnopy rchitecture nd lef, rnch nd stem nture Aric coffee lines morphologiclly ctegorized under three cnopy clsses, viz. open, intermedite nd compct. Such cnopy spred, which is dictted y numer of ering heds, rnches, ngle orienttion nd plnt height, determines specil rrngement nd optimum spcing etween coffee plnts. Under open sun condition, close spcing or high density plnting of up to 1 trees h -1 incresed coffee yield, though the efficiency depend on groecologicl fctors nd ge of the plnttion. However, to mke use of the yield dvntge of high density plnting, more sustinle nd pproprite mngement prctices like pruning nd optimum inputs should e pplied nd compct vrieties hve to e plnted. For low lnd res like Tepi, erly cycle conversion or thinning out of trees to popultion not exceeding 5 tree h -1 is impertive. Coffee cn e grown with fruit nd nnul crops without significnt yield reductions in properly designed cropping prctice. This is prticulrly importnt for intercropping coffee with enset, ornge, vocdo, turmeric nd ginger. Among coffee cultivrs, the compct vrieties were found to e more suitle for intercropping. The yield performnce of coffee ws not much ffected y intercropping nd the enefits of the prctice were higher t the erly yer of stnd estlishment. In generl, intercropping coffee with different food nd csh crops ws found to e stilizing yield dvntge nd gross economic returns, prticulrly t the erly yer of stnd estlishment. Hence, the smll holding frmers cn more or less e uffered ginst crop filure nd low mrket price of one crop. Cogniznt of the limited frm size owned y frmers nd long time required for the coffee trees come into ering intercropping is the only remedy to increse crop productivity per unit re of lnded/or per yer. References Anteneh Netsere nd Heluf Geerekidne. 27. Response of Aric coffee seedling to lime nd phosphorus: II. Dry mtter production nd distriution. p In: Interntionl Conference on Coffee Science, 21 st, Montpellier, 11 th 15 th Septemer 27. ASIC, Frnce. Anteneh Netsere, Tesfye Shimer, Tye Kuf, Endle Tye, Wosene Geereselssie. 27. Yield response of forest Aric coffee to ridges nd rejuvention methods. Pp In: Interntionl Conference in Coffee Science, 21 st, 11 th 15 th Septemer 27, Montpellier, Frnce. Anteneh Netsere, Endle Tye, Tye Kuf, nd Tesfye Shimer. 28. Reserch on Aric forest coffee field mngement. Pp In: Proceedings of Ntionl Workshop Four Decdes of Coffee Reserch nd Development in Ethiopi, August 27, Addis A, Ethiopi. Anteneh Netsere, Endle Tye, Tesfye Shimer, Tye Kuf nd Amnule Asrt. 28. Pre-plnting Mngement of Aric coffee in Ethiopi. Pp In: Proceedings of Ntionl Workshop Four Decdes of Coffee Reserch nd Development in Ethiopi, August 27, Addis A, 256

23 Ethiopi. Anteneh Netsere Advnce in Aric forest coffee mngement reserch in Ethiopi. Journl of Biology, Agriculture nd Helthcre, 5(9): Anteneh Netsere nd Tye Kuf Intercropping of Aric Coffee with Turmeric (Curcum long) nd Ginger (Zingier officinle Rose) t Tepi. Journl of Biology, Agriculture nd Helthcre, 5 (7): Byett Belchew nd Mesfin Ameh. 24. Effect of coffee seeds pre-germintion prctice on tp root development. Pp In: Interntionl Conference on Coffee Science, 2 th, Bnglore, Octoer 24. ASIC, Indi Byett Belchew nd Mesfin Ameh. 25. Effect of coffee seeds pre-germintion prctice on tp root development. Pp In: Interntionl Conference on Coffee Science, 2 th, Bnglore, Octoer 24. ASIC, Indi. Behilu Atero, Girmu Temesegen nd Byett Belchew. 