Sponsored by: Center For Clinical Investigation and Cleveland CTSC
|
|
- John Richard
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Selected Topics in Biostatistics Seminar Series Association and Causation Sponsored by: Center For Clinical Investigation and Cleveland CTSC Vinay K. Cheruvu, MSc., MS Biostatistician, CTSC BERD April 28, 2010
2 OUTLINE Introduction to Association & Causation Conceptual framework Confounding & Interaction Methods to study Association & Causation Remarks Take home message Questions 2
3 SCIENTIFIC QUESTION Exposure Outcome(Disease) Family of Other Third Variable(s) Questions: 1. Association or Causation??? 2. How is the family of Third variable(s) related to exposure or(and) Outcome? 3
4 ASSOCIATION Association (relationship between exposure and outcome) implies the two are not independent but related in some way or the other. A very basic measure of association is correlation (strength or degree of association). No need to ascertain temporality. Association does not necessarily imply causation. It is just an identifiable relationship. 4
5 CAUSATION A true mechanism that leads from exposure to outcome i.e., change in exposure measured directly causes a change in the outcome. It is an attempt to establish scientifically a valid causal link(connection) between exposure & outcome. If we determine association, then a logical question is whether the observed association reflects a causal relationship. Need to ascertain temporality (cause must precede the effect). 5
6 CAUTION COMES WITH CAUSATION A statistical ti ti relationship, however strong and however suggestive, can never establish causal connection: our ideas of causation must come from outside statistics, ultimately t l from some theory or other. ** Without considerable additional research, replication of studies, and experimentation, results claiming a causal relationship could be misleading. ** M. G. Kendall and A. Stuart, The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Charles Griffin Publishers, New York, 1961, vol. 2, chap. 26, p
7 CRITERIA FOR CAUSATION Criteria originally proposed by Austin Bradford Hill ( ) Temporality (exposure always precedes the outcome). Strength of association (degree of relative risk). Dose-Response (increase in exposure is associated with increase in risk). Consistency (studies replicated in different settings show similar(consistent) results). 7
8 CRITERIA FOR CAUSATION contd. Criteria originally proposed by Austin Bradford Hill ( ) Biological Plausibility (sound theoretical basis and knowledge about the process). Alternative Explanations (judge if association determined is causal). Experiment & Coherence (results compatible with current ttheory and dknowledge). 8
9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Different types of study designs - Randomized trials(experiments) - Observational studies Feasibility - Is it ethical to conduct the study? - Nature of exposure? 9
10 CONFOUNDING Exposure Outcome(Disease) Family of other Third variable(s) The third variable(factor) is a confounder if - the factor is a known risk for outcome(disease). - the factor is associated with exposure but is not a result of exposure. 10
11 Example CONFOUNDING Coffee Drinking Risk of pancreatic cancer Age, Smoking Considering the definition of confounding - We know both Age, Smoking is a risk for cancer. - We know Age, Smoking is associated with Coffee Drinking but not a result of it. 11
12 INTERACTION (EFFECT MODIFICATION) Exposure Outcome(Disease) Family of other Third variable(s) The third variable(factor) is a effect modifier if - the relationship between the exposure and outcome is different among different levels(subgroups) of the factor. - In other words, the effect of exposure on outcome depends on the level of the factor. 12
13 INTERACTION (EFFECT MODIFICATION) Coffee Drinking Risk of pancreatic cancer Gender Considering the definition of effect modifier - We know gender is related to risk of pancreatic cancer. - The effect of coffee drinking on risk of pancreatic cancer could be different by gender. 13
14 HOW TO ASSESS CONFOUNDING AND INTERACTION Consider a hypothetical study with the following information: A total of 200 subjects in the study of which 100 have pancreatic cancer(cases) and 100 don t have pancreatic cancer(controls); 48 subjects drink coffee(exposed) and 152 subjects don t drink coffee(unexposed); 130 subjects are smokers and 70 subjects are non-smokers; 90 subjects are above age 50(years) and 110 subjects are less than 50 years old; 95 males aesand 105 females. aes Cases Controls Exposed Cases Controls Smoking Unexposed No Smoking Cases Controls Age Age < Cases Controls Males Females
