The First Ohioans. Below Level. FOCUScurriculum

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1 SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 4 Below Level Benchmark History: B People In Societies: A Geography: C Grade-Level Indicator Settlement: 2 Cultures: 1 Human Interaction: 8 The First Ohioans FOCUScurriculum Curriculum materials for your content standards 33 Milford Drive, Suite 1, Hudson, OH LOOK INSIDE FOR: Ohio s Academic Content Standards Covered Reproducible Student Book Reproducible English Language Arts Activities

2 The First Ohioans Ohio s Academic Content Standards Met GRADE 4 SOCIAL STUDIES HISTORY: A Construct time lines to demonstrate an understanding of units of time and chronological order. Chronology: 1 Construct time lines with evenly spaced intervals for years, decades and centuries to show the order of significant events in Ohio history. HISTORY: B Describe the cultural patterns that are evident in North America today as a result of exploration, colonization, and conflict. Settlement: 2 Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric people. PEOPLE IN SOCIETIES: A Compare practices and products of North American cultural groups. Cultures: 1 Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time. GEOGRAPHY: C Identify and explain ways people have affected the physical environment of North America and analyze the positive and negative consequences. Human Environmental Interaction: 8 Identify how environmental processes (i.e., glaciation and weathering) and characteristics (landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human settlement and activity in Ohio. GRADE 4 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY Contextual Understanding: 1 Determine the meaning of unknown words by using a variety of context clues, including word, sentence, and paragraph clues. READING APPLICATIONS: Informational, Technical, and Persuasive Text 2 Summarize main ideas in informational text, using supporting details as appropriate. 4 Identify examples of cause and effect used in informational text.

3 SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 4 Below Level Benchmark History: B People In Societies: A Geography: C Grade-Level Indicator Settlement: 2 Cultures: 1 Human Interaction: 8 Student Book The First Ohioans Print pages 5 18 of this PDF for the student book.

4 How to Make the Student Book The student book is contained on pages 5 18 of this PDF. It begins on the next page. To make one student book, or a two-sided master copy that can be photocopied, you will print on both sides of seven sheets of 8.5" x 11" paper. Do a test printout of one book first to familiarize yourself with the procedure. Follow these instructions carefully. First Select the Paper Since you will be printing on both sides of the sheets of paper, select a good quality white paper. We recommend using at least a 22 lb sheet. Second Check Printer Settings Be sure you have the correct page setup settings for your computer and printer. You will print these pages in landscape format. Third Print EVEN Pages Open the PDF of the book you want to print. Select print from your file menu. In your printer s dialogue box enter pages 5 18 to print. Then select EVEN pages only. It is important to print only the EVEN pages first. Click Print to print the even pages. (Important note: The first page that prints will be blank. DO NOT discard this page. It will be needed to print the cover in the next step.) Fourth Print ODD Pages When the even pages have printed, flip the stack of pages over to print the odd pages. Place the stack back in your printer. Select print from the file menu again. In your printer s dialogue box, select pages 5-18 to print. Then select ODD pages. Click Print to print the odd pages. Fifth Fold the Book You now have a complete book. Check to be sure the pages are in the correct order with the book s cover as the top page. Then fold the stack of paper in half. Sixth Staple the Book Use an extended-length stapler to staple the pages together. Place two staples in the spine of the book. Please Note Printers vary in how they output pages. Do a test printing of one book and adjust the procedure as necessary. If you want to make a one-sided master copy, print ALL pages 5 18 at once. Then select one-sided to two-sided" on the copy machine.

