Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No. 2 21

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1 Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No Socio-Economic and Environmental Assessment of a Microcontroller-Based Coffee Roasting Machine: Implications for Market Potential and Technology Commercialization Ruel M. Mojica 1 and Marilyn M. Elauria 2 Abstract The study assesses the socio-economic and environmental performance leading to the commercialization of the micro-controller-based coffee roasting machine for smallscale roasting operations. Key informant interview and coffee farmers survey were conducted to assess the farmer- respondents perceptions of coffee roasting machines and availability of resources. Results show that the designed coffee roaster almost fits the farmers criteria in selecting coffee roasting machine. Coffee farmers perceived the machine to be a very good technology as evidenced by its highly acceptable rating. Investment analysis reveals that using the roaster for custom work would be a profitable business with an IRR of 76% and benefit-cost ratio of Moreover, even with the additional costs due to roasting, an average coffee farmer with one-hectare farm will get an additional income of PhP 28, from coffee roasting or an equivalent of PhP 70.6 per kilo of dried berries roasted instead of selling green berries. Keywords: coffee roasting machine, microcontroller-based, socio-economic and environmental assessment Introduction Coffee ranks second to oil among the world's legally traded commodities. Around the world there are an estimated 25 million coffee producers and workers in over 50 countries who are mostly small-scale farmers. It is estimated that around 300,000 Filipinos depend on the coffee industry that contributes about 3% in the country s GDP. The national average yield is 0.3 metric tons per hectare, a very low production compared to leading coffee producing countries such as Brazil where total production is 2,720,520,000 kilograms of coffee beans and 2,000 kg/ha in In the case of Vietnam, the leading producer in Asia and second in the world, production is 3.1 metric tons per hectare, almost 11 times bigger than the Philippines production. The largest plantation in the country can be found in Mindanao with Sultan Kudarat as the top coffee producing province with 22, metric tons produced in The current problem of low prices of dried coffee berries has caused shrinkage in agricultural land planted to coffee. The town of Amadeo in the province of Cavite for instance, where as much as 4,500 hectares used to be planted with coffee, now has a remaining 3,400 hectares of land planted and an average of 4,080 metric tons of coffee produced annually. The total hectarage planted to coffee continues to decrease, from 120,000 hectares in 2012 to 116,460 hectares in 2013 with an average 5% reduction in area per year (Philippine Statistics Authority 2014). Farm-level coffee processing is seldom practiced because of high capital requirement for equipment and machineries which farmers normally lack. Farm owners are not keen on value-adding processes because of their need for immediate cash, hence, the practice of selling the crops in their raw form even at a very low price. 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering and Food Engineering, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite ruelmojica@yahoo.com 2 College of Economics and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños mmelauria@up.edu.ph and lynneelauria@yahoo.com

2 22 Ruel M. Mojica and Marilyn M. Elauria The development of equipment suited to the needs of small-scale farmers has been a challenge for a long time to most engineers. Recently, a microcontroller-based roasting machine intended for village-level operation was designed and developed. However, socio-economic and environmental assessment of the developed machine must be done to augment findings of the study. This would provide clear information on economic and environmental impacts that are beneficial to farmers and helpful to decision makers. Objectives The main objective of the study is to assess the socio-economic and environmental performance of the developed microcontroller-based coffee roasting machine developed for small-scale roasting operation. Specifically, it aims to: (1) identify the coffee farmers criteria for selecting roasting machines; (2) assess their level of awareness and willingness to adopt roasting technology; (3) assess the economic viability of the machine and its effects on the income of farmers and processors; (4) determine the environmental impact of the machine; and (5) assess the market potential of the developed technology. Methodology Description of the Coffee Roasting Machine The microcontroller-based coffee roasting machine shown in Figure 1 was developed by Mojica (2010). With the exception of the roasting chamber, the auger and the pulley driving the auger, most parts of the machine are made of G.I. sheet. Power requirement of the roaster is 220 V, 2-kW, single phase motor. There is no need for special skills in running the controller which is built-in or incorporated in the machine. The user could simply enter the temperature and time of roasting and the operation is automatic. The outstanding feature of the roasting machine is its automatic operation which produces evenly roasted beans. Other key features that distinguish it from other roasters include versatility, cost effectiveness, innovativeness and efficiency. With a well-designed auger, the mechanical roaster is versatile and can also be used to roast other crops such as cacao and peanuts. The auger is designed in such a way that the movement of beans inside the roasting drum is made uniform, thereby producing beans of even roasts. One can vary the degree of roast (light, medium and dark) by simply setting the time and temperature in the microcontroller. Figure 1. The microcontroller-based mechanical coffee roaster

