How, when, and where did we become human?

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Emory Glenn
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1 How, when, and where did we become human? Meet our closest ancestor, Homo erectus. Homo erectus was one of the hominid groups that was developing increasingly large brains in both Africa and Asia between about 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. This is a reconstructed Homo erectus skull, found in northern China. It dates to some time after 1.6 million years ago. Brain Development Big Eras 3-9 Big Era Homo 1 erectus Big Era mil. yrs ago 500k 250k 200k yrs ago 27k 10k Today

2 Homo erectus was a traveler! Homo erectus began migrating to southerly parts of Eurasia sometime after about 1.8 million years ago. Big Eras 3-9 Big Era Homo 1 erectus Big Era mil. yrs ago 200k yrs ago 27k 10k Today

10k years ago Today Homo sapiens (that s us!) evolved from Homo erectus By 200,000 years ago, people whose skeletons were like those of Homo sapiens were already living in Africa.

3 10k years ago Today Homo sapiens (that s us!) evolved from Homo erectus By 200,000 years ago, people whose skeletons were like those of Homo sapiens were already living in Africa. Big Era 1 Between that time and about 100,000 years ago, people who were both anatomically and genetically like us emerged in eastern and southern Africa. Human Origins: Homo sapiens in Africa Big Era 2 S.W. Asia This is a reconstructed Homo sapiens skull, found in Israel. It has been dated to about 90,000 years ago. Big Eras k yrs ago 100k yrs ago

4 Migrations of Homo sapiens Europe 40,000 years ago Siberia 40,000 years ago North America 12,000-30,000 years ago Oceania 1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E. Southwest Asia 100,000 years ago Human Origins 200, ,000 years ago Australia as many as 60,000 years ago Chile 12,000-13,000 years ago Possible coastal routes of human migration Possible landward routes of human migration Migrations in Oceania

5 Why were homo sapiens able to travel? Homo sapiens had language so they could exchange complex ideas with each other. and they could store and add to the ideas of previous generations. Because they swapped ideas, they kept finding new ways of doing things. new ways of living. New Ideas Language Shared Ideas Learning

6 Language made collective learning possible. The stores of knowledge and skills humans built up are called culture. No other animal can store and accumulate knowledge and skills in this way. We call this ability collective learning.

Storing up and building on new skills and

Towers, Kuwait City, Today Great Zimbabwe,

7 Storing up and building on new skills and new knowledge is what set our species on the path of continuing cultural changes that led to the world we now live in. Towers, Kuwait City, Today Great Zimbabwe, Southern Africa, CE Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico, 200 BCE

How did collective learning change human culture? At first, changes in technology were very slow. After about 100,000 years ago, the pace of change began to increase.

8 How did collective learning change human culture? At first, changes in technology were very slow. After about 100,000 years ago, the pace of change began to increase. Evidence appears from about that time of humans living in east, central, and southern Africa. They were: Making more advanced and varied tools. For example, Blombos Cave Experimenting with body decoration and abstract symbols. Began burying their dead

9 Did Homo sapiens meet Neandertals? Approximate geographical range of Neandertals, 100,000-28,000 years ago Approximate geographical range of Homo sapiens by 28,000 years ago

10 Members of the two species may have met in Southeast Asia. The last physical traces of Homo erectus, dating to about 28,000 years ago, were discovered in Java. By that time Homo sapiens was already living in that region. Range of last surviving Homo erectus

11 Homo sapiens and other species We re not sure what might have happened if Homo sapiens met Neandertals or Homo erectus, but we do know that these two hominid species died out. And so did many other large animals, called megafauna, which once roamed the earth. What might these extinctions tell us about our own species?

