ANT 202 Monday November 10, 2014 XI. The Early Farming Adaptation in North America A. Basic Concepts 1. Terms 2. Origins B.

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1 ANT 202 Monday November 10, 2014 XI. The Early Farming Adaptation in North America A. Basic Concepts 1. Terms 2. Origins B. Southwest

2 A. Basic Concepts: 1. Terms a. Archaic= Broad Spectrum Foraging b. Formative=Sedentism, large communities (originally assumed to be associated with agriculture)

3 A. Basic Concepts: 1. Terms c. Classic= Peak of Cultural Achievement (generally associated with civilization) d. Civilization= Cities, monumental architecture, state government- Southwest societies ARE NOT technically civilizations

4 2. Origins a. Mesoamerica Mesoamerica Squash 8000 BC Maize 4000 BC

5 TEOSINTE MAIZE

6 Teosinte (Zea mays) and Maize (Bottom)

7

8 Tehuacan Valley

9 100 Tehuacan Valley: Transition to Agriculture Ecofact Tabulation by Kent Flannery GRADUAL TRANSITION % 0

10 Eventual Diffusion to SW North America (and Beyond)

11 B. The American Southwest

12 Excavation at Pueblo Bonito 1897

13 1. Environment: Arid

14

15

16 .

17

18 2. Major Native American Groups of the American Southwest

19 Papago Warriors 1869

20 Pima Woman 1908

21 2. Major Native American Groups of the American Southwest

22 Hopi Children Arizona 1908

23 Hopi Potter 1906 by Edward Curtis

24 Hopi Women 1906

25 2. Major Native American Groups of the American Southwest

26 Navajo Man

27 Navajo Women about 1900

28 Prehistoric Cultures of the American Southwest

29 3. Review of Terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene Archaeology a. Paleoindian b. Archaic Region Period So. Arizona So. New Mexico Four Corners Formative Hohokam Mogollon Anasazi Late Archaic ( BC) Early Archaic ( BC) Paleoindian (pre 8000 BC) Broad Spectrum H/G with maize cultivation Broad Spectrum H/G Clovis

30 Prehistoric Cultures of the American Southwest

31 The Diffusion of Maize Agriculture

32 3. Review of Terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene Archaeology b. Archaic Region Period So. Arizona So. New Mexico Four Corners Formative Hohokam Mogollon Anasazi Late Archaic ( BC) Early Archaic ( BC) Paleoindian (pre 8000 BC) Broad Spectrum H/G with maize cultivation Broad Spectrum H/G Clovis

33 i. Late Archaic B.C. (i) corn

34 (ii) Shallow pit structures Artist s Reconstruction of a Pithouse

35 (iii) Increased ceremonialism (?)- Rock Art Late Archaic Pictographs

36 Prehistoric Rock Art: Pictographs =Paintings Petroglyphs= Art created by pecking or carving images into a rock face

37 Late Archaic Rock Art: Pictographs

38

39

40

41

42 4. Formative- Post-classic Regional Cultural Sequences in the American Southwest Region Period So. Arizona So. New Mexico Four Corners Formative Hohokam Mogollon Anasazi Late Archaic Broad Spectrum H/G with maize cultivation Paleoindian Clovis

43 a. Hohokam Area

44 Culture History Chart Regional Phases: Brief Periods of Time marked by distinctive cultural traits

45 i. San Pedro Phase (i) No pottery (ii) Atlatl (iii) Increasing Sedentism Farming

46 ii. Early Preclassic A.D in the Hohokam Culture Area: (i) Buff-colored pottery (ii) Corn and squash (iii) Corn grown throughout the region (iv) Storage (v) Formal pithouses (vi) Dozens of Pithouses together-villages (vii) Arrow Points (Bow and arrow replaces atlatl)

47 Artist s Reconstruction of a Pithouse Dozens at single sites during Early Preclassic

48 iii. Late Preclassic (AD )

49 Snaketown

50 Late Preclassic A.D : Snaketown Emil Haury-1960s

51 (i)pithouses (ii)several Thousand At Snaketown

52 Elaborate buff-colored pottery

53 iii. Canal Systems

54 (iii) Map of Canal system

55 (iv) Excavated Mesoamerican Ball Court Snaketown, 1935

56 The Late Preclassic (A.D ) Ball Court at Snaketown

57 Copper bells from Mexico

58 Artistry in clam shell from the Sea of Cortez

59 Arrow Points

60 Date A.D.1400s- SW North America (Hohokam) Europe Renaissance A.D Classic Period A.D. 750 A.D. 476 Snaketown: Farming communities with people, irrigation Middle Ages Collapse of Roman Empire Classic civilization

61 EUROPE A.D. 750

62 iv Classic Period

63 Pueblo Grande Classic Period A.D (i) Above ground structures

64 (i) Wattle and Daub Construction Wattle

65 Artists Reconstruction: Classic Period A.D (iii) Platform Mound Pueblo Grande near Phoenix (iv) Chiefdom(?)

66 (iv) Multi-color pottery Potsherd

67 Even more extensive Canal systems

68 (v) A.D Cultural Collapse Many Sites Abandoned

69 (v) Pima and Papago: Most likely cultural descendants of the Hohokam

70

71

72 XI. The Early Farming Adaptation: North America B Southwest (continued) 4. Formative through Post Classic b. Mogollon (Southern New Mexico)

73 Mogollon Culture Area

74

75 79. The _Clovis_culture is the oldest culture associated with fluted points. 80. The oldest archaeological sites in California date to about 14-12,000 BP. 81. The term Neolithic refers to the initial appearance of agriculture in the Old World 82. The bow and arrow represent a tremendously important prehistoric weapon system that was introduced into the New World only within the last 1500 years. 83. The site of Monte Verde indicates that people settled South America as early as 14,000 years ago. 84. The sweet potato originated as a domesticate in the New World but was cultivated throughout Polynesia at the time of European contact. A= B=71-79 C= D= Mean=78

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