5 The First Ohioans Academic Content Standards Met BL GRADE 4 SOCIAL STUDIES HISTORY: A Construct time lines to demonstrate an understanding of units of time and chronological order. Chronology: 1 Construct time lines with evenly spaced intervals for years, decades and centuries to show the order of significant events in Ohio history. HISTORY: B Describe the cultural patterns that are evident in North America today as a result of exploration, colonization, and conflict. Settlement: 2 Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric people. PEOPLE IN SOCIETIES: A Compare practices and products of North American cultural groups. Cultures: 1 Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time. GEOGRAPHY: C Identify and explain ways people have affected the physical environment of North America and analyze the positive and negative consequences. Human Environmental Interaction: 8 Identify how environmental processes (i.e., glaciation and weathering) and characteristics (landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human settlement and activity in Ohio. GRADE 4 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY Contextual Understanding: 1 Determine the meaning of unknown words by using a variety of context clues, including word, sentence, and paragraph clues. READING APPLICATIONS: Informational, Technical, and Persuasive Text 2 Summarize main ideas in informational text, using supporting details as appropriate. 4 Identify examples of cause and effect used in informational text. SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 4 Benchmark Grade-Level Indicator Histor y: B Settlement: 2 People In Societies: A Cultures: 1 Geography: C Human Interaction: 8 The First Ohioans by Linda Barr

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7 Index Adena, 12, 13 Archaic Indians, 8, 9 Delaware, 20 Fort Ancient, 14 15, 16 Fort Ancients, 12, 16 17, 19 Hopewell, 12, 14 Iroquois, 19 Miami, 20 Mingo, 20 Moundbuilders, Ottawa, 20 Paleo-Indians, 5 6 Serpent Mound, 11, 12 Shawnee, 20 Woodland Indians, 14 Wyandot, 20 SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 4 Benchmark History: B People In Societies: A Geography: C Grade-Level Indicator Settlement: 2 Cultures: 1 Human Interaction: 8 The First Ohioans by Linda Barr FOCUScurriculum Curriculum materials for your content standards 24 Copyright 2008 FOCUScurriculum 33 Milford Drive, Suite 1, Hudson, OH Order# OHSS-41BL

8 Table of Contents Introduction: The Very First Ohioans Chapter 1: Paleo-Indians Chapter 2: Archaic Indians Chapter 3: Moundbuilders The Adena The Hopewell The Fort Ancients Chapter 4: Historic Indians Glossary To Find Out More Index What do you think you will learn from this book? To Find Out More... Want to learn more about the first Ohioans? Try these books The Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient of Ohio by Greg Roza. PowerKids Press, 2005 Chief Tecumseh (Native American Biographies) by Anne M. Todd. Heinemann, Ohio Native Peoples by Marcia Schonberg. Heinemann Library, Prehistoric People of North America by Diana Childress. Chelsea House, Woodland Indians (Native Peoples of the Americans) by Elaine Cleary. Evan-Moor Educational Publishers, Access these Web sites Ohio History Central Online Encyclopedia Ohio History for Kids Ohio Historical Society Write for more information Ohio Historical Society 1982 Velma Avenue Columbus, OH

9 Glossary Adena the first group of Moundbuilders, living from about 800 BC to 100 AD Archaic Indians a group of people who lived in North America from about 8000 BC to 1000 BC flint a very hard stone Fort Ancients the third and last group of Moundbuilders, living from about 1000 AD to 1600 AD glacier a very large body of thick ice historic Indians groups of Native Americans with a written history Hopewell the second group of Moundbuilders, living from about 100 BC to 500 AD Ice Age a time when the climate was much colder and most of the land was covered with ice mammoths animals that no longer live on Earth; much like an elephant with large, curved tusks and long hair covering its body mound a pile of dirt or soil Moundbuilders groups of Native Americans who built large mounds Paleo-Indians a group of people who walked to North America from Asia after the Ice Age from about 14,000 BC to 7000 BC parallel two or more lines the same distance apart never touching permanent lasting or meant to last a long time plaza a place in the center of a village where people gather prehistoric the time before history was written down serpent a snake shoulder blade a flat, thin bone Woodland Indians the Adena and Hopewell 22 INTRODUCTION The Very First Ohioans What did Ohio look like long ago? Over 14,000 years ago it was covered with huge glaciers. Grass didn t even grow here. Then the Ice Age ended. The glaciers began to melt. Ohio began to change. The melting ice formed lakes and rivers. Under the glaciers was rich soil. Plants began to grow. Animals came to eat the plants. Soon people followed the animals into Ohio. They hunted them for food. This is the story of these people the very first people to live in Ohio. glacier: a very large body of ice Ice Age: a time when the climate was much colder and most of the land was covered with thick ice 3