26. Effect of type of cutting nd medi mixture on rooting ility of Aric coffee hyrid. Pp In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the Crop Science Society of Ethiopi, April 24, Addis A, Ethiopi. Seil Vol. 11. Centrl Sttisticl Authority Agriculturl smple survey 25/6 (Septemer 25 Ferury 26). Volume I. Report on re nd production of crops (privte pesnt holdings, Meher seson). Sttisticl ulletin 361, Addis A, Ethiopi. Coste, R The plnt nd the product. Mcmillin, London. Endle Tye, Tye Kuf, Anteneh Netsere Netsere, Tesfye Shimer, Alemseged Yilm nd Tesfye Ayno. 28. Reserch on Aric coffee field mngement. Pp In: Proceedings of Ntionl Workshop Four Decdes of Coffee Reserch nd Development in Ethiopi, August 27, Addis A, Ethiopi. Heluf Gerekidne. 23. Grin yield response of sorghum (Sorghum icolor) to tied ridges nd plnting methods on Entisols nd Vertisols of Alemy re, Estern Ethiopi high lnds. Journl of Agriculture nd Development in the Tropics nd Sutropics 14(2): Institute of Agriculturl Reserch (IAR) Recommended production technologies for coffee nd ssocited crops. Addis A, Ethiopi. Pulos Dule (ed.) Minerl Fertilizer of Coffee in Ethiopi. Institute of Agriculturl Reserch, Addis A, Ethiopi. pp. 15. Pulos Dule The effects of pruning, weeding nd fertiliztion of the yield of Aric coffee in south western Ethiopi.17 th Interntionl Scientific Conference on coffee (ASIC) June, 1997, Niroi Keny. Pulos Dule nd Demil Tekti. 2. The need for forest coffee germplsm conservtion in Ethiopi nd its significnt in the control of coffee disese. Pp In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Control of Coffee Berry Disese (CBD) in Ethiopi August 1999, Addis A, Ethiopi. Tye Kuf Cov plnting fvours coffee production t Melko. Institute of Agriculturl Reserch Newsletter.12: Pp 5-6. Tye kuf Response of Aric coffee (Coffee Aric L.) to vrious soil fertility mngement. M.Sc. Thesis Tye Kuf, Mesfin Aee nd Pulos Dule Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus nd orgnic fertilizer on growth nd development of coffee seedlings. Pp In: Proceedings of Africn Crop Science Conference. Africn Crop Science Society, Vol. 4, Kmpl, Ugnd. Tye Kuf, Tesfye Shimer, Alemseged Yilm, Anteneh Netsere nd Endle Tye. 21. The impct of close spcing on yield of Aric coffee under contrsting gro-ecologies of Ethiopi. Africn Crop Sciences Journl 9(2): Tye Kuf nd Tesfye Shimer. 21. Orgnic coffee production: Hope for smll scle frmers in Ethiopi. In: Proceeding of the 19 th Interntionl Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC). My 14 th - 18 th 21, Trieste, Itly. Tye Kuf, Tesfye Shimer, Alemseged Yilm, Anteneh Netsere nd Endle Tye. 21. The impct of close spcing on yield of ric coffee under contrsting gro-ecologies of Ethiopi. Africn Crop Science Journl, Ugnd. 9(2): Tye Kuf, Tesfye Shimer nd Alemseged Yilm. 22. Influence of medi mixture nd wtering frequency on seed germintion nd seedling growth of Aric coffee in Ethiopi. In: Interntionl Conference in Coffee Science, 19 th, Trieste, My 21. ASIC, Itly. Tye Kuf, Tesfye Shimer nd Alemseged Yilm. 24. Intercropping of coffee with sweet ornge t Jimm Reserch Center. Ethiopi. Journl of Cfé nd Cco, 5(1-2): Tye Kuf. 26. Ecophysiologicl diversity of wild Aric coffee popultions in Ethiopi: Growth, wter reltions nd hydrologic chrcteristics long climtic grdient. Ph. D. disserttion. Ecology nd 257

