AGRICULTURE CROPS

Transcription

1 SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY Class: X AGRICULTURE CROPS Name the food crops of India. Cereals like rice, wheat, maize; millets and pulses. 2.Name the cash crops of India. Sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton, jute, tobacco, tea, coffee, rubber 3.Name the beverage crops of India. Tea and coffee. 4.Name the fibre crops of India. Cotton and jute Food Crops RICE 1.What are the geographical conditions (Temperature, Rainfall, Soil) required for the cultivation of rice? Temperature: 22 C to 32 C with bright sunshine. 27 C is ideal for ripening Rainfall: 150cms to 300cms~ If irrigation is available, less rainfall is required. Fields must be flooded in the first few weeks after it has been sown. Frequent showers before ripening, helps to increase the size of the size of the grain. There must be no rain at the time of harvesting. Soil: Alluvial soil with a sub-soil of impervious clay which prevents the water from draining away and allows it to stagnate in the fields. 2.What are the various methods of sowing? A] Broadcasting: The seeds are sown by hand over the soil. This method is practiced where labour is scarce and soil is not very fertile. B.Dibbling: The seeds are dropped by hand at regular intervals in ploughed furrows. This method is common in the Northern Plains. C] Drilling: The seeds are soaked for 24hrs before they are sown to enable quick germination. They are then dropped in a straight line at regular intervals in furrows through a bamboo shaft attached to the plough. In this method there is no wastage of seeds but it requires more time and labour. D] Transplanting: After the seeds have been soaked in water for 24hrs, they are sown in nurseries kept under water. After 5-6 weeks when the plants are 15-20cms high, they are uprooted in bunches and transplanted in parallel rows at regular intervals inflooded fields and left to grow till they mature. This method uses less water and increases the yield. But, it is laborious involving a lot of labour. 1

2 3.What is the Japanese method of cultivating rice? Why is it the best method? The Japanese method involves: a] The use of better quality seeds. Japonica gives a high yield and can be harvested in 95 days. b] The seeds are sown in raised nursery beds c] Seeds are transplanted in rows to facilitate fertilizing, weeding and harvesting d] Irrigation is done regularly to ensure the required supply of water during the period of growth. e] Heavy manuring is done both in the nursery and in the field. - Advantage: This method has increased the yield three fold. 4.What is Jhumming? Why should it be discouraged? It is a method of growing rice in North East India. It is shifting cultivation of the slash-and-burn kind. It is a wasteful method which Ieads.to soil erosion and is therefore discouraged. 5. How is rice harvested? Rice is harvested by hand using a sickle and allowed to 'dry in the field for three or four days. It is then threshed by beating the paddy against a hard rock or against a board across a wooden tub so that the grain fails into the tub. It is also done by making bullocks trample the paddy under their feet. 6.How is rice processed? Rice can be pounded with a wooden pestle in a wooden mortar. This method preserves the nutrients in the rice. Rice can be polished in a rice mill where it passes between varying sets of hullers and rollers. Rice loses much of its nutritive value when polished. 7. What is India's rank among countries of the world in the cultivation of rice? India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 8. What is the importance of rice in Indian agriculture? Rice is the most important crop of India and is widely cultivated throughout India. It is the staple food for millions of Indians. 9. Name the varieties of Rice. IR-20, Vijaya, Pankai, Ratna, Sona. 2

3 10. What is the difference between upland and lowland rice? / Upland-Rice Lowland Rice -Grown in terraced fields on hill slopes -Grown in flat low-lying areas Sown in March-April Harvested in September-October -Used only for local consumption Depends on rainfall - Sown in June Harvested in October-November - Most of the rice in India is of lowland variety Needs irrigation 11. Name the rice producing states of lndia? Tamil Nadu (largest producer of rice) West Bengal (second largest producer) Bihar, U.P, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka. 12.Name the three crops of rice harvested in West Bengal? A 1 Aus or autumn crop is sown in May-June and harvested in September-October B] Arnan or winter crop(the most important)sown in June-July C] Boro or summer crop is sown in Nov-Dec and harvested in Mar-April. Grown in marshy land. 13.Name the most imp. Kharif crop. RICE 14. Why does India import its rice inspite of being the second largest producer of rice in the world? This is because of its huge population. 15. Why is the yield of rice poor in our country? 1) Lack of assured and timely rainfall or irrigation water in the rice growing areas 2) Low level of soil fertility and inadequate use of fertilizers 3) Use of poor quality seeds 4) Inefficient methods of cultivation 5)Losses caused by pests 3