10 CHAPTER 1 Paleo-Indians About 12,000 BC a boy watched the mammoths move again. His family had to follow them. They needed food. It had been a week since his father had killed a mammoth. The boy was hungry. He was also very tired of walking. Months ago, the family crossed an icy bridge of land. Ocean waves crashed on both sides of the land bridge. The waves almost washed his family away! Indiana Native American Groups in Ohio Michigan Lake Erie Ottawa Mingo Wyandot Miami Delaware Shawnee West Virginia Kentucky Pennsylvania mammoths: animals that no longer live on Earth; much like an elephant with large, curved tusks and long hair covering its body Why Indians? When Columbus sailed west, away from Europe in 1492, he was searching for the Indies. That included India, China, and nearby countries. When Columbus landed on an island in the Caribbean, he thought he had found the Indies. He and others began calling the native people who lived there Indians. Today, most of these people prefer to be called Native Americans. 4 21

11 By the late 1700s, six Native American tribes were living in what is now Ohio. They were the Shawnee, Miami, Wyandot, Ottawa, Delaware, and Mingo. White settlers began moving into Ohio. Sometimes the Native Americans and settlers helped each other. Mostly though, they battled for the land. The settlers also brought diseases that could kill an entire village of Native Americans. By the late 1700s, the very first Ohioans were long gone. Here, the land stretched as far as he could see. Ice still covered much of it. Ahead of them, the mammoths slowly headed south. The family tried to catch up. 20 5

12 The boy s father carried a long spear. It was tipped with flint. Some day, the boy hoped to find some flint for his own spear. Then he might kill a mighty mammoth. That night, the family ate berries and nuts from the woods. They huddled under a tent made of mammoth skin. Maybe tomorrow the father would bring down a mammoth. Then they could eat meat again. They were Paleo-Indians. Paleo (PAYlee-oh) means very old. The Paleo-Indians were the first people to live in Ohio. They first came to Ohio after 14,000 BC. They were hunter-gatherers, not farmers. They never stayed long in one place. CHAPTER 4 Historic Indians The Fort Ancients were the last prehistoric group to live in Ohio. We know little about prehistoric groups. They left behind no written history. In the late 1500s, the Europeans came to North America. They started writing down history. The first historic Indians arrived in Ohio in about They were the Iroquois. They did not live in Ohio, though. They only hunted on the land. Ohio had rich soil and many forests. The Iroquois could not keep this land for themselves. Can you describe some cultural practices and products of the Paleo-Indians? flint: a very hard stone Paleo-Indians: a group of people who walked to North America from Asia after the Ice Age from about 14,000 BC to 7000 BC prehistoric: the time before history was written down historic Indians: groups of Native Americans with a written history 6 19

13 Ice Age Migration Routes Arctic Ocean Greenland Glacier North America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean South America The historic Indians came to Ohio in the late 1600s. The Iroquois might have been the first historic group to live in Ohio. About 14,000 years ago, people walked from Asia to North America. They crossed the Bering Sea land bridge, which is covered with water now. Some of these people walked all the way to what is now Ohio. 18 7

14 CHAPTER 2 Archaic Indians The Ice Age was nearly over over. Thick forests grew. Now the mammoths could not find the food they needed. Many of them died. Some headed back north. The Paleo- Indians followed them. They left Ohio. Then the Archaic Indians came to live in Ohio around 8000 BC. Archaic (are-kay-ihk) is another word that means very old. The Archaics were huntergatherers, too. They followed the mammoth herds and lived in tents. Fish Hawk spent a lot of time on the central plaza. There, he listened to music played with rattles and flutes. He and his friends often played games with sticks and stones. After a while, the Fort Ancients crops no longer grew well in the soil. It was time to move to new land. Over time, the Fort Ancients disappeared from Ohio. Why did the Fort Ancients keep moving to new land? What does hunter-gatherer mean? Archaic Indians: a group of people who lived in North America from about 8000 BC to 1000 BC 8 17