3 Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No The machine is cost effective since it is made from locally available materials, thus the farmers and cooperatives could own it at a very reasonable price. It has a 10- kg capacity that is appropriate to the needs of the small-scale processors. The machine has a microcontroller (Figure 2) that uses an easy-to-read display to give the user all the information needed to successfully complete the roast. This innovativeness allows the operator of the machine to set and see both time and temperature simultaneously for a better understanding of the relationship between the two factors. Roasting time and temperature can be changed by 1 minute and 10 C increments, respectively. The machine is efficient as evidenced by the shorter time to complete one cycle of roast. Sufficient amount of heat can be provided by the installed electric heaters. It took less than ten minutes on the average to achieve the required temperature on the next cycle of roasting process. Excessive roasting can be avoided as the desired level of roast can be set. (a (b (c) Figure 2. The microcontroller circuit showing the individual components: (a) display circuit, (b) liquid crystal display (LCD), and (c) motherboard. Field Testing of the Coffee Roasting Machine Thirty coffee farmer households were selected at random from the total population of 212 farmer-households in Indang, Cavite. Using the interview schedule, data that describe the farmers socio-economic condition, their coffee-production practices, their perception/level of awareness and willingness to adopt the roasting technology and their selection and/or design criteria for a coffee roaster were collected and analyzed. Cost effectiveness, portability, output capacity, innovativeness and ease of operation are some of the criteria that were used.

4 24 Ruel M. Mojica and Marilyn M. Elauria Sufficient amount of green coffee beans with the 12% moisture content were prepared. Prior to the test trials initial weight of the samples was measured using a portable weighing scale. Initial moisture content of each sample was also determined using a moisture meter. Roasting temperature and time were set on the microcontroller. Ten kilograms of green beans were loaded into the hopper when the required temperature for each test run was reached. The roasting process was ended when the set time has elapsed. Farmers Perception and Social Acceptability The 30 farmer-respondents were invited for a meeting and an actual field demonstration of the coffee roaster s performance. During the meeting, the new technology on coffee roasting was introduced to farmers. After the demonstration, the farmer-respondents were asked to rate the prototype coffee roaster using the following criteria: 1. Relative advantage the farmers rating on the superiority of the coffee roaster compared with his existing practice. 2. Complexity the farmers rating on the ease of operation of the coffee roaster. 3. Compatibility the compatibility of the coffee roaster with the needs, values and experience of the farmer. 4. Suitability the adaptability/suitability of the coffee roaster to the local physical condition of the farmer s farm. 5. Cost effectiveness (affordability) the ability of the farmer to buy the machine. In each of the five criteria, the response codes were the following: (1) poor technology, (2) average/same as the existing technology and (3) good technology. The potential social acceptability was determined from the farmers rating in the five enumerated evaluation criteria. Farmers perception of the roaster and their evaluation of the acceptability of the roaster were analyzed. The impacts of the developed coffee roasting technology on the farmers and coffee industry were also assessed. Economic Assessment The socio-economic impact of the technology, i.e., the coffee roasting machine, was assessed in terms of the benefits to the stakeholders in the coffee industry, namely, the coffee farmers and the owners/operators of the roasting machine. To determine the economic viability of the coffee roaster, financial analysis was done. The analysis focused on how the benefits obtained from the technology (coffee roaster) measure against the investment (cost of the roasting machine). The initial investment cost and the operating cost of using the roaster as well as the potential income were considered. From the data gathered, the different profitability measures such as annual net income, payback period, break-even point and return on investment were computed. The added income arising from the adoption of the technology was also measured and analyzed.