15 HOW TO ASSESS CONFOUNDING AND INTERACTION Complete Confounding Cases Controls Coffee Drinking No Coffee Drinking Crude RR = 1.36 Smoking No Smoking Cases Controls Cases Controls Coffee Drinking 5 8 No Coffee Drinking Stratified RR = 1.0 Coffee Drinking No Coffee Drinking Stratified RR = 1.0 Source: Leon Gordis, Epidemiology, 2 nd edition. 15
16 HOW TO ASSESS CONFOUNDING AND INTERACTION No Confounding Cases Controls Coffee Drinking No Coffee Drinking Crude RR = 1.36 Age 50+ Age < 50 Cases Controls Cases Controls Coffee Drinking No Coffee Drinking Stratified RR = 1.21 Coffee Drinking 8 6 No Coffee Drinking Stratified RR =
17 HOW TO ASSESS CONFOUNDING AND INTERACTION Presence of Interaction (Effect Modification) Cases Controls Coffee Drinking No Coffee Drinking Crude RR = 1.36 Males Females Cases Controls Cases Controls Coffee Drinking 16 2 No Coffee Drinking Stratified RR = 1.96 Coffee Drinking No Coffee Drinking Stratified RR =
18 HOW TO HANDLE CONFOUNDING AND INTERACTION Confounding - Regression approach(adjustment) - Matching - Propensity scores - Design stage(covariate adaptive randomization) Interaction - Regression approach - Stratified analysis 18
19 METHODS TO STUDY ASSOCIATION AND CAUSATION Association - Regression approach Causation - Regression approach Structural Equation Modeling Marginal Structural Models Potential Outcomes G-estimation 19
20 REMARKS Association does not necessarily imply causation. It is just an identifiable relationship. Nevertheless, association almost always leads to pursue if a causal relationship exists. In order to establish a causal link, the exposure should always precede the outcome. Several methods exist to study association and causation(depending on how we define the measure of association or causation). Confounding and Interaction are two different concepts though the approach to assess its presence is simultaneous. Several methods exist to handle confounding & interaction. 20
21 TAKE HOME MESSAGE Source: Thanks to Brian Schmotzer 21
22 QUESTIONS? 22
Gasoline Empirical Analysis: Competition Bureau March 2005
Gasoline Empirical Analysis: Update of Four Elements of the January 2001 Conference Board study: "The Final Fifteen Feet of Hose: The Canadian Gasoline Industry in the Year 2000" Competition Bureau March
More informationPARENTAL SCHOOL CHOICE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NORTH CAROLINA
PARENTAL SCHOOL CHOICE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NORTH CAROLINA DR. NATHAN GRAY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BUSINESS AND PUBLIC POLICY YOUNG HARRIS COLLEGE YOUNG HARRIS, GEORGIA Common claims. What is missing? What
More informationMultiple Imputation for Missing Data in KLoSA
Multiple Imputation for Missing Data in KLoSA Juwon Song Korea University and UCLA Contents 1. Missing Data and Missing Data Mechanisms 2. Imputation 3. Missing Data and Multiple Imputation in Baseline
More informationReligion and Innovation
Religion and Innovation Roland Bénabou Davide Ticchi Andrea Vindigni Princeton University IMT Lucca IMT Lucca & NBER & CIFAR Collegio Carlo Alberto American Economic Review P&P (2015) Introduction Economics
More informationHRTM Food and Beverage Management ( version L )
HRTM 116 - Food and Beverage Management ( version 213L ) Course Title Course Development Learning Support Food and Beverage Management Course Description Standard No Provides students with a study of food
More informationLearning Connectivity Networks from High-Dimensional Point Processes
Learning Connectivity Networks from High-Dimensional Point Processes Ali Shojaie Department of Biostatistics University of Washington faculty.washington.edu/ashojaie Feb 21st 2018 Motivation: Unlocking
More informationFlexible Working Arrangements, Collaboration, ICT and Innovation
Flexible Working Arrangements, Collaboration, ICT and Innovation A Panel Data Analysis Cristian Rotaru and Franklin Soriano Analytical Services Unit Economic Measurement Group (EMG) Workshop, Sydney 28-29
More informationProblem. Background & Significance 6/29/ _3_88B 1 CHD KNOWLEDGE & RISK FACTORS AMONG FILIPINO-AMERICANS CONNECTED TO PRIMARY CARE SERVICES
CHD KNOWLEDGE & RISK FACTORS AMONG FILIPINO-AMERICANS CONNECTED TO PRIMARY CARE SERVICES Background & Significance Who are the Filipino- Americans? Alona D. Angosta, PhD, APN, FNP, NP-C Assistant Professor
More informationActivity 10. Coffee Break. Introduction. Equipment Required. Collecting the Data
. Activity 10 Coffee Break Economists often use math to analyze growth trends for a company. Based on past performance, a mathematical equation or formula can sometimes be developed to help make predictions
More informationOnline Appendix to. Are Two heads Better Than One: Team versus Individual Play in Signaling Games. David C. Cooper and John H.
