MIDDLE SCHOOL HISTORY LABORATORY 1ST SEMESTER

Transcription

1 Name: Date: Teacher: Miss Susana Santacruz Grade: 1 I I. The beginning of the civilization. 1.- Read the text below and answer the questions that follows 1

2 Who dug up artifacts like tools and pottery? What materials were tools made in the Bronze Age? During what age, did humans settled in small farming villages? Write two characteristics of civilization? Who is called the earliest period of human history? 2.-Write the best answer in each blank, and complete the crossword puzzle, using words from the last text. Across 2.Most people were nomadic 5. use artifacts and remains to ancient humans to learn about culture. 6.In present-day, people raised beans, squash, and corn. 7. People began to form during the Bronze Age. 9.People in the Bronze Age kept written records, like. 2

3 DOWN 1.The first civilizations started in the of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. 3.The Neolithic Age is also called the. 5.The first modern humans appear in. 8.Paleolithic people invented the and the bow and arrow. 3.-Use the map to answer the following questions. On which continents did modern humans first appear? About how long ago did modern humans migrate to Australia? About how long ago did modern humans migrate from Asia to North America? II.-Scientist search for humans origins. Scientific Clues: Archaeologists are specially trained scientists who work like detectives to uncover the story of prehistoric peoples. They learn about early people by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements. An excavated site, called an archaeological dig, provides one of the richest sources of clues to the prehistoric way of life. Archaeologists sift through the dirt in a small plot of land. Scientists called anthropologists study culture, or a people s unique way of life. Anthropologists examine the artifacts at archaeological digs. Other scientists, called paleontologists, study fossils evidence of early life preserved in rocks. 3

4 3.-Explain the difference between Archeologists and Anthropologists by using the chart below. Archeologist Anthropologists III. Prehistoric culture. In prehistoric times, bands of humans that lived near one another began to develop shared ways of doing things: common ways of dressing, similar hunting practices, favorite animals to eat. These shared traits were the first beginnings of what anthropologists and historians call culture. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. Culture includes common practices of a society, its shared understandings, and its social organization. By overcoming individual differences, culture helps to unify the group. 4.-List the components of culture using the chart below Common practices Shared understandings Social organization example.- What people eat example.-language example.-view of authority 5.-Read the text below and answer the question that follows. IV. The discovery of Lucy While Mary Leakey was working in East Africa, U.S. anthropologist Donald Johanson and his team were also searching for fossils. They were exploring sites in Ethiopia, about 1,000 miles to the north. In 1974, Johanson s team made a remarkable find an unusually complete skeleton of an adult female hominid. They nicknamed her Lucy after the song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. She had lived around 3.5 million years ago the oldest hominid found to that date. 4

5 Explain: Why were the discoveries of hominid footprints and Lucy important? 6.-Use next text information to make a chart listing the Farming Developments. V. Farming develops in many places Within a few thousand years, people in many other regions, especially in fertile river valleys, turned to farming. Africa The Nile River Valley developed into an important agricultural center for growing wheat, barley, and other crops. China About 8,000 years ago, farmers along the middle stretches of the Huang He (Yellow River) cultivated a grain called millet. About 1,000 years later, farmers first domesticated wild rice in the Chang Jiang River delta. Mexico and Central America Farmers cultivated corn, beans, and squash. Peru Farmers in the Central Andes were the first to grow tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and white potatoes. Use text information to make a chart listing the Farming Develops. VI. City states of Mesopotamia. 7.- Read the text and use a chart to identify Sumer's environmental problems and their solutions. Environmental Challenges People first began to settle and farm the flat, swampy lands in southern Mesopotamia before 4500 B.C. Around 3300 B.C., the people called the Sumerians, whom you read about in Chapter 1, arrived on the scene. Good soil 5