4 WHEAT 1. What are the geographical conditions (temperature, rainfall, soil) required for the cultivation of wheat? Temperature:10 C-15 C and 20 C--25 C at the time of ripening Rainfall: 50cm to l00cm during the growing season. Less is required if irrigation is available. A little ram before ripening helps to improve the quality of the grain. However, too much rain: is harmful as it causes mildew Soil: Clayey loamy soil or black soil which should contain some amount of lime and be rich in humus: 2 Name the most important Rabi crop of India/Staple food of North India. Wheat 3. How and when is wheat a] Sown b]harvested? A] Wheat is sown in Oct-Nov just after the rains so that the soil is moist enough for the growth of the plant and can be easily ploughed. Seeds are sown either by Broadcasting, Dibbling or Drilling.. B]Wheat is harvested in March either by hand using a sickle or by machines. Threshing and win Name the diseases that wheat is susceptible to? Rust and Smut 5. Name the different varieties of wheat? Emmer, Sonalika, Kalyan Sona, Choti Lerma 6. What is th ediffernce between the cultivation of wheat and rice? WHEA RICE Rabi Crop -Kharif Crop -cool temp 10 C-15 C -High temp 18 C-32 C -Light rain 50cm - 100cm -Sown in Oct after rains -harvested in march just before summer -heavy rain 150cm-300cm -Sown in June when rain begins - harvested after rains 4

5 7.Where does India rank in the production of wheat? India is the fourth largest producer wheat in the world. 8. What are the areas where wheat is produced? Western D.P. (largest producer), Punjab, Haryana, H.P., Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra. 9. Give two man-made factors that favour the cultivation of wheat in Punjab? 1) The Bhakra Nangal Dam And canals made by man ensures constant supply of water. The power supplied by the Bhakra Nangal Project is used to operate the tube well. The flat level land allows the farmer to use a combined harvester to harvest his crop. 10~ Why does the wheat farmer practice crop rotation Wheat is a rabi crop so by growing kharif crops- 1) The farmer's family requirements of cereal, pulses and oil are met 2) It ensures against crop pests and diseases.. 3) It helps in maintaining the fertility of the soil 11. Why has there been an increase in the production of wheat in the recent years? 1) Use of High yielding variety seeds 2) Adequate irrigation by canals and tube wells 3) Use of chemical fertilizers 4) Use of pesticides to protect the crop from pests & diseases 5) Development of rust resistant wheat 12. Give Reasons A]Wheat is not grown in the Thar region A] Wheat needs temperature between 10 C-15 C and 20 C-25 C with plenty sunshine at the time of ripening. It needs rainfall of 50cms to 100cms during the growing season. Winter rain is beneficial. Wheat grows well in clayey, loamy soil or black soil with some amount of lime &humus. The Thar region has high temp. hardly any rainfall and the soil is sandy without any humus. Therefore wheat cannot be grown there. 5

6 MILLETS 1. What are millets? Name three millets? " Millets is a common name for certain species of the grass family. The main varieties grown in India are Jowar, Bajra,Ragi.. 2.What is the importance of millets in Indian agriculture? The protein content in millets is as high as.it.is in wheat. The grain is used as food by human beings while the leaves and stalks are used 'as fodder for livestock 3. What are the climatic and soil conditions which favors the cultivation of millets?... Temperature: 27 C-32 C. Millets are both Kharif and Rabi.crops. They can Survive high heat 'and drought conditions. Rainfall: 50cm-120cm. They can survive even if it does not rain much. Soil: Inferior alluvial soil where it is not possible to grow rice, Jowar needs. Medium or deep black soil. 4. Why are millets known as dry crops? This is because they can withstand high temperatures and drought conditions. 5. Name the millet-producing states '.,..'. Jowar and Bajra: Gujarat, 'Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka. Ragi: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 6. 'Why are millets known as hardy crops? This is because they are resistant to heat and drought during the growing season. 7. What is the common feature of all millets? A common feature of nearly all of them is that their seeds are round and very small and borne in large numbers on short stalks at the top of the stem. 6

