The Woolly Mammoth. Edward I. Maxwell

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1 The Wooly Mammoth The Woolly Mammoth Edward I. Maxwell The closest relative of the woolly mammoth is the Asian elephant. The main differencebetweenthetwoisthatthemammothhadanincrediblecoatofouter ruffhairwithinnercurlywool.thelastknowngroupofmammothsdiedoff,or became extinct, around 4,000 years ago. The mammoth roamed the northern landsoftheworldduringaperiodknownastheiceage.itwasamongthelargest landmammalstoroamtheearth.themammothwasatoughbeastandwasable toendureextremeweatherconditionsandfrigidtemperatures. Themammothsharedthesenorthernterritorieswithothermammalsduringthe IceAge.Themostimportantmammaltointeractwiththemammoth,however, wasthehuman.whenthemammothswereattheirgreatestnumbers,humans mainlyhuntedanimalsandforagedforfood.thesehunterswouldfollowherdsof animals over incredibly long distances in order to hunt them. The woolly mammothprovidedagreatamountoffoodandotherimportantthingsforthese humans. The fur, for example, could be used to make coats and blankets that wouldhelpkeepoutthecoldintheicyenvironment.bonesfromthemammoth couldbeusedtomaketoolsandweapons.becauseonemammothprovidedso many useful things to a large group of people, early humans would follow the herdswherevertheywent.thereisevenatheorythatthehumansfollowedthe mammothoveralandbridgefromasiaintotheamericas.

2 The Wooly Mammoth How do we know that the mammoth existed? Scientists have found countless mammothfossils,orbones,allovertheworld.infact,scientistshaveevenfound very well preserved, or mummified, mammoth bodies in sheets of ice. These mummifiedremainsarepartofthereasonscientistscametoknowexactlyhow hairyandwoollythemammothsactuallywere.anotherreasonscientistsknowso much about mammoths is that early humans painted pictures of them on cave walls.thesepicturesdepictedhuntingpartieschasingaftermammothherdsand tryingtobringdownthegreatbeastswithspears. Certain features of the woolly mammoth allowed it to survive very well in this harshenvironment.themostobviousfeaturewas,ofcourse,itshairandwool. Thiscoathelpedthemammothmaintainawarmandstablebodytemperatureno matterhowcoldthelandscapebecame.thecoarsehairwouldkeepiceandfrost from collecting too close to the mammoth s body, which left the softer, wool innerlayer free to keep the animal extra warm. Another feature was the mammoth slargetusks.thesetuskswereverylongandcurvedoutwidefromthe mammoth shead.itwasabletousethesetusksforprotection.besideshumans, therewereotherpredatorsthemammothhadtoface.theamericanlionwasan incredibly large predatory cat. The mammoth s tusks could be swung into an attackingliontokeepthepredatorawayoreveninjureit.mammothsdrivento stand and fight or protect their young might even have charged humans with theirlargetusks,lookingtomakeacrushingblow. Humanswereverysmarthunters,however.Huntinginlargeparties,thehumans wouldmostlikelyisolateamammothfromitsherd,andattackitallatoncein great numbers. Wielding their spears expertly, the humans would bring the mammoth down as quickly as possible, and then set about butchering it with stone scraping tools, axes and knives. It is believed that the success of human hunterswasalargepartofwhythemammothbecameextinct.anotherreason had to do with the climate. The Ice Age did not last forever. The earth s

3 The Wooly Mammoth temperatureroseagain.theglacialicereceded,andmanyscientistsbelievethe mammoth was not well suited for the warmer weather. The environment that had once been so hospitable to a great animal very welladapted to the frigid conditions gradually became more hostile. Finally, the last group of mammoths died off 4,000 years ago. Now all that remain of the mammoth are fossilized bonesandmummifiedmammothbodiesthatwerefrozenoveralongtimeago.

4 Questions: The Woolly Mammoth Name: Date: 1. What is the woolly mammoth? A a picture painted on cave walls by early humans B a land-bridge that humans may have followed from Asia into the Americas C a large land mammal that died off around 4,000 years ago D a large predatory cat that lived in the Americas during the Ice Age 2. What does this passage describe? A This passage describes the spears that early humans used. B This passage describes what happened to the American lion when the Ice Age ended. C This passage describes the Asian elephant. D This passage describes woolly mammoths. 3. Woolly mammoths had features that helped them live in a harsh environment. What evidence from the passage supports this statement? A The hair on the coat of woolly mammoths kept ice from collecting too close to their bodies. B The last known group of woolly mammoths died off around 4,000 years ago. C Pictures on cave walls show hunting parties chasing after herds of woolly mammoths. D All that now remains of woolly mammoths are fossilized bones and mummified bodies. 4. What made the environment of woolly mammoths harsh? A rising temperatures and Asian elephants B cold weather and predators such as humans and lions C coats made up of coarse hair and a softer inner-layer D a land-bridge that connected Asia with the Americas 5. What is this passage mostly about? A the Ice Age, how it began and ended, and its effect on the American lion and early humans B the woolly mammoth, how early humans interacted with it, and why it may have died off C the possible reasons that woolly mammoths died off around 4,000 years ago D the mammoth fossils that scientists have found and what scientists have learned from those fossils 1

5 Questions: The Woolly Mammoth 6. Read the following sentence: The fur, for example, could be used to make coats and blankets that would help keep out the cold in the icy environment. What does the word environment mean? A the study of animal bones and mummified bodies B a cave in which people have painted pictures of woolly mammoths C a coat with coarse hair on the outside and curly wool on the inside D the place and conditions in which someone or something lives 7. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence below. Humans continued to live after the Ice Age;, woolly mammoths did not. A as an illustration B in particular C however D third 8. Describe the tusks of the woolly mammoth. 2

6 Questions: The Woolly Mammoth 9. How might the woolly mammoth have used its tusks for protection? 10. The passage describes the woolly mammoth as a tough beast. What made it tough? Explain your answer using evidence from the passage. 3

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