Online Appendix to Are Two heads Better Than One: Team versus Individual Play in Signaling Games David C. Cooper and John H. Kagel This appendix contains a discussion of the robustness of the regression
More informationEmerging Local Food Systems in the Caribbean and Southern USA July 6, 2014
Consumers attitudes toward consumption of two different types of juice beverages based on country of origin (local vs. imported) Presented at Emerging Local Food Systems in the Caribbean and Southern USA
More informationAn application of cumulative prospect theory to travel time variability
Katrine Hjorth (DTU) Stefan Flügel, Farideh Ramjerdi (TØI) An application of cumulative prospect theory to travel time variability Sixth workshop on discrete choice models at EPFL August 19-21, 2010 Page
More informationWine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts
Wine-Tasting by Numbers: Using Binary Logistic Regression to Reveal the Preferences of Experts When you need to understand situations that seem to defy data analysis, you may be able to use techniques
More informationMissing value imputation in SAS: an intro to Proc MI and MIANALYZE
Victoria SAS Users Group November 26, 2013 Missing value imputation in SAS: an intro to Proc MI and MIANALYZE Sylvain Tremblay SAS Canada Education Copyright 2010 SAS Institute Inc. All rights reserved.
More informationMethod for the imputation of the earnings variable in the Belgian LFS
Method for the imputation of the earnings variable in the Belgian LFS Workshop on LFS methodology, Madrid 2012, May 10-11 Astrid Depickere, Anja Termote, Pieter Vermeulen Outline 1. Introduction 2. Imputation
More informationDETERMINANTS OF DINER RESPONSE TO ORIENTAL CUISINE IN SPECIALITY RESTAURANTS AND SELECTED CLASSIFIED HOTELS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
DETERMINANTS OF DINER RESPONSE TO ORIENTAL CUISINE IN SPECIALITY RESTAURANTS AND SELECTED CLASSIFIED HOTELS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA NYAKIRA NORAH EILEEN (B.ED ARTS) T 129/12132/2009 A RESEACH PROPOSAL
More informationGail E. Potter, Timo Smieszek, and Kerstin Sailer. April 24, 2015
Supplementary Material to Modelling workplace contact networks: the effects of organizational structure, architecture, and reporting errors on epidemic predictions, published in Network Science Gail E.
More informationDecision making with incomplete information Some new developments. Rudolf Vetschera University of Vienna. Tamkang University May 15, 2017
Decision making with incomplete information Some new developments Rudolf Vetschera University of Vienna Tamkang University May 15, 2017 Agenda Problem description Overview of methods Single parameter approaches
More informationMichael Bankier, Jean-Marc Fillion, Manchi Luc and Christian Nadeau Manchi Luc, 15A R.H. Coats Bldg., Statistics Canada, Ottawa K1A 0T6
IMPUTING NUMERIC AND QUALITATIVE VARIABLES SIMULTANEOUSLY Michael Bankier, Jean-Marc Fillion, Manchi Luc and Christian Nadeau Manchi Luc, 15A R.H. Coats Bldg., Statistics Canada, Ottawa K1A 0T6 KEY WORDS:
More informationRESEARCH UPDATE from Texas Wine Marketing Research Institute by Natalia Kolyesnikova, PhD Tim Dodd, PhD THANK YOU SPONSORS
RESEARCH UPDATE from by Natalia Kolyesnikova, PhD Tim Dodd, PhD THANK YOU SPONSORS STUDY 1 Identifying the Characteristics & Behavior of Consumer Segments in Texas Introduction Some wine industries depend
More informationWhat are the Driving Forces for Arts and Culture Related Activities in Japan?
What are the Driving Forces for Arts and Culture Related Activities in Japan? Masahiro ARIMA Graduate School of Applied Informatics, University of Hyogo Abstract Purpose of this paper is to grasp the demand
More informationHandling Missing Data. Ashley Parker EDU 7312
Handling Missing Data Ashley Parker EDU 7312 Presentation Outline Types of Missing Data Treatments for Handling Missing Data Deletion Techniques Listwise Deletion Pairwise Deletion Single Imputation Techniques
More informationThe R survey package used in these examples is version 3.22 and was run under R v2.7 on a PC.
CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS EXAMPLES REPLICATION-R SURVEY PACKAGE 3.22 GENERAL NOTES ABOUT ANALYSIS EXAMPLES REPLICATION These examples are intended to provide guidance on how to use the commands/procedures for
More informationValuation in the Life Settlements Market
Valuation in the Life Settlements Market New Empirical Evidence Jiahua (Java) Xu 1 1 Institute of Insurance Economics University of St.Gallen Western Risk and Insurance Association 2018 Annual Meeting
More informationImputation Procedures for Missing Data in Clinical Research
Imputation Procedures for Missing Data in Clinical Research Appendix B Overview The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), building on the foundation of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve
More informationARE THERE SKILLS PAYOFFS IN LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES?
ARE THERE SKILLS PAYOFFS IN LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES? Namrata Tognatta SKILLS GSG SEMINARS WEEK Earnings Returns to Schooling and Skills December 7, 2015 Outline Motivation and Research Questions
More informationDELAWARE COMPENSATION RATING BUREAU, INC. Proposed Excess Loss (Pure Premium) Factors
Exhibit 17b As Filed COMPENSATION RATING BUREAU, INC. Proposed Excess Loss (Pure Premium) Factors Proposed excess loss (pure premium) factors are shown on the last page of the attachment together with
More informationRegression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran
Regression Models for Saffron ields in Iran Sanaeinejad, S.H., Hosseini, S.N 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk, nasir_nbm@yahoo.com, Abstract: Saffron
More informationRail Haverhill Viability Study
Rail Haverhill Viability Study The Greater Cambridge City Deal commissioned and recently published a Cambridge to Haverhill Corridor viability report. http://www4.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/citydeal/info/2/transport/1/transport_consultations/8
More informationInternational Journal of Business and Commerce Vol. 3, No.8: Apr 2014[01-10] (ISSN: )
The Comparative Influences of Relationship Marketing, National Cultural values, and Consumer values on Consumer Satisfaction between Local and Global Coffee Shop Brands Yi Hsu Corresponding author: Associate
More informationHOW LONG UNTIL TRULY GLUTEN-FREE?
HOW LONG UNTIL TRULY GLUTEN-FREE? A TIMELINE FOR SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILL ACQUISITION IN ADULTS WITH CELIAC DISEASE Emma M. Clerx National Celiac Association Fall Meeting 10/29/2017 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT ME
More information1156 Fifteenth Street, NW Suite 200 Washington, DC 20005
1156 Fifteenth Street, NW Suite 200 Washington, DC 20005 1.202.659.0074 voice 1.202.659.3859 fax www.ilsina.org Good afternoon, I m Alison Kretser, Director of Science Programs at ILSI North America. The
More informationThe Elasticity of Substitution between Land and Capital: Evidence from Chicago, Berlin, and Pittsburgh
The Elasticity of Substitution between Land and Capital: Evidence from Chicago, Berlin, and Pittsburgh Daniel McMillen University of Illinois Ph.D., Northwestern University, 1987 Implications of the Elasticity
More informationPower and Priorities: Gender, Caste, and Household Bargaining in India
Power and Priorities: Gender, Caste, and Household Bargaining in India Nancy Luke Associate Professor Department of Sociology and Population Studies and Training Center Brown University Nancy_Luke@brown.edu
More informationThis appendix tabulates results summarized in Section IV of our paper, and also reports the results of additional tests.