7 PULSES 1.What are pulses?. Pulses include lentils like chana" tur, masur. Urad, moong and peas. 2. State the importance of pulses in Indian agriculture? 1) Pulses form the chief source of protein with high nutritive value for the... Vegetarian.. 2) They are leguminous plants and so help to restore the fertility of the soil in which they are grown.. 3) The leaves and stalks are used as fodder for livestock. 3. What are the climatic and soil conditions which favour the cultivation of pulses Temperature: 20 C-25 C. Pulses are Kharif' crops in the north and rabi crops in the south. Rain: 50-75cms.Too much rainfall after sowing and during flowering is damaging Soil: Dry, light soil. 4. Name the states that produce pulses. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Tamil Nadu. 5. When are pulses sown and harvested? Pulses are sown from mid-october to November. The crop matures in 150 days. The plants are pulled out when the leaves become dry and begin to shed.. They are dried for about a week and threshed by trampling. them under the feet of bullocks or by beating them with sticks.. 6. Why are pulses considered a good rotation crop for rice? They are leguminous plants possessing root nodules, which fix and utilize atmospheric nitrogen. hi this way they help to restore fertility of the soil in which they are grown. Therefore they play an important part in rotation of crops. 7. State the importance of pulses in a vegetarian diet? They form the chief source of protein with high nutritive value for the vegetarian population. 7

8 OILSEEDS 1.What are oil seeds?, Those seeds from which oil is extracted for various purposes, is known as oilseeds. 2. What is the economic importance of oilseeds? Oil extracted from oilseeds in mills or in village guanis provide employment to innumerable people both in urban and rural areas. Oil seeds are exported thereby earning foreign exchange. 2.What are the uses of Oilseeds? Used us a cooking medium. Used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lubricants and seasoning wood. Leaves and stalks of the plant and the oilcake can be used as cattle and poultry feed and as manure. 4.What is oilcake? What is it used for?, ' " Oilcake-is the residue left after the oil has been extracted from the oilseed. It is used as cattle-and poultry feed as well as manure. 5.Name the two varieties of groundnuts. ', Bunch type which grows vertically cms high where seed pods develop underground. ', Runner type which is shorter, widespread and grows horizontally. At the time of flowering, flower stalks bend down and seed pods enter the soil-and mature underground., 6.Why are groundnuts grown as rotation crops? Because it adds valuable nitrogen to the soil 7. Name the non-edible oilseeds. Castor seed and Linseed 8: Name the oilseed whose residue is poison for animals. Castor seed., 9. Tabulate the geographical requirements, metil0d of cultivation' economic importance and areas I states that grow the following oilseeds 8

9 Sub topic: OILSEEDS OILSEEDS CONDITIONS CULTIVATION STATES ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE GROUNDNUT Kharif in Gujarat Rabi in South India India leads in the production of groundnuts. Gujarat Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa RAPESEED SARSON, TORIA MUSTARD, RYE Rabi SOYA BEAN C 50-75cm, well distributed during flowering. Warm and dry during ripening. No frost, drought or stagnant water. Sandy loam or dry and light C cm Alluvial soil C cms Any soil, but must be moisture retentive 2 kinds: Bunch & Runner. Bunch: 30-40cm Runner: spread over surface of the soil. When they flower they bend and force the seed pods into the ground where they mature. Harvested after 4 months. Pods stripped from the vines & dried in the sun. Grown with wheat. Takes days to mature. Harvested when the crop begins to turn yellow. Uttar Pradesh Haryana Assam Rajasthan Punjab Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Gujarat 1.Kemels eaten raw, roasted in sweet meats 2.Oil rich in proteins & vitamins used in cooking and in vanaspati 3.Oil used for soap, cosmetics, lubricants 4.Oil cake, leaves and stalks used as cattle and poultry feed 5.Leguminous, good for crop rotation 1. Oil used in cooking 2. Seeds and oil used in pickles 3. Leaves used as vegetable 4.Oil cake as cattle food and fertilizer 1. Leguminous, good for crop rotation 2. Oil for cooking, soaps, paints, varnishes, printing ink, lubricants, waterproofing agent 3. Beans, rich in protein, eaten as a vegetable or made into soya sauce 9