15 The Fort Ancients After the Hopewell left Fort Ancient, others came. They did not build the fort, but these new people are called Fort Ancients because they lived there. Fish Hawk helped his family farm. They were good farmers. They grew corn, squash, and beans. Because the Fort Ancients were so good at growing food, they set up permanent villages. Several hundred people lived together in a single village. A typical village had houses grouped around a central plaza. Yellow Flower was an Archaic girl. She helped gather berries, nuts, and seeds. Yellow Flower had never seen a mammoth. Her father hunted bears, deer, and turkeys. In Ohio, flint was easy to find. Yellow Flower s father made arrowheads and knives from it. He traded them for other things. One day, he gave Yellow Flower a pink seashell. He had traded a knife for it. Can you describe some cultural practices and products of the Archaic Indians? permanent: lasting or meant to last a long time plaza: a place in the center of a village where people gather 16 9

16 CHAPTER 3 Moundbuilders Around 800 BC Little Wolf dug up dirt with the shoulder blade of a deer. He put the soil into a basket. When the basket was full, he carried it over to the mound and dumped it. Close up, the mound was just a long pile of dirt. But, when he stood back, he could see the long serpent shape. Kicking Bird filled many baskets of soil for the fort. In the end, the fort held enough soil to fill a long line of dump trucks. The trucks would stretch across Ohio! Over many years, wind and rain have damaged the walls of Fort Ancient. Today, only the foundation, or outline, of the 1,900-year-old fort remains. You can still visit Fort Ancient in Warren County. shoulder blade: a flat, thin bone mound: a pile of dirt or soil Moundbuilders: groups of Native Americans who built large mounds serpent: a snake 10 15

17 The Hopewell In time, the Adena left Ohio. Then the Hopewell came. Both groups were also called Woodland Indians. The Hopewell were very good at building mounds. They built them in many shapes. Some were made in parallel lines. Some were shaped like animals. Kicking Bird was a Hopewell boy. Day after day, he helped his people build Fort Ancient. It is the largest fort of its kind in the United States. By hand, the Hopewell built 18,000 feet of dirt walls. No one would live on the Serpent Mound, though. It would be a place to worship and bury important people. What three groups of people are called Moundbuilders? Woodland Indians: the Adena and Hopewell parallel: two or more lines the same distance apart never touching 14 11

18 Little Wolf might have been an Adena (ah-dee-nah). Or he might have been a Fort Ancient. No one is sure which tribe built the Serpent Mound. These two tribes and the Hopewell are all called Moundbuilders. They were Ohio s first farmers. They were also the first to live in villages. The Adena The Adena were the first Moundbuilders to live in Ohio. They set up villages near rivers. They planted crops and hunted. The Adena built round mounds. They also built some shaped like animals. They learned how to build strong walls. Serpent Mound in Adams County is the longest mound in the United States. It stretches 1,330 feet. Adena: the first group of Moundbuilders, living from about 800 BC to 100 AD Fort Ancients: the third and last group of Moundbuilders, living from about 1000 AD to 1600 AD Hopewell: the second group of Moundbuilders, living from about 100 BC to 500 AD The Adena built round houses from woven grass mats, animal hides, and wooden poles. A house might be 18 to 20 feet wide

19 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS GRADE 4 Below Level Benchmark Acquisition of Vocabulary Reading Application Reading Application Reading Application Grade-Level Indicator Contextual Understanding, 1 Informational Text, 2 Informational Text, 2 Informational Text, 4 English Language Arts Activities The First Ohioans Print pages of this PDF for the reading activities.