Internet Appendix for Mutual Fund Trading Pressure: Firm-level Stock Price Impact and Timing of SEOs, by Mozaffar Khan, Leonid Kogan and George Serafeim. * This appendix tabulates results summarized in
More informationAppendix A. Table A.1: Logit Estimates for Elasticities
Estimates from historical sales data Appendix A Table A.1. reports the estimates from the discrete choice model for the historical sales data. Table A.1: Logit Estimates for Elasticities Dependent Variable:
More informationTHE STATISTICAL SOMMELIER
THE STATISTICAL SOMMELIER An Introduction to Linear Regression 15.071 The Analytics Edge Bordeaux Wine Large differences in price and quality between years, although wine is produced in a similar way Meant
More informationLabor Supply of Married Couples in the Formal and Informal Sectors in Thailand
Southeast Asian Journal of Economics 2(2), December 2014: 77-102 Labor Supply of Married Couples in the Formal and Informal Sectors in Thailand Chairat Aemkulwat 1 Faculty of Economics, Chulalongkorn University
More informationPrinciples of Preparing, Cooking and Finishing Basic Pastry Products
Unit 51: Unit code: QCF Level 2: Principles of Preparing, Cooking and Finishing Basic Pastry Products R/502/8310 BTEC Specialist Credit value: 2 Guided learning hours: 9 Unit aim This unit aims to provide
More informationBackground & Literature Review The Research Main Results Conclusions & Managerial Implications
Agenda Background & Literature Review The Research Main Results Conclusions & Managerial Implications Background & Literature Review WINE & TERRITORY Many different brands Fragmented market, resulting
More informationWine On-Premise UK 2016
Wine On-Premise UK 2016 T H E M E N U Introduction... Page 5 The UK s Best On-Premise Distributors... Page 7 The UK s Most Listed Wine Brands... Page 17 The Big Picture... Page 26 The Style Mix... Page
More informationTRTP and TRTA in BDS Application per CDISC ADaM Standards Maggie Ci Jiang, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA
PharmaSUG 2016 - Paper DS14 TRTP and TRTA in BDS Application per CDISC ADaM Standards Maggie Ci Jiang, Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, PA ABSTRACT CDSIC ADaM Implementation Guide v1.1 (IG) [1]. has
More informationStructures of Life. Investigation 1: Origin of Seeds. Big Question: 3 rd Science Notebook. Name:
3 rd Science Notebook Structures of Life Investigation 1: Origin of Seeds Name: Big Question: What are the properties of seeds and how does water affect them? 1 Alignment with New York State Science Standards
More informationClinical Immunology and Allergy Fellowship Program Kuwait Institute for Medical Specialization
Issued: June, 2011 Clinical Immunology and Allergy Fellowship Program Kuwait Institute for Medical Specialization I. INTRODUCTION The primary aim of the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Fellowship Program
More informationKALLAS, Z.; ESCOBAR, C. & GIL, J.M.
Parc Mediterrani de la Tecnologia Edifici ESAB Carrer Esteve Terradas, 8 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona ARE PREFERENCES FOR RED WINE IN SPECIAL OCCASION HETEROGENEOUS?: FORCED VERSUS NON FORCED APPROACH
More informationSurvival of the Fittest: The Impact of Eco-certification on the Performance of German Wineries Patrizia FANASCH
Padua 2017 Abstract Submission I want to submit an abstract for: Conference Presentation Corresponding Author Patrizia Fanasch E-Mail Patrizia.Fanasch@uni-paderborn.de Affiliation Department of Management,
More informationYou know what you like, but what about everyone else? A Case study on Incomplete Block Segmentation of white-bread consumers.
You know what you like, but what about everyone else? A Case study on Incomplete Block Segmentation of white-bread consumers. Abstract One man s meat is another man s poison. There will always be a wide
More informationPitfalls for the Construction of a Welfare Indicator: An Experimental Analysis of the Better Life Index
Clemens Hetschko, Louisa von Reumont & Ronnie Schöb Pitfalls for the Construction of a Welfare Indicator: An Experimental Analysis of the Better Life Index University Alliance of Sustainability Spring
More informationComparison of standard penetration test methods on bearing capacity of shallow foundations on sand
Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (213) 2(2) 72-78 ISSN 2322-2956 Contents lists available at Sjournals Journal homepage: www.sjournals.com Original article Comparison of standard penetration
More informationOrigin-based products: From local culture to legal protection
Origin-based products: From local culture to legal protection Laurence Bérard American Origin Products and the TTIP: Collaboration for Rural Development First Research Leaders Meeting University of Arkansas,
More informationHospital Acquired Infections Report. Disparities National Coordinating Center
Author: Alex Shangraw, MSPH Editor: Madeleine Shea, PhD Hospital Acquired Infections 2011-2012 Report Disparities National Coordinating Center February 2014 Acknowledgements: Shanta Whitaker, PhD, MPH;
More informationAJAE Appendix: Testing Household-Specific Explanations for the Inverse Productivity Relationship
AJAE Appendix: Testing Household-Specific Explanations for the Inverse Productivity Relationship Juliano Assunção Department of Economics PUC-Rio Luis H. B. Braido Graduate School of Economics Getulio
More informationOF THE VARIOUS DECIDUOUS and