10 SUGARCANE 1. What is the importance of sugarcane in Indian agriculture? Sugarcane belongs to the grass family. It has a thick jointed stem, Which contains the cane sugar, The juice can be taken as a drink or made into sugar, jaggery or khandsari.. The by-products of sugar are very useful. Bagasse is used to make paper, cattle feed, fuel for mills-and cardboard; molasses for power alcohol. Fertilizers, yeast and rum; and press mud of wax. and shoe polish.. It supports the pesticide and fertilizer industries. Sugar factories provide employment to over a million 'workers India is the second largest sugarcane producer in the world. 2. What are climatic and soil conditions which favour the cultivation of sugarcane? Temperature: 20 C-30 C. Temperature above 50 C arrests its growth and temperature below 20 C slows down its growth. Rain: cms. It cannot withstand frost. For ripening it needs a cool dry season. Soil: A medium heavy loam is ideal-in northern India it is cultivated on clay loams and alluvial soil while in south India it is cultivated on brown or reddish loams, black cotton soil and laterites. 3. How is sugarcane grown? Sugarcane is sown by three methods: 1) Sugarcane can be grown by sowing its seeds. 2) Stalk cuttings of two or three joints, known as setts are taken from well manured, erect arid health canes and planted in furrows or trenches. The plant. starts to grow in about two weeks. 3) By ratooning. Ratoon is a shoot from the root stock of sugarcane which has been cut. The cane is cut loose to the ground, leaving the roots in the soil, which grows as the next crop. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ratoon crop? The advantages are: 1. Ratoons mature earlier than plant crops 2. It is cheaper for nothing has to be spent on preparatory cultivation of seeds 3. It saves on labour. The disadvantages are: 1. Each successive ratoon crop diminishes in yield because the plant exhausts the soil. 2. Ratoons are more susceptible to pests and diseases 10

11 5. What does the farmer have to do to ensure a good crop of sugarcane? OR Why is there a lot of labour involved in the growing of sugarcane? The fanner must: 1) Clear the land of all vegetative growth before planting 2) Add cattle manure and compost to the soil well in advance of planting 3) Remove the weed and pile soil around the plants as they grow, to help underground parts of the stem to grow and to form buds, out of which new stems begin to grow. 4) Maintain optimum soil moisture during all stages of growth 5) Use pesticides to guard the plant against the insects like moths, white flies, black bugs, grubs, borers and diseases like smut, red rot, ratoon stunting and rust. 6) Remove the lower leaves so that air can circulate through the plants. 6. How and when is sugarcane harvested?. The sugarcane plant is ready to be harvested 'when the-lower-leaves begin to wither and there are fewer green leaves at the top and before it begins to flower If the caneis eksali then it takes a year to mature, an adsali takes 18 months. In northern India, the sugarcane ripens by early December.The cane is cut at ground level, after digging down the earthed-up ridges, as there is heavy sugar content-there. 7 How is sugarcane processed? The cane is 'cut, the leaves stripped off.and the top of the stalk is cut. Once cut, The cane must be treated within 48 hrs or the sugar content will fall. Sugarcane juice is extracted by crushing the. cane in-crushers; operated by bullocks, oil engines or electric motors. The extracted juice boiled-with lime without delay and filtered. An evaporator and a vacuum pan remove much of the water from it. It is then made into a syrup, which is made into jaggery, sugar or Khandsari 8. Name the leading sugarcane producing states. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab.Haryana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Two sugar research centres are at Coimbatore and Lucknow. 9.What is the difference between the sugar plantations of North India and South India? 11

