ANT 202 Monday November 10, 2014 XI. The Early Farming Adaptation in North America A. Basic Concepts 1. Terms 2. Origins B.
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1 ANT 202 Monday November 10, 2014 XI. The Early Farming Adaptation in North America A. Basic Concepts 1. Terms 2. Origins B. Southwest
2 A. Basic Concepts: 1. Terms a. Archaic= Broad Spectrum Foraging b. Formative=Sedentism, large communities (originally assumed to be associated with agriculture)
3 A. Basic Concepts: 1. Terms c. Classic= Peak of Cultural Achievement (generally associated with civilization) d. Civilization= Cities, monumental architecture, state government- Southwest societies ARE NOT technically civilizations
4 2. Origins a. Mesoamerica Mesoamerica Squash 8000 BC Maize 4000 BC
5 TEOSINTE MAIZE
6 Teosinte (Zea mays) and Maize (Bottom)
7
8 Tehuacan Valley
9 100 Tehuacan Valley: Transition to Agriculture Ecofact Tabulation by Kent Flannery GRADUAL TRANSITION % 0
10 Eventual Diffusion to SW North America (and Beyond)
11 B. The American Southwest
12 Excavation at Pueblo Bonito 1897
13 1. Environment: Arid
14
15
16 .
17
18 2. Major Native American Groups of the American Southwest
19 Papago Warriors 1869
20 Pima Woman 1908
21 2. Major Native American Groups of the American Southwest
22 Hopi Children Arizona 1908
23 Hopi Potter 1906 by Edward Curtis
24 Hopi Women 1906
25 2. Major Native American Groups of the American Southwest
26 Navajo Man
27 Navajo Women about 1900
28 Prehistoric Cultures of the American Southwest
29 3. Review of Terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene Archaeology a. Paleoindian b. Archaic Region Period So. Arizona So. New Mexico Four Corners Formative Hohokam Mogollon Anasazi Late Archaic ( BC) Early Archaic ( BC) Paleoindian (pre 8000 BC) Broad Spectrum H/G with maize cultivation Broad Spectrum H/G Clovis
30 Prehistoric Cultures of the American Southwest
31 The Diffusion of Maize Agriculture
32 3. Review of Terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene Archaeology b. Archaic Region Period So. Arizona So. New Mexico Four Corners Formative Hohokam Mogollon Anasazi Late Archaic ( BC) Early Archaic ( BC) Paleoindian (pre 8000 BC) Broad Spectrum H/G with maize cultivation Broad Spectrum H/G Clovis
33 i. Late Archaic B.C. (i) corn
34 (ii) Shallow pit structures Artist s Reconstruction of a Pithouse
35 (iii) Increased ceremonialism (?)- Rock Art Late Archaic Pictographs
36 Prehistoric Rock Art: Pictographs =Paintings Petroglyphs= Art created by pecking or carving images into a rock face
37 Late Archaic Rock Art: Pictographs
38
39
40
41
42 4. Formative- Post-classic Regional Cultural Sequences in the American Southwest Region Period So. Arizona So. New Mexico Four Corners Formative Hohokam Mogollon Anasazi Late Archaic Broad Spectrum H/G with maize cultivation Paleoindian Clovis
43 a. Hohokam Area
44 Culture History Chart Regional Phases: Brief Periods of Time marked by distinctive cultural traits
45 i. San Pedro Phase (i) No pottery (ii) Atlatl (iii) Increasing Sedentism Farming
46 ii. Early Preclassic A.D in the Hohokam Culture Area: (i) Buff-colored pottery (ii) Corn and squash (iii) Corn grown throughout the region (iv) Storage (v) Formal pithouses (vi) Dozens of Pithouses together-villages (vii) Arrow Points (Bow and arrow replaces atlatl)
47 Artist s Reconstruction of a Pithouse Dozens at single sites during Early Preclassic
48 iii. Late Preclassic (AD )
49 Snaketown
50 Late Preclassic A.D : Snaketown Emil Haury-1960s
51 (i)pithouses (ii)several Thousand At Snaketown
52 Elaborate buff-colored pottery
53 iii. Canal Systems
54 (iii) Map of Canal system
55 (iv) Excavated Mesoamerican Ball Court Snaketown, 1935
56 The Late Preclassic (A.D ) Ball Court at Snaketown
57 Copper bells from Mexico
58 Artistry in clam shell from the Sea of Cortez
59 Arrow Points
60 Date A.D.1400s- SW North America (Hohokam) Europe Renaissance A.D Classic Period A.D. 750 A.D. 476 Snaketown: Farming communities with people, irrigation Middle Ages Collapse of Roman Empire Classic civilization
61 EUROPE A.D. 750
62 iv Classic Period
63 Pueblo Grande Classic Period A.D (i) Above ground structures
64 (i) Wattle and Daub Construction Wattle
65 Artists Reconstruction: Classic Period A.D (iii) Platform Mound Pueblo Grande near Phoenix (iv) Chiefdom(?)
66 (iv) Multi-color pottery Potsherd
67 Even more extensive Canal systems
68 (v) A.D Cultural Collapse Many Sites Abandoned
69 (v) Pima and Papago: Most likely cultural descendants of the Hohokam
70
71
72 XI. The Early Farming Adaptation: North America B Southwest (continued) 4. Formative through Post Classic b. Mogollon (Southern New Mexico)
73 Mogollon Culture Area
74
75 79. The _Clovis_culture is the oldest culture associated with fluted points. 80. The oldest archaeological sites in California date to about 14-12,000 BP. 81. The term Neolithic refers to the initial appearance of agriculture in the Old World 82. The bow and arrow represent a tremendously important prehistoric weapon system that was introduced into the New World only within the last 1500 years. 83. The site of Monte Verde indicates that people settled South America as early as 14,000 years ago. 84. The sweet potato originated as a domesticate in the New World but was cultivated throughout Polynesia at the time of European contact. A= B=71-79 C= D= Mean=78
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