(9) PLAXICO, JAMES S. 1955. PROBLEMS OF FACTOR-PRODUCT AGGRE- GATION IN COBB-DOUGLAS VALUE PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS. JOUR. FARM ECON. 37: 644-675, ILLUS. (10) SCHICKELE, RAINER. 1941. EFFECT OF TENURE SYSTEMS
More informationSA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 South Australia - other
SA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 South Australia - other Vintage overview South Australia (other) includes the GI region of Southern Flinders Ranges, the Peninsulas zone, and the
More informationMissing Data Treatments
Missing Data Treatments Lindsey Perry EDU7312: Spring 2012 Presentation Outline Types of Missing Data Listwise Deletion Pairwise Deletion Single Imputation Methods Mean Imputation Hot Deck Imputation Multiple
More information6.2.2 Coffee machine example in Uppaal
6.2 Model checking algorithm for TCTL 95 6.2.2 Coffee machine example in Uppaal The problem is to model the behaviour of a system with three components, a coffee Machine, a Person and an Observer. The
More informationStructural Reforms and Agricultural Export Performance An Empirical Analysis
Structural Reforms and Agricultural Export Performance An Empirical Analysis D. Susanto, C. P. Rosson, and R. Costa Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas INTRODUCTION
More informationFood Allergies on the Rise in American Children
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/hot-topics-in-allergy/food-allergies-on-the-rise-in-americanchildren/3832/
More informationResearch Background: Weedy radish is considered one of the world s
Fast weeds in farmer's fields Featured scientists: Ashley Carroll from Gull Lake Middle School and Jeff Conner from the Kellogg Biological Station at Michigan State University Research Background: Weeds
More informationRelationships Among Wine Prices, Ratings, Advertising, and Production: Examining a Giffen Good
Relationships Among Wine Prices, Ratings, Advertising, and Production: Examining a Giffen Good Carol Miu Massachusetts Institute of Technology Abstract It has become increasingly popular for statistics
More informationTargeting Influential Nodes for Recovery in Bootstrap Percolation on Hyperbolic Networks
Targeting Influential Nodes for Recovery in Bootstrap Percolation on Hyperbolic Networks Christine Marshall Supervisors Colm O Riordan and James Cruickshank Overview Agent based modelling of dynamic processes
More informationFeasibility Project for Store Brand Macaroni and Cheese
Feasibility Project for Store Brand Macaroni and Cheese Prepared by Group 2 Jenna Forrest, Christina Gatti, Anna Flobeck, Dylan Fawcett Terry Smith TECM 2700.003 April 23, 2014 Table of Contents Table
More informationAdelaide Plains Wine Region
SA Winegrape Crush Survey Regional Summary Report 2017 Adelaide Plains Wine Region Adelaide Plains Vintage overview OVERVIEW OF VINTAGE STATISTICS A total of 3,496 tonnes of Adelaide Plains winegrapes
More informationASSESSING THE HEALTHFULNESS OF FOOD PURCHASES AMONG LOW-INCOME AREA SHOPPERS IN THE NORTHEAST
ASSESSING THE HEALTHFULNESS OF FOOD PURCHASES AMONG LOW-INCOME AREA SHOPPERS IN THE NORTHEAST ALESSANDRO BONANNO 1,2 *LAUREN CHENARIDES 2 RYAN LEE 3 1 Wageningen University, Netherlands 2 Penn State University
More informationCitrus Attributes: Do Consumers Really Care Only About Seeds? Lisa A. House 1 and Zhifeng Gao
Citrus Attributes: Do Consumers Really Care Only About Seeds? Lisa A. House 1 and Zhifeng Gao Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting,
More information5. Supporting documents to be provided by the applicant IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER
Guidance notes on the classification of a flavouring substance with modifying properties and a flavour enhancer 27.5.2014 Contents 1. Purpose 2. Flavouring substances with modifying properties 3. Flavour
More informationTHE EGG-CITING EGG-SPERIMENT!
1 of 5 11/1/2011 10:30 AM THE EGG-CITING EGG-SPERIMENT! Knight Foundation Summer Institute Arthurea Smith, Strawberry Mansion Middle School Liane D'Alessandro, Haverford College Introduction: Get ready
More informationScientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Credit
Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Credit David Spicer, LLB, CA - BDO Dunwoody LLP Melanie Thomson, BSc, Dip.AIT - BDO Dunwoody LLP BC Wine Grape Council 10 th Annual Enology
More informationPredicting Wine Quality
March 8, 2016 Ilker Karakasoglu Predicting Wine Quality Problem description: You have been retained as a statistical consultant for a wine co-operative, and have been asked to analyze these data. Each
More informationGrade 5 / Scored Student Samples ITEM #5 SMARTER BALANCED PERFORMANCE TASK
Grade 5 / Scored Student Samples ITEM #5 SMARTER BALANCED PERFORMANCE TASK Focus Standards and Claim Stimulus Claim 4 CCSS.MATH.CONTENT. 3.NF.3. Explain equivalence of fractions in special cases, and compare
More informationFrequency of a diagnosis of glaucoma in individuals who consume coffee, tea and/or soft drinks
1/5 This site uses cookies. More info Home / Online First Article Text Article menu Clinical science Frequency of a diagnosis of glaucoma in individuals who consume coffee, tea and/or soft drinks PDF Connie
More informationA Comparison of Approximate Bayesian Bootstrap and Weighted Sequential Hot Deck for Multiple Imputation
A Comparison of Approximate Bayesian Bootstrap and Weighted Sequential Hot Deck for Multiple Imputation Darryl V. Creel RTI International 1 RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute.