12 North India South india I, Small farms Well planned plantations Outdated techniques Modern scientific agricultural methods Old-fashioned sugar mills far from Sugar factories are located close to plantations plantations Government fixes prices not Capital investment is great due to depending on quality sugar lobby. 10. Why should sugar factories be located close to sugarcane fields? Because once cut, the cane must be treated within 48 hours or the sugar content will fall. Also it saves on transport costs. 11 Though the yield per hectare is higher in south India, the area under sugarcane is more in North India. Why is this so? North India has flat level plains where it is. easier to cultivate than the rugged hard plateau of South India. Tube wells arid canals in North India make it easier to cultivate sugarcane under irrigation. 12. What are the problems of sugarcane fanners? Sugarcane. is a soil-exhausting crop needing a large quantity of manure for Fertilization. The sugarcane farmer depends on canal irrigation, Canals are often non-: perennial so the supply of water-is-uncertain Monsoons are unreliable Very often specially in the north the farms far away from the factories. A delay of more than 48 hours between, harvesting and crushing results in decreased sugar content..', Cultivation of sugar on very small farms is uneconomical for the fanner.. The government regardless of its quality, which does not provide incentive to the farmer; fixes the price of sugarcane. Number of factories are less than the production of cane so sugarcane is wasted. 13. What steps has the government taken to overcome the problems of sugarcane farmers?.. Several fertilizer plants have been set up.: Large water reservoirs have been constructed to insure a more dependable 'supply of water In the Ganga plains, loans have been provided to farmers to construct tube wells. Co-operative societies have been established to provide support to the fanners where together they can take concrete measures to improve the yield and quality of sugarcane. Steps have been taken by the government to consolidate small agricultural farms into larger on 12

13 TEA Q.l Mention the climatic conditions required for the growing of tea? Ans. Temp: C. Average of 25 C is suitable. Humidity: - High humidity, heavy dew and morning fog promote growth if healthy leaves. Rainfall: Annual rainfali (range) cm (well distributed) Soil- Well drained mountain soil, light, loamy, porous rich in nitrogen and iron/ laterite like the soil found in Assam Q.2 Name two areas which are favourable for the growth of tea? Ans. The slopes of hills as in Nilgiris (South India) and the Assam Valley are ideal sites as stagnant water near the roots are harmful.. Q.3 Why are shade trees planted alternately with rows of tea-shrubs? Ans. l. Frost is injurious to the plant 2. To save the bushes from extreme heat of the sun. Q.4 What is pruning? Ans It is the process involved in cutting/trimming the ends of the lateral branches of the tea plant.. Q.5 Why is it necessary to prune the bush at regular intervals? Ans In order to maintain the proper height of the bush at a level of metre, as the leaves have to be hand plucked to ensure growth of new sprouts. Q.6 What is plucking? Ans The act of pulling out a young shoot comprising two leaves and a bud i.e. an unopened leaf between first and second leaf is called (fine) plucking. This is done mostly by women-and, young girls on the tea estates. This section of the population has skilled, manipulative tender fingers. It is not done with machines. It is done in the early hours of the morning. Q.7 At what time of the day does plucking begin? Ans It is done early in the morning, Q.8 Describe the various stages involved in the processing of tea? Ans l. Withering Stage:. 13

14 Moisture is removed from the tea leaves by blowing heated air over leaves that are spread on wire or bamboo trays. It takes one or two days till the leaves turn soft and flexible. 1.Rolling Stage The soft and dried leaves are now passed through a rolling machine with flat circular rollers. When rolled the leaves are pressed and curled, rolling also breaks the leaf cells and exposes the juice to the air for fermentation to set in. This is what gives tea its characteristic flavor 3. Fermentation Stage:- At this stage the tannin in the leaves is partly oxidized in a room under controlled humidity and temperature. The leaves are spread out on glass special trays. Now the colour of tea changes from green to bright copper red. 4. Drying Stage:-, The fermented tea leaves are then dried in large air-heated ovens-at temp.70 C-75 C for 25 minutes. The leaves are then passed through a cutting machine where tea leaves are cut into different sizes, large, medium, small and broken. 5.Grading/Sorting/Sifting:- At this stage tea leaves are separated and graded by passing them through special sifters fixed with meshes of varying sizes. Q.9 Which is the most crucial stage in the processing of tea? ' Ans Firming/Drying stage: If the temperatures, are too hot the leaves will be scorched and if temperatures are too cold the leaves may not dry properly. Q.10 What is "Blending" of tea?, ", ' Ans. Blending of tea means mixing tea leaves of" different taste, quality collected from different tea gardens to produce the right brand of tea to satisfy the consumer: This job is entrusted to a team of tea-tasters. Q.ll Mention the three varieties of tea? Ans The three varieties of tea are:-a) Black (b) Green (c) Oolong, India grows the black variety Q.12 How is tea graded? " Ans Tea is graded on the basis of the size and appearance of the leaves...,,""". ':,"'." Q.13 How is the tea plant sown/propagated? Ans (i) The seeds that resemble hazel nuts are sown in the nursery beds. They 14