12 Farming and complex societies? Where did they come from? I thought we were still hunting and gathering!

13 Farming and complex societies are the result of CHANGE Let s look for a minute at the changes that took place in Big Era Two. and changes have always been and still are part of human history. Big Era 1 Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 2 200k yrs ago 10k years ago Today

14 You will probably recall that life 200,000 years ago looked something like this. Homo erectus doing lunch Big Era 1 Human Origins Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 2 200k yrs ago 10k years ago Today

15 10,000 years ago at the close of Big Era Two, life looked more like this: Homo sapiens at home Big Era 1 Human Origins Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 2 200k yrs ago 10k years ago Today

16 Changes that occurred by 10,000 years ago 1. Homo sapiens appear. 2. Language develops. 3. Habitats expand. 4. Technology multiplies. 5. Wall painting and sculpture are created. Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

17 Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

18 One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) : which reflects the DOMESTICATION of animals and plants Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

19 Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change. It resulted in the new way of living we know as FARMING (AGRICULTURE) Have you herd about pastoralism? which included both PASTORALISM (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels), Big Era 2 and Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

20 Crop-growing (cultivating domesticated plants), and Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

21 the development of FARMING COMMUNITIES Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

Eastern North America China Fertile Crescent Mesoamerica West Africa Nile valley Ethiopia New Guinea Andes Amazonia Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming

22 Eastern North America China Fertile Crescent Mesoamerica West Africa Nile valley Ethiopia New Guinea Andes Amazonia Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places, possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map. Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

23 Prior to farming, population size in any one area was limited by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts. Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for POPULATION INTENSIFICATION

24 SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some nonfarming task.

25 This is called Job Specialization. Men and women may become: Weavers Stone Masons Potters Priests Scribes Traders Army officers

26 Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Intensification Surplus Food Specialization Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION Big Era 2 Big Era 3 Big Eras ,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

27 Elements of civilization include: 1) Cities C G Mohenjo Daro It s the law 3) central Governments and law codes Pharaohs Hammurabi s Law Code

28 Elements of Civilization include: CW GR 1) Cities 3) central Governments and law codes 2) Writing and record keeping 4) highly organized Religions

29 Elements of Civilization include: CW GRASs 1) Cities 2) Writing and record keeping 3) central Governments and law codes 4) highly organized Religion 6) Social structure 5) Art Assyrian slaves In Egypt

codes * Complex Technologies 4) highly organized Religion 5)

30 Elements of Civilization include: CW GRASs* 1) Cities 2) Writing and record keeping 3) central Governments and law codes * Complex Technologies 4) highly organized Religion 5) Agriculture/job specialization Chariot 6) Social structure Bronze Sword

31 By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies. Big Era 2 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 3 10,000 years ago 3,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

32 By about 1000 BCE, there were several wellestablished civilizations in Afroeurasia. There were also two new ones in the Americas. At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone.

33 Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Intensification Surplus Food Specialization Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION Big Era 2 Big Era 3 Big Eras ,000 years ago 1,000 years ago Today

34 That translates into: Farmers Herders Cities Central governments Armies Monumental buildings Written language Social hierarchies Complex belief systems In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.

35 Let s focus on two key developments at this time. Population Growth Expanding Networks of Exchange

36 Population Growth Between 1000 BCE and 1 CE world population rose from about 120 to about 250 million. This rise was fueled by an acceleration in the rate of growth during this time. Between 3,000 and 1,000 BCE, it took about 1,600 years for world population to double. Between 1,000 BCE and 1 CE the doubling time was less than 1,000 years.

37 Population Growth #1 The invention of iron! In Afroeurasia, iron axes, hoes, spades, and plows enabled farmers to clear and cultivate millions of acres never before used for farming.

38 Population Growth Farming and pastoral nomadism replaced hunting and gathering in some regions. #2 Farming and pastoral nomadism! People moved into previously uninhabited areas.

39 Population Growth #3 Improved species of crops produced more food per acre!

40 Population Growth #4 Horses and camels were used for work! #4 Work animals made farms more productive.

41 Population Growth It was connected to the build-up of natural immunities to local infectious diseases. #5 People now lived in denser populations!

Population Growth In Summary: In Afroeurasia, the invention of iron enabled farmers to clear and cultivate millions of acres never before used for farming.

Improved kinds of crops produced more food per acre. Horses and camels began to be used more as work animals, making farms more productive.