More informationThe multivariate piecewise linear growth model for ZHeight and zbmi can be expressed as:
Bi-directional relationships between body mass index and height from three to seven years of age: an analysis of children in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study Supplementary material The multivariate
More informationThe Bank Lending Channel of Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy: A Euro-area bank-level Analysis
The Bank Lending Channel of Conventional and Unconventional Monetary Policy: A Euro-area bank-level Analysis by U. Albertazzi, A. Nobili and F. Signoretti (Banca d Italia) Workshop : Effectiveness and
More informationInstruction (Manual) Document
Instruction (Manual) Document This part should be filled by author before your submission. 1. Information about Author Your Surname Your First Name Your Country Your Email Address Your ID on our website
More informationMBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
MBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview There are two summative assessments for this course. For your first assessment, you will be objectively assessed by your completion of a series of MyAccountingLab
More informationPerspective of the Labor Market for security guards in Israel in time of terror attacks
Perspective of the Labor Market for security guards in Israel in time of terror attacks 2000-2004 By Alona Shemesh Central Bureau of Statistics, Israel March 2013, Brussels Number of terror attacks Number
More informationThe premium for organic wines
Enometrics XV Collioure May 29-31, 2008 Estimating a hedonic price equation from the producer side Points of interest: - assessing whether there is a premium for organic wines, and which one - estimating
More informationRéseau Vinicole Européen R&D d'excellence
Réseau Vinicole Européen R&D d'excellence Lien de la Vigne / Vinelink 1 Paris, 09th March 2012 R&D is strategic for the sustainable competitiveness of the EU wine sector However R&D focus and investment
More informationCoffee and Tea Consumption and the Risk of Lung Cancer in a Population of Postmenopausal Women
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses Dissertations and Theses 2014 Coffee and Tea Consumption and the Risk of Lung Cancer in a Population of Postmenopausal Women
More informationCROCUS PLAINS REGIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL COURSE OUTLINE AND ASSESSMENT GUIDE
CROCUS PLAINS REGIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL COURSE OUTLINE AND ASSESSMENT GUIDE Course Name: CUB30S Baking & Patisserie Teacher s Name: Contact Information: Mr. Derek May, Mr. Harald Fischer 1930-1st Street
More informationSelection bias in innovation studies: A simple test
Selection bias in innovation studies: A simple test Work in progress Gaétan de Rassenfosse University of Melbourne (MIAESR and IPRIA), Australia. Annelies Wastyn KULeuven, Belgium. IPTS Workshop, June
More informationBishop Druitt College Food Technology Year 10 Semester 2, 2018
Bishop Druitt College Food Technology Year 10 Semester 2, 2018 Assessment Task No: 2 Date Due WRITTEN: Various dates Term 3 STANDARD RECIPE CARD Tuesday 28 th August Week 6 WORKFLOW Tuesday 11 th September
More informationPRODUCT REGISTRATION: AN E-GUIDE
PRODUCT REGISTRATION: AN E-GUIDE Introduction In the EU, biocidal products are only allowed on the market if they ve been authorised by the competent authorities in the Member States in which they will
More informationNO TO ARTIFICIAL, YES TO FLAVOR: A LOOK AT CLEAN BALANCERS
NO TO ARTIFICIAL, YES TO FLAVOR: A LOOK AT CLEAN BALANCERS 2018 TREND INSIGHT REPORT Out of four personas options, 46% of consumers self-identify as Clean Balancers. We re exploring this group in-depth
More informationPanel A: Treated firm matched to one control firm. t + 1 t + 2 t + 3 Total CFO Compensation 5.03% 0.84% 10.27% [0.384] [0.892] [0.