15 germinate and grow for mine to twelve months. They are then transplanted in the tea garden. (ii) Another method is clonal planting Cuttings from good.high yielding plants are first grown in nurseries till they are transplanted in tea gardens, 'Clonal planting' is the more popular method. Q.14 How long does a tea plant take to mature? Ans A 'tea plant/shrub takes three to five years 'to mature & remain productive for about fifty years. Q.15 Name the state in order of ranks which produce tea on a large scale? Ans Assam is the largest producer of the tea (more than 50% of tea is grown in Surma Valley of Assam). West Bengal ranks second and Tamil Nadu (hill slopes of Nilgiris) ranks third Q16 Why is tea packed in chests made of plywood? Ans Tea is packed in sealed chests made of plywood and lined with aluminium foil to protect it from damp moisture. It is also packed in this manner to ensure that tea does not lose its flavour,.. " ~. Q.17 Name the largest tea exporting port in the world? Ans Kolkata, tea for N.E is brought to this port by river transport and railway. Ans Kochi being nearer, to the tea producing areas is better. It reduces the transportation cost. There is a better network of roads and railways.. The backwaters of KeraIa are used for transportation of tea. Q.19 Mention two centres famous for tea auction in fudia?' Ans Calcutta: tea grown in North-East India Kochi: tea grown in South India. Q.20 Name an area in the North-east and one in the south which produces flavoured tea? '. Ans. Darjeeling/North-east) and Nilgiris (south) are famous for flavoured tea Q.21 State the importance of this beverage/cash/plantation crop to the economy of the country?'..'.'.....'.,'" Ans -Being a labour intensive' industry it provides employment to millions of people' which include men, women and young girls...' -It supports the plywood, fertilizer and transport industry - It earns foreign exchange for the country. 15

16 Q.22 How is Assam tea different from Darjeeling tea? Why is it mixed with other tea? Ans Assam tea is pungent tea. whereas Darjeeling. tea is known for its exquisite flavour. It is blended with other tea to-give it added strength and colour. Q.23 What is the difference between Orthodox tea and CTC tea? Ans The difference between the two lies in the method of processing. Orthodox Tea- The tea leaves are processed by withering, rolling, fermenting and drying whereas CTC tea - the leaves are passed through a machine that works on the leaves crushing, tearing and curling them. COFFEE Q.l What type of a crop is coffee? Ans, Coffee is a Beverage Plantation Cash Crop. Q.2 Mention the three varieties of coffee commercially grown? Ans a) Arabica:- superior and expensive variety of coffee b)robusta:- cheaper variety, the cost of production of this variety is less. c)liberica:- cultivated in a small area. It is used to make instant coffee. Q.3 What are thegeographical'reqnirements.for the growth of coffee? Ans. Temperatute:- should be ranging between l5 to 28 C throughout the year. Frost free environment. Direct raysof the sun are harmful as it.is grown in the shade of trees. In its early stages of growth it needs to be protected from hot.dry winds. Rainfall:- 125cm- 250 cms throughout the year. Soil:-. Well drained, weathered volcanic soil, red and laterite soil. The presence of humus is essential.. Topography:- grows on hill slopes at elevation ranging from 500mts to 1800mts. Q.4 Describe in detail the method of sowing coffee? Ans. Firstly the land is cleared of all unwanted vegetation. The slopes are terraced and contour drains are provided,. - a Coffee seeds are planted in nursery beds b. After six months to two years they are transplanted in larger coffee 16