5 Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No Environmental Impact Assessment The environmental impact of the roaster was measured in terms of the reduction in the greenhouse gas emission from the use of the electricity for the mechanical roaster as compared with the other types of roasters using fossil fuel such as kerosene and LPG. Energy emission saved was computed as the difference between the total emission from displaced kerosene and from electricity used in coffee roasting. Assessment of Market Potential of the Machine The market potential of the developed technology was assessed in terms of the number of coffee roaster units required to process the available coffee supply. Potential adopters of the technology as well as commercialization, utilization and replication of the machine were also considered in the assessment. The list of prospective users of the machine was gathered through the use of internet and personal communication. The potential markets for roasted beans include local coffee shops and hotels. In some areas (e.g., Amadeo), the cooperative runs their own coffee shop Results and Discussion Farmers Perception of the Roasting Machine One of the objectives of the survey is to examine the perception of coffee farmers regarding the coffee roaster. Table 1 reveals that majority of the coffee farmers in the area (90%) were not familiar with the mechanical roaster for coffee and other crops. Ninety-six percent indicated that they had no experience of operating a mechanical roaster. Regarding the ownership of coffee roasting equipment and machineries, 23 respondents (76.67%) indicated that they never owned a single machine or equipment for coffee. However, the same number of respondents felt that having a coffee roasting machine is a necessity in the area. Moreover, they indicated that it is important that the machine could be used either in roasting coffee or other crops. Table 1. Coffee farmers perception of the roasting machine, Indang, Cavite, 2012 Characteristic Frequency Relative Frequency (%) Awareness about mechanical roaster for coffee and other crops Not aware Slightly aware Very much aware Previous experiences with roaster for coffee and other crops None Little experience Much experience Ownership of coffee machineries and equipment Coffee maker Machine not available

6 26 Ruel M. Mojica and Marilyn M. Elauria Characteristic Frequency Relative Frequency (%) Necessity of having a roasting machine for coffee Not needed Necessary Very necessary Can be used for other crops aside from coffee Not important Important Very important Scale of roasting Small Medium Large With microcontroller Not important Important Very important Output capacity 5 kgs and below kgs kgs kgs and above Power source Biomass LPG Electricity Cost of machine (pesos) 5,000 and below ,001 10, ,001 15, ,001 20, ,001 and above Materials Stainless steel G.I. sheet Stainless/G.I. sheet A large number of survey respondents (86.67%) indicated that they prefer a small-scale roasting machine, with at least 10 kg output capacity, over a medium or large scale machines. Twenty-three respondents (76.67%) revealed that a microcontroller is an important feature of the machine. With regards to power source, 46.7% of the respondents prefer electricity (46.67%) while 33.33% and 20.0% of them prefer LPG and biomass, respectively.

7 Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No In reference to the present economic situation, the farmers perceived that owning a coffee roasting machine is an expensive business. Eleven respondents (36.67%) indicated that the machine should not cost more than PhP 5, Only two respondents (6.67%) signified their intention of buying the machine at the price of PhP 20, or more. Sixty percent of the respondents stated that they preferred stainless steel over other materials such as G.I. sheet. Social Acceptability of the Roasting Machine Out of the total 30 original coffee farmer-respondents, only 15 of them joined in the evaluation of the acceptability of the roasting machine whether it is a poor technology, same as the existing technology, or a good one in terms of the different criteria used. Table 2 shows that a high percentage of the respondents described the roasting machine as easy to operate and compatible with their needs; this shown also by the very high rating of 2.9 for ease of operation and 3 for compatibility with needs. The technology was also rated good in terms of compatibility with field conditions and showed very visible difference with their own practice (selling of raw coffee beans). The respondents were confident that they could afford to buy one at a price of PhP 30,000 per unit (assuming year 2009 selling price). However, making their own would be difficult if no model were available. The overall mean rating is very high; this means that the farmers perceived the roasting machine as very acceptable since it is a very good technology. A number of coffee farmers, cooperatives, coffee shop owners and entrepreneurs have already signified their intention of buying a unit of micro-controlled coffee roasting machine. They have shown interest in buying at least one unit of coffee roasting machine. The potential adopters/buyers of the machine are distributed among the different provinces in the country from Apayao in the north to Sulu in the south and also include foreign buyers from the United States of America. Table 2. Coffee farmers assessment of the acceptability of the roasting machine, Indang, Cavite 2012 Criteria Ease of operation Compatibility with farmers needs Compatibility with farmers field conditions Visibility of result Cost of roaster (PhP 30,000/unit) Economic Benefits Farmers Assessment Poor (1) Average (2) Good (3) (percent of respondents) 7 93 Mean Rating The economic benefit of the roasting machine was focused on the financial profitability of the investment and additional income to coffee farmers and processors from using the roasting machine Average