Online Appendix 1 Table O1: Determinants of CMO Compensation: Selection based on both number of other firms in industry that have CMOs and number of other firms in industry with MBA educated executives
More informationQuantitative assessment of the risk of human salmonellosis associated with the consumption of tree nuts
Quantitative assessment of the risk of human salmonellosis associated with the consumption of tree nuts NPSA Spring Meeting March 11 th 2015 Tree nut commodities in the U.S. 1. Agricultural relevance (USDA
More informationTable A.1: Use of funds by frequency of ROSCA meetings in 9 research sites (Note multiple answers are allowed per respondent)
Appendix Table A.1: Use of funds by frequency of ROSCA meetings in 9 research sites (Note multiple answers are allowed per respondent) Daily Weekly Every 2 weeks Monthly Every 3 months Every 6 months Total
More informationThe R&D-patent relationship: An industry perspective
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management (SBS-EM) European Center for Advanced Research in Economics and Statistics (ECARES) The R&D-patent relationship: An
More information-SQA- SCOTTISH QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY NATIONAL CERTIFICATE MODULE: UNIT SPECIFICATION GENERAL INFORMATION. -Module Number Session
-SQA- SCOTTISH QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY NATIONAL CERTIFICATE MODULE: UNIT SPECIFICATION GENERAL INFORMATION -Module Number- 3230006 -Session-1996-97 -Superclass- NE -Title- CAKE DECORATION: ADVANCED ROYAL
More informationReaction to the coffee crisis at the beginning of last decade
2000-2010 AND BEYOND: A PATH TO SUSTAINABILITY IN THE COFFEE SECTOR Andrea Illy Guatemala City Feb 28, 2010 Reaction to the coffee crisis at the beginning of last decade In order to resist the possible
More informationThought: The Great Coffee Experiment
Thought: The Great Coffee Experiment 7/7/16 By Kevin DeLuca ThoughtBurner Opportunity Cost of Reading this ThoughtBurner post: $1.97 about 8.95 minutes I drink a lot of coffee. In fact, I m drinking a
More informationLecture 9: Tuesday, February 10, 2015
Com S 611 Spring Semester 2015 Advanced Topics on Distributed and Concurrent Algorithms Lecture 9: Tuesday, February 10, 2015 Instructor: Soma Chaudhuri Scribe: Brian Nakayama 1 Introduction In this lecture
More informationNovember K. J. Martijn Cremers Lubomir P. Litov Simone M. Sepe
ONLINE APPENDIX TABLES OF STAGGERED BOARDS AND LONG-TERM FIRM VALUE, REVISITED November 016 K. J. Martijn Cremers Lubomir P. Litov Simone M. Sepe The paper itself is available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=364165.
More informationTEA INTERACTION DESIGN
TEA INTERACTION DESIGN 茶 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION COLLECTIONS RESEARCH 1 2 5 SCREENING SURVEY FIELD WORK I LITERATURE REVIEW OBJECT STUDY FIELD WORK II Concepts 11 INTRODUCTION The design problem
More informationImputation of multivariate continuous data with non-ignorable missingness
Imputation of multivariate continuous data with non-ignorable missingness Thais Paiva Jerry Reiter Department of Statistical Science Duke University NCRN Meeting Spring 2014 May 23, 2014 Thais Paiva, Jerry
More informationPENNSYLVANIA COMPENSATION RATING BUREAU. Proposed Excess Loss (Pure Premium) Factors
Exhibit 23 As Filed COMPENSATION RATING BUREAU Proposed Excess Loss (Pure Premium) Factors Proposed excess loss (pure premium) factors are shown on the last page of the attachment together with the current
More informationCredit Supply and Monetary Policy: Identifying the Bank Balance-Sheet Channel with Loan Applications. Web Appendix
Credit Supply and Monetary Policy: Identifying the Bank Balance-Sheet Channel with Loan Applications By GABRIEL JIMÉNEZ, STEVEN ONGENA, JOSÉ-LUIS PEYDRÓ, AND JESÚS SAURINA Web Appendix APPENDIX A -- NUMBER
More informationUPPER MIDWEST MARKETING AREA THE BUTTER MARKET AND BEYOND
UPPER MIDWEST MARKETING AREA THE BUTTER MARKET 1987-2000 AND BEYOND STAFF PAPER 00-01 Prepared by: Henry H. Schaefer July 2000 Federal Milk Market Administrator s Office 4570 West 77th Street Suite 210
More informationPISA Style Scientific Literacy Question
PISA Style Scientific Literacy Question The dodo was a large bird, roughly the size of a swan. It has been described as heavily built or even fat. It was flightless, but is believed to have been able to
More information