17 estates/fields between furrows(during rainy season) c. Shelter belts of silver oak/ jackfruit are planted one year in advance to give shade to the young coffee plants. Q.5 Why are coffee plants pruned regularly?. Ans. The shrubs grow up to 6 metres but they are pruned to about 3 metres 'as it makes it easier to pluck the berries by hand. The branches are pruned to help the. growth of fresh stem that will bear new fruits in the coming year. Q.6 Why are coffee estates' inter planted with orange trees, cardamoms and pepper vines?.. A.. This is done to fetch additional income for farmer Q.7 Mention the two ways in which coffee is processed? Describe each? Ans,. The two methods are.- (a) Plantation/Parchment method- Beans are obtained by pulping the berries. The skin is removed. The beans are then run through a series if fermenting and washing tanks. They are then dried and left to cure. Hulling machine removes the parchment. (b)cherry or Native method- The berries are dried in the sun to remove outer covering. The seeds are pounded to remove their parchment - like skin. Q.8 Why are coffee beans roasted after being sorted? Ans Roasting gives coffee its brown color and the pleasing familiar aroma, flavour and taste. For overseas export roasting and final processing is done in the importing country because the more freshly roasted the beans, the better the coffee. Q.9 Name the three major coffee producing states in order of importance along with the areas? Ans. Kamataka - (Largest producer) Chikamagalur, Coorg(lst coffee planatation set up in Chikamagalur), Palni hills. Kerala - Annaimalai, Cardammom hills Q.l0 Mention the problems associated with coffee cultivation in India? Ans The present yield of coffee is low-pests, inadequate use of manure. The quality of coffee fluctuates from year to year. There is stiff competition from countries producing coffee e.g. Kenya, Brazil. Q.ll Name the port used for exporting coffee? 17

18 Ans Mangalore Port is used for exporting coffee to U.K., France; Germany. COTTON Q.l Which is the mostimportant/extensivelycultivated fibre crop of India? Ans The Cotton Plant (Shrub). Q 2 What are the geographical requirements of cotton cultivation? Ans -Temperature - 21 C - 30 C and plenty of sunshine during the growing and ripening period.. -Rainfall cm which is well distributed during the growing period. -Soil- Black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau which is water retentive. Q.3 Why is dry weather necessary. at the time of harvesting'[. Ans Dry weather is essential for the development of boll during the fruiting stage. Rain may result in the fibre becoming moulding and discoloured. This is also the reason why cotton grows best on irrigated land in hot climate. Q4 What determines the quality of cotton? Ans The quality of cotton depends on length of fibres, fineness, strength and colour. Q.5 What does staple mean? Ans It refers to the length of the tint that develops in cotton bolls. Most of the cotton grown in India is short staple variety. It is the long staple variety which is considered to be the best. Q.6 What are the two methods of sowing cotton seeds? Ans The methods are:- 1) Broadcasting 2) Drilling(More Popular) Q.7 When is the crop harvested? Ans The crop are harvested in October. The bolls are picked entirely by hand. Q.8Mention the crops rotated with cotton? Ans The crops are oil-seeds - legumes and various cereals. Q.9 Name the disease that affects the cotton plant? Ans. Wilt Q.10 Name 2 pests that can destroy the cotton plant? Ans Boll worm and Boll weevds. Q.l1 Explain the term Ginning? Ans The raw cotton has to pass through a process called ginning. The seeds are separated from the lent/fibres. 18

19 Q.12 Describe the method/process of marketing cotton? Ans Marketing of cotton begins as soon as the. crop is harvested. The seeds are separated from the lint. The processed cotton is packed in bales and stored. The bales are transported to the terminal markets to be sold. Q.13 Why are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab the leading cotton producing states? Ans They are the leading cotton producing states because they have the following favourable factors:- a)temperature: 20 C to 32 C Plenty of sunshine is available for its growth, ripening and picking. b)these places receive about cm of rainfall which is well distributed during its time of growth. c)water-retentive soil i.e. Regur Soil is available in these states. d)cheap manual labour is found in. abundance for processes such as sowing, picking, ginning and packing. Q.14 Name the leading cotton growing states of south India? Ans The leading states are Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Q.15 State the uses of cotton plant? Ans. The oil extracted from the cotton-seed is used in the preparation of Margarine and soap, in the manufacture of vanaspati, for pharmaceutical purpose, residue is Used for cattle feed, the oil cake is used as manure,whereas the fibre is spun into thread ready to be woven into fabrics, the short fibres are used in the manufacture of synthetics. Q.16 Name the state which accounts for highest yield of long staple cotton? Ans.Punjab has the highest yield. Q.17 Mention problems faced by Indian cotton cultivators? Ans l.rains during the time of ripening may discolour the fibre and make it mouldy. Also rain during the picking time damages the crop. 2.Strong winds and stormy weather conditions may lead to premature falling of cotton pods. 3.Diseases like wilt and pests like boll-worm and boll weevil, damage the plant. 4.Somtimes there may be shortage of abundant cheap labour during the picking season. JUTE 19