8 28 Ruel M. Mojica and Marilyn M. Elauria The initial investment cost for the manufacture of the roasting machine (composed of the roaster and the microcontroller) is PhP485,000. Annual operating costs amounted to PhP 222,585. Labor and electricity accounted for 93% of the total operating cost and the rest accounts for depreciation, interest on capital, repair and maintenance and taxes and insurance. Annual gross income of PhP 432,000 was obtained based on the existing rate of coffee roasting (PhP10/kg). With an annual net income of PhP 209,415 the return on investment shows that there is an annual net income on PhP 0.42 for every peso invested on the roasting machine. This reflects the high profitability of the use of the roasting machine. The income from the use of the machine can be increased by increasing the number of hours of machine operation. The payback period determines the number of years in which the investment capital can be recovered. Based on the analysis, the initial cost of the machine can be recovered in 2.37 years. The level of production where the total income is equal to the total expenses is the break-even point. The break-even point determines the volume or quantity of coffee beans that must be roasted to cover the total operating (variable and fixed) costs. The result shows that an owner of a mechanical roaster should roast at least 22,259 kg of beans in a year in order to break-even; this involves 93 days of 8-hour operation/day. This is much lower than the actual operating days of 180 days/ year which further shows that using the roaster is highly profitable. In order for a particular project or business to be viable in the long run, the net present value must be positive and the benefit cost ratio must be greater than one. Results in Table 3 show that owning a mechanical roaster and using it for custom work would be a very profitable and viable business. Using the opportunity cost of 12 % as the discount rate, the computed net present value (NPV) is PhP 750,205 and IRR is 76% which is greater than the opportunity cost of money. Table 3. Summary of results of the financial analysis of the machine Item Value Initial investment cost (PhP) 485,000 Fixed cost /year (PhP) 126,585 Variable cost /year (PhP) 96,000 Total operating cost/yearr (PhP) 222,585 Gross income/yearr (PhP) 432,000 Net income/year (PhP) 209,415 Return on investment (%) 42 Payback period (years) 2.37 Break-even point (kg/year) 22, Net Present Value (PhP) 750, Benefit Cost Ratio 1.44 IRR (%) 76 Source: Computations based on survey data, 2012

9 Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No Impact of the Technology to Farmers and Coffee Industry The development of the microcontroller-based roasting machine could provide income generating opportunities to small-scale farmers as well as coffee processors. The coffee farmers can process/roast their own coffee either individually or through the cooperative and sell their processed coffee at a better price rather than selling raw coffee. Farmers can then demand better price for their product. The additional benefit that can be derived by the farmers from roasting will increase their family income. Using partial budgeting, the added costs and returns due to the shift from selling dried berries to selling roasted beans were analyzed. Even with the additional costs due to roasting, results in Table 4 show that an average coffee farmer with one-hectare farm will get an additional income of PhP 28, from coffee roasting or an equivalent of PhP 70.6 per kilo of dried berries roasted. This will encourage farmers to plant more coffee trees, take care of the plantation and engage in coffee processing business. Consequently, it can be inferred that the different stakeholders in the coffee industry will continue to invest in this roasting technology because of the lure of higher profit. This investment will result in increased livelihood opportunities for other people in the community. Better livelihood opportunities also translate into income generation or augmentation for technology adopters and the rest of the community. Moreover, the development of the roasting technology is a sure way of helping the country s ailing coffee industry. Since coffee is dollar earner, coffee industry can produce more foreign exchange for the country. Table 4. Additional income of farmers from roasting coffee Item Value A. Income based on the existing practice of the coffee farmers (selling produce in raw form) Volume of dried berries (kg/ha) 400 Selling price (PhP per can of 10kg) 400 Income from selling of dried berries (PhP/ ha) 16,000 B. Income from using the roasting machine Volume of dried berries (kg/ ha) 400 Volume of green (pulped) beans (70% of dried beans) (kg) 280 Volume of roasted beans (60% of green beans) (kg) 168 Cost of pulping (Php 7/kg) 2,800 Cost of roasting (PhP 10/kg) 2,800 Total added cost (PhP) 5,600 Income from selling of roasted beans (PhP 300/kg) 50,400 Net income (PhP) 44,800 C. Additional income from roasting Per hectare (PhP/ ha) 28,800 Per kg of dried berries roasted (PhP) 72 Source: Computations based on survey data, 2012