42 Population Growth In Summary: In Afroeurasia, the invention of iron enabled farmers to clear and cultivate millions of acres never before used for farming. Farming and pastoral nomadism replaced hunting and gathering in some regions. People moved into previously uninhabited areas. Improved kinds of crops produced more food per acre. Horses and camels began to be used more as work animals, making farms more productive. People began to live closer in denser populations. This led to the build-up of natural immunities to local infectious diseases but left people vulnerable to epidemics caused by diseases new to the region.

43 Population Growth Consequences What were the consequences of population growth?

44 Population Growth Consequences Over time, the clearing of forests led to soil erosion, shortages of wood for fuel, and the extinction of some local animal and plant species. #1 Deforestation!

45 Population Growth Consequences As populations grew and communities grew larger, more complex, and closer together, organization became more important. New political, social, and economic systems emerged. Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Sudra #2 More complex societies! Untouchable The Indian Caste System

46 Population Growth Consequences #3 Collective learning increased!

47 Population Growth Cities #4 More people began living in large cities!

48 Population Growth In Summary: Over time, deforestation led to soil erosion, shortages of wood for fuel, and the extinction of some local animal and plant species. When communities grew larger, more complex, and closer together, new political, social, and economic systems became necessary. Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Sudra Untouchable Collective learning increased, further fueling advances in technology. Although the vast majority of people still inhabited rural farming villages, more people than ever before began living in large cities.

49 Expanding Networks What is a network of exchange? That s easy! A network of exchange is a web of connections through which people, goods, and ideas circulate. Telephones, the Internet, and highways are all networks of exchange.

Expanding Networks Routes Empires Writing Religions Around 300 BCE to 300 CE, merchants, shippers, sea

Empires required networks of military and political communication.

With the appearance of alphabetic writing systems in Afroeurasia, people could communicate faster and

50 Expanding Networks Routes Empires Writing Religions Around 300 BCE to 300 CE, merchants, shippers, sea captains, and empire-builders extended and strengthened trade routes across Afroeurasia and the Americas. Empires required networks of military and political communication. These networks encouraged interaction of many kinds over long distances. With the appearance of alphabetic writing systems in Afroeurasia, people could communicate faster and easier than ever before. The appearance of world religions Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity stimulated cultural interchange across political and cultural boundaries.

51 Expanding Networks: Routes The silk road, Persian royal road, Roman roads, and shipping routes combined to form extensive interregional networks of exchange in Afroeurasia. A wide variety of goods flowed along these networks

52 Expanding Networks: Routes On the map are some of the goods traded along the Afroeurasian networks.

53 Expanding Networks: Routes A number of large states, or empires, appeared in Big Era Four. Empire-builders had to move troops and supplies, dispatch messages, gather intelligence, and collect taxes. These tasks required good systems of communication and transport by land and sea. These systems were created mainly to serve the empire s government and army. But they also served as highways of commerce, cultural exchange, and migration. An empire is a state that unites many territories and diverse peoples under one ruler or government.

Goods were shipped to distant provinces and beyond.

54 Expanding Networks: Routes Though built primarily to speed troops and supplies, Roman roads were used for commercial purposes, too. Goods were shipped to distant provinces and beyond. Constructed by skilled engineers, the roads were strong enough to support half-ton wagons and wide enough to allow two-way traffic.

Large Empires of Afroeurasia 500 BCE - 500 CE Rome Byzantium

55 Large Empires of Afroeurasia 500 BCE CE Rome Byzantium Kush Kushana Parthian/ Sassanid Maurya/ Gupta Xiongnu Han Axum

Big Era Four. Expanding Networks of Exchange and Encounter 1200 BCE 500 CE

Big Era Four. Expanding Networks of Exchange and Encounter 1200 BCE 500 CE Big Era Four Expanding Networks of Exchange and Encounter 1200 BCE 500 CE Welcome to Big Era Four! 1200 BCE 500 CE 1 CE Big Era 4 10,000 BCE 2000 CE Big Era 3 1200 BCE 500 CE Big Era 4 Let s focus on two