20 Cause and Effect Read this passage from the book. TRY THE SKILL Read the passage again. Then complete this graphic. Tell how the cause affected the Paleo-Indians. The Ice Age was nearly over over. Thick forests grew. Now the mammoths could not find the food they needed. Many of them died. Some headed back north. The Paleo-Indians followed them. They left Ohio. This graphic explains what happened. CAUSE Many of the mammoths died. EFFECT CAUSE Thick forests grew. EFFECT The mammoths could not find the food they needed. Now complete this graphic. Tell why the Paleo-Indians left Ohio. CAUSE EFFECT Paleo-Indians left Ohio to follow herds. Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text, 4

21 Main Idea The main idea is the most important point the author is trying to make. Every paragraph should have a main idea. For example, read this paragraph from the book. TRY THE SKILL To practice determining the main idea, read the paragraph below. Then write the main idea in your own words. The boy s father carried a long spear. It was tipped with flint. Some day, the boy hoped to find some flint for his own spear. Then he might kill a mighty mammoth. The main idea of this paragraph is, people used spears to hunt for food. Little Wolf might have been an Adena (ah-deenah). Or he might have been a Fort Ancient. No one is sure which group built the Serpent Mound. These two groups and the Hopewell are all called Moundbuilders. They were Ohio s first farmers. They were also the first to live in villages. Here is another. What is the main idea of this paragraph? The Ice Age was nearly over. Thick forests grew. Now the mammoths could not find the food they needed. Many of them died. Some headed back north. The Paleo-Indians followed them. They left Ohio. The Ice Age caused people to move out of Ohio. Choose two more paragraphs from this book to read. Write the page and paragraph number of the paragraphs you have chosen on the back of this paper. Then write the main idea of each paragraph. Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text, 2

22 Supporting Details Supporting details give you more information about the main idea. For example, read this paragraph from the book. TRY THE SKILL To practice looking for details, read this paragraph below. Then write details that support the main idea. The boy s father carried a long spear. It was tipped with flint. Some day, the boy hoped to find some flint for his own spear. Then he might kill a mighty mammoth. The following details support the main idea, spears were long and had a tip made from flint. Little Wolf might have been an Adena (ah-deenah). Or he might have been a Fort Ancient. No one is sure which group built the Serpent Mound. These two groups and the Hopewell are all called Moundbuilders. They were Ohio s first farmers. They were also the first to live in villages. Here is another. What details support the main idea? The Ice Age was nearly over. Thick forests grew. Now the mammoths could not find the food they needed. Many of them died. Some headed back north. The Paleo-Indians followed them. They left Ohio. There was not enough food for mammoths or people. Some mammoths died. Some headed back north. The Paleo-Indians left Ohio, too. Choose two more paragraphs from this book to read. Write the page and paragraph number of the paragraphs you have chosen on the back of this paper. Then write details that support the main idea of each paragraph. Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text, 2

23 Context Clues To figure out the meanings of unknown words, look for words in the same sentence or nearby sentences that give you clues. Look for word clues in each sentence below to figure out which word from the box should complete it. Then write the correct word on the line. glacier: a huge body of ice flint: a very hard kind of stone shoulder blade: a flat, thin bone mound: a pile of dirt or soil serpent: a snake parallel: two or more lines the same distance apart never touching plaza: a place in the center of a village where people gather TRY THE SKILL 1. The had a long, forked tongue, just like a snake. 2. The pile of dirt on a baseball field is called the pitcher s. 3. During the football game, he broke a bone called his. 4. If you strike a piece of, the stone can create a spark. 5. When ice melts from a, huge lakes can form. 6. A rectangle has two sets of lines. 7. The crowd gathered in the to hear the concert. Acquisition of Vocabulary: Contextual Understanding, 1

24 Answer Key Cause and Effect 1. Possible answer: The Paleo-Indians did not have enough food; many died. 2. Possible answer: Some mammoths headed back north to find the food they needed. Main Idea The Fort Ancient, Adena, and Hopewell are called Moundbuilders. Context Clues 1. serpent 2. mound 3. blade 4. flint 5. glacier 6. parallel 7. plaza Supporting Details These people were Ohio s first farmers and first to live in villages. No one is sure which group built the Serpent Mound.