10 30 Ruel M. Mojica and Marilyn M. Elauria Environmental Impact of the Technology Almost all available roasting machines are commercial in nature and are using kerosene or LPG as fuel. The developed roasting machine is using electricity as fuel and is therefore very efficient. It emits only kg CO 2 equivalent per batch which compares well with kg of CO 2 equivalent for kerosene and kg of CO 2 equivalent for LPG (Table 5). Energy emission saved is the difference between the total emission from displaced kerosene and from electricity used in coffee roasting. A savings of kg of CO 2 eq and 2.8 kg of CO 2 eq will be incurred per batch of 10 kg of coffee if electricity were to be used instead of kerosene and LPG, respectively. Table 5. Comparison of fuel consumption from different sources and corresponding CO 2 emissions (per 10 kg batch) Item Sources: Mojica (2003) and IPCC (2005) Type of Fuel for Roaster Kerosene LPG Electricity Fuel consumption 1.3 li 1 kg kW-hr Heating value 35.2MJ/li 47.31MJ/kg 2.5 Kw-hr Total energy MJ MJ 4.50 MJ Unit emission kg CO 2 eq/li kg CO 2 eq/kg kg CO 2 eq/kw-hr Total emission savings In CO 2 emission/batch kg CO 2 eq kg CO 2 eq kg CO 2 eq kg CO 2 eq kg CO 2 eq not applicable Based on the Philippine Statistics Authority, the annual production of dried berries in the Philippines in 2012 is 88,943 metric tons (MT) while the percent contribution of Cavite is 7.96% or a total volume of 7, MT per year. Roasting the coffee produced in Cavite alone would entail 921,173.5 liters of kerosene or 708,595 kg of LPG while total national coffee production would require 11,562,590 liters of kerosene or 8,894,300 kg of LPG using the current practice (Table 6). If coffee farmers in Cavite alone would roast their harvest using the developed coffee roaster (using electricity) before selling them, the country could save the above liters of kerosene or kilos of LPG and could avoid net greenhouse gas emission of 2,288 metric tons of CO 2 equivalent if kerosene were used and 2,072 MT of CO 2 equivalent if LPG were used as fuel. On the national level, the total kerosene or LPG requirement that could be saved would be million liters of kerosene or 8.89 million kg of LPG using the current practice and could avoid emission of 28,724 MT of CO 2 equivalent if kerosene were used and 26,009 MT of CO 2 equivalent if LPG were used as fuel. Therefore the developed technology does not only result in less importation of imported fossil fuel but it is environment friendly as well.

11 Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No Table 6. Total emission avoided if electricity were used to roast Cavite coffee production and total national production per year using 2012 data Item Cavite Philippines Annual coffee production, MT 7,086 88,943 Volume of fuel needed Kerosene, li 921,174 11,562,590 LPG, kg 708,595 8,894,300 Electricity, kw-hr 233,269 2,928,004 Avoided emission kg CO 2 eq Kerosene 2,288,412 28,724,193 LPG 2,072,078 26,008,768 Electricity Not applicable Not applicable Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2014) Market Prospects of the Coffee Roasting Machine Coffee roasting in the Philippines is predominantly controlled by Nestle Company and few other multinational companies. Commercial coffee roasters being used by these companies are of medium to large scale capacities. Farmers are forced to sell their coffee in raw form due to the absence of farm level processing facilities including roasting. Raw coffee beans are being sold to middlemen or directly to the companies mentioned above at very low price making coffee farming a less profitable venture. For this reason, farmers are forced to shift to other crops or look for other means of employment which in turn results in the drop in the production of coffee in the Philippines. Table 7 shows the annual production of dried berry in the Philippines in 2012 and the percent contribution of Cavite was 7.96% or a total volume of 7, MT per year. The developed coffee roaster can roast 30 kg of berries per hour or 240 kg/ day at 8-hour operation/day. With an average 180 days of operation per year, a roaster can process 43.2 MT per year. In the province of Cavite alone, the 7, MT of coffee would require 164 units of coffee roasters. In the top producing province of Sultan Kudarat, 526 units of coffee roasters would be needed. This shows the high market potential for the developed roasting technology. Table 7. List of top coffee producing provinces and their volume of production, 2012 Province Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (2014) Annual Production (MT) Sultan Kudarat 22, Davao del Sur 4, Bukidnon 3, Cavite 7, Philippines 88,943.00