24 Development Series No. 46. Center for Development Reserch, University of Bonn, Germny. Tye Kuf nd Alemseged Yilm. 27. Emergence nd growth of Aric coffee seedlings s influenced y some pre-sowing seed tretments. p In: Interntionl Conference on Coffee Science, 21 st, Montpellier, 11 th 15 th Septemer 27. ASIC, Frnce. Tesfye Shimer, Yco Edjmo, Alemseged Yilm nd Tye Kuf Reserch chievements nd trnsferle technology in coffee gronomy. P In: Proceedings of the Third Technology Genertion, Trnsfer nd gp Anlysis Workshop Novemer 1996, Nekemet, Ethiopi. Tesfye Shimer, Tye Kuf nd Alemseged Yilm. 21. The effects of shde trees on yield of Aric coffee in two plnting ptterns. In: Proceeding of the 19 th Interntionl Conference on Coffee Science. My 14 th -18 th 21, Trieste, Itly. Tesfye Shimer, Tye Kuf nd Alemseged Yilm. 22. The effect of estlish shde trees on the growth nd yeld of Aric coffee in two plnting pttern. In: Proceeding of the 19 th Interntionl Conference on Coffee Science IASIC), My 14 th 18 th, 21, Triste, Itly. Tesfye Shimer, Alemseged Yilm, Tye Kuf, Endle Tye nd Anteneh Netsere. 25. Coffee seedlings mngement nd production. Amhric version, Ethiopin Agriculturl Reserch Orgniztion, Addis A, Ethiopi. 17pp. Wondyifrw Tefer The influence of durtion of storge, initil moisture content nd type of continer on the viility of coffee (Coffe ric L.) seeds. M. Sc. thesis, Alemy University of Agriculture, Alemy, Ethiopi. Workfes Woldestdik nd Kssu Keede. 2. Coffee production system in Ethiopi. p In Proceedings of the Workshop on Control of Coffee Berry Disese (CBD) in Ethiopi August 1999, Addis A, Ethiopi. Yco Edjmo Review of coffee nursery tril t Melko. Pper presented on the First Ntionl Coffee Symposium in Ethiopi, August 1986, Addis A, Ethiopi. Yco Edjmo, Tesfye Shimer, Girmu Temsgen nd Alemseged Yilm Effects of Cnopies nd ering heds on density nd yield of CBD resistnt Aric (Coffe Aric L.). P In: Proceeding of the 15 th Interntionl Scientific Colloquium on Coffee, 6-11 June Pris. Yco Edjmo, Tesfye Shimer, Alemseged Yilm, Anteneh Netsere, Tkele Negewo, Mohmmednur Aches nd Bekele Bogle Advnces in coffee gronomy reserch in Ethiopi. p In Proceedings of Inter Afric Coffee orgniztion (IACO) Workshop, 4-6 Septemer 1995, Kmpl, Ugnd. Yilm yemne Brhn Coffee pruning: A review. Proceedings of the first Ethiopin coffee symposium of coffee 2-23 August

25 The IISTE is pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service nd cdemic event mngement. The im of the firm is Accelerting Glol Knowledge Shring. More informtion out the firm cn e found on the homepge: CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS There re more thn 3 peer-reviewed cdemic journls hosted under the hosting pltform. Prospective uthors of journls cn find the sumission instruction on the following pge: All the journls rticles re ville online to the reders ll over the world without finncil, legl, or technicl rriers other thn those inseprle from gining ccess to the internet itself. Pper version of the journls is lso ville upon request of reders nd uthors. MORE RESOURCES Book puliction informtion: Acdemic conference: IISTE Knowledge Shring Prtners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicls Directory, JournlTOCS, PKP Open Archives Hrvester, Bielefeld Acdemic Serch Engine, Elektronische Zeitschrifteniliothek EZB, Open J-Gte, OCLC WorldCt, Universe Digtil Lirry, NewJour, Google Scholr