6 was the advantage that attracted these settlers. However, there were three disadvantages to their new environment. Unpredictable flooding combined with a period of little or no rain. The land sometimes became almost a desert. With no natural barriers for protection, a Sumerian village was nearly defenseless. The natural resources of Sumer were limited. Building materials and other necessary items were scarce. Solving Problems Through Organization Over a long period of time, the people of Sumer created solutions to deal with these problems. To provide water, they dug irrigation ditches that carried river water to their fields and allowed them to produce a surplus of crops. For defense, they built city walls with mud bricks. Sumerians traded their grain, cloth, and crafted tools with the peoples of the mountains and the desert. In exchange, they received raw materials such as stone, wood, and metal. Problems Solutions 8.-Imagine that you are a visitor to Ancient Mesopotamia. Use the following words in a letter home in which you describe what you have seen and experienced during your visit. artisan reform culture cuneiform A worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand Make changes in (something, typically a social, political, or economic institution or practice) in order to improve it. The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively Denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the 6

7 ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets. "a cuneiform inscription" scribe city-state empire ziggurat reign priest A person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented. An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress. An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress. A rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel The period during which a sovereign rules. An ordained minister 7

8 VII. Geography of the ancient Egypt. 9.-Read the text below and answer the questions a and activities that follows 8

9 Why was the Nile River important? _ How did the Nile flood help farmers grow crops? _ How did the Egyptians use the land around the Nile? What economic activities develop Egypt? _ How did new farming methods help Egyptians grow all of the food they needed? How did Egyptians use the natural resources they had? _ 10.-Complete the next chart. Main Ideas Supporting Details The Nile River and Egypt's geography were important to the growth of ancient Egypt The ancient Egyptians used their natural resources in innovative ways. The ancient Egyptians developed economic activities other than farming. 11.-Find the name or term in the second columns that best matches the description in the first columns. a waterfall like a those on the Nile River in Egypt an area near a river's mouth where the water a. Upper Nile b. fertile 9

10 deposits (leaves behind) fine soil the name for the nile River in the south of Egypt the name for the Nile River in the north term for soil that is good for growing crops a bucket on a lever (stick that moves the bucket up and down) used by ancient Egyptians to lift water from rivers or canals for use in the fields light fabric created by weaving fibers from flax plants fine soil that is deposited (left behind) along the shores of a river such as the Nile and two precious (rare and costly) stones that were mined for their use in Egyptian jewelry exchangigng goods that people grew or made c.cataract d. delta e. lower Nile f.silt g. bartering h.linen i lapis lazuli j. shaduf k. turquoise VIII. Indus Valley Civilization 12.-Use the graphic organizer to write conclusions about Indus Valley civilizations. The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Culture: Systems of writing developed, as well as standardized weights and measures that facilitated trade and regimented urban planning, especially in the Indus Valley. New religious beliefs emerged, such as the Vedic religion during the Vedic period. Exchanges between cultures occurred as regions traded with one another, such as China and Southwest Asia. Two cities, in particular, have been excavated at the sites of Mohenjo-Daro on the lower Indus, and at Harappa, further upstream. The evidence suggests they had a highly developed city life; many houses had wells and bathrooms as well as an elaborate underground drainage system. The social conditions of the citizens were comparable to those in Sumeria and superior to the contemporary Babylonians and Egyptians. These cities display a well-planned urbanization system. The Indus Civilization had a writing system which today still remains a mystery: all attempts to decipher it have failed. This is one of the reasons why the Indus Valley Civilization is one of the least known of the important early civilizations of antiquity. Examples of this writing system have been found in pottery, amulets, carved stamp seals, and even in weights and copper tablets. Environmental Challenges The civilization that emerged along the Indus River 10

11 faced many of the same challenges as the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Yearly floods spread deposits of rich soil over a wide area. However, the floods along the Indus were unpredictable. The rivers sometimes changed course. The cycle of wet and dry seasons brought by the monsoon winds was unpredictable. If there was too little rain, plants withered in the fields and people went hungry. If there was too much rain, floods swept away whole villages. Cities Culture Religion Bronze, copper, gold and silver were the metals known to Harappan people. Their agricultural implements and many of the household utensils were made of copper and bronze. 11

12 12