20 Q.l What are geographical requirements of jute? Ans. l.temperature - 21 C- 35 C 2.Rainfall cm evenly distributed rainfall. Jute requires plenty of water during its growth and processing. 3.Soil:Clayey,loamy, non-porous, fertile. deltaic alluvial soil which is rich in humus, potash and lime. It is best if the soil is replenished because jute plant depletes soil fertility rapidly. 4. Land- should be flat Q.2 Name the states where jute is grown extensively? Ans West Bengal, Bihar and Assam grow jute extensively. Q.3 What are the methods of sowing jute? Ans The methods of sowing jute are t- l.broadcasting over the soil. 2.Dibbling into furrows. 3.Drilling is the most popular method 4. Transplanting. Q.4 Which area is best suited to the growth of jute? Ans Ganga - Brahmaputra delta region because the soil is clayey, loamy, and fertile. The soil is replenished every year by the deposition of fresh sediments brought down by the rivers. In this area the land is flat and levelled. Q.5What is the growing season for jute in tenus of time? Ans The jute plant takes 4 to 6 months to filature and it is harvested when it starts to flower. Q.6 How is the Jute plant harvested?. Ans. The plants are cut dose to the ground. The plants are sometimes uprooted, if the ground is flooded or water logged. A small portion of the plant is not harvested so that the plants may mature further to produce seeds that may be used in the following year. Q 7 Name the process that the jute has to pass through after being harvested?, Ans.1)Drying - plants are left in the field for three days so that they shed the leaves. 2)Tying - the stems are tied into bundles without the leaves. 3)Retting - is a microbiological process wherein the stems are immersed i.e, each bundle of stalks' of jute plants without the leaves are submerged in gently flowing clean soft river water. This is done to separate the long strands of fibre from the bark easily. The fibre thus slips' off the bark easily 20

21 4)About ten/twelve stems are taken together and beaten with a mallet so that the fibre loosens from the inner bark..'. 5)The fibres are then washed in clean water, and also hung to remove extra water 6)Further the fibres are dried in the sun and then arranged into bundles. 7)The bundles are sorted out according to their quality. 8)Quality wise they are packed and pressed into bales. Q.8Why is Jute called "brown paper of wholesale trade"? Ans.It is so called because -..- Gunny bags - (cloth made of jute) is used for packing material., Jute sacks - are used for packing commodities such as rice, wheat, fertilizer, cement etc... It is Widely used in the wholesale trade being the cheapest coarse fabric. Q.9 By what other name is jute popularly known?, Ans Golden fibre of India' because it is an important foreign exchange earner and it has golden brown colour, Q.1O What makess jute a versatile fibre'? Ans Gunny bags - made out of Hessian are used for packing. Jute sacks are used for packing rice, wheat, fertilizers, cement. It earns important foreign exchange. It is used in the manufacture of carpets, rugs, tarpaulins, twines; ropes, making upholstery, furnishing materials and decorative items. Dried stalks are used as fuel. Recently it has been used as binding material in construction of roads. Q.ll Name the most important port for jute? Ans Calcutta is the most important port for jute. It is also the world's most important jute manufacturing centre. Q.12 What is the present status of the production of jute? Ans Today production of jute has extended to states other than West Bengal, Assam and Bihar. Today stiff competition is offered by Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt and Thailand in the international market. Q.13 Name a crop which can substitute Jute? Ans Mesta which is coarser than jute and can tolerate drier conditions. It is used in the manufacturing of coarser bags/sacks. It is grown in Assam, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa aid Tamil Nadu. 21

22 Q.14. Why is jute preferred to Mesta? Ans The quality of the fibre (jute) is better than Mesta. It is stronger than Mesta. Q.15 Name the two variety of Jute grown in India? Ans.White jute and Tess jute(upland). Q.16 Name the pest and disease that can cause damage to jute? Ans.Fungal disease caused by jute mites. 22

23 ( 23 )