12 32 Ruel M. Mojica and Marilyn M. Elauria Majority of the coffee farmers in Cavite were not familiar with the mechanical roaster for coffee and other crops and had no experience in the operation of a mechanical roaster. Interview with key informants revealed that very few farmers had ever owned a single machine or equipment for coffee. Thus, they felt that having a coffee roasting machine is a necessity in the area. Also, a number of coffee farmers, cooperatives, coffee shop owners and entrepreneurs have already signified their intention to buy a unit of micro-controlled coffee roasting machine. Prospective buyers of the coffee roaster showed interest in buying at least one unit of coffee roasting machine. The potential adopters/buyers of the machine can be found in the different provinces in the country from Apayao in the north to Sulu in the south. Potential buyers include foreign buyers from United States of America. This further confirms the favourable market prospects of the coffee roaster and its importance to the coffee industry. Commercialization of the coffee roasting machine could be done through partnership with any machine fabrication shop accredited by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST); this would ensurethat the commercial model would satisfy industry standards. With the documented positive impact of coffee roaster technology to the stakeholders in the coffee industry, the results of the study could serve as a guide on how the government and the private sectors can expedite the commercialization and utilization of this technology. Strategies to increase awareness among farmers and businessmen such as trade fairs or exhibits, distribution of flyers and posters and seminars would be needed. Conclusion and Recommendation The farmers described the coffee roaster as easy to operate, compatible with their needs and field conditions, and showed very visible difference from their own practice. Economic analysis of the roasting machine shows favorable results. Using the machine for custom work could be a profitable business. Selling roasted beans instead of dried beans could give additional income to coffee farmers. The machine could also provide income generating opportunities to small-scale coffee farmers as well as processors. The roasting operations could also provide additional employment for the farmers and other people in the community, especially after harvest time when farmers and farm laborers have less employment opportunities. Moreover, the technology is environment-friendly and can reduce our dependence on imported fossil fuel. This further shows the importance of the roasting machine not only to the coffee industry but to the economy as a whole. The development of the technology is a sure way of helping the Philippine coffee industry. Given the potential positive impact of coffee roaster technology to the stakeholders in the coffee industry, the results of the present study could serve as a guide on how the government and the private sectors can expedite the commercialization and utilization of this technology. Strategies to increase awareness among farmers and businessmen such as trade fairs or exhibits, distribution of flyers and posters and seminars are needed.

13 Journal of Economics, Management & Agricultural Development Vol. 1, No References Anenias, L. C The Philippine Coffee Industry: A Profile. BAR Digest. July September Vol. 3 No. 3. Clarke, R. J. and R. Macrae Coffee Technology. Elsevier Science Publisher LTD, Vol. 2. (pp. 73, 89-97). Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension The Postharvest Industry Situationer in the Philippines. 20industry% /18/2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 3. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Manual and Coffee Commodity fact Sheet Mojica, R.M Design, Construction and Evaluation of A Batch-Type Coffee Roaster for Small-Scale Roasting. Unpublished MS Thesis. University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines. Mojica, R.M Development, Evaluation and Optimization of a Microcontroller -Based Coffee Roaster. Unpublished Dissertation. University of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna, Philippines. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) The Philippines Recommends for Coffee Los Baños, Laguna, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development. Philippine Statistics Authority