HISTORY CHAPTER 1 WHAT WHERE HOW AND WHEN. Q1. What is History? Ans History is a record of the events which have happened in the past.

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1 HISTORY CHAPTER 1 WHAT WHERE HOW AND WHEN PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS Q1. What is History? Ans History is a record of the events which have happened in the past. Q2. What are the main sources to know history? Ans. There are several sources from which the historians gather the information to reconstruct the past. Sources can be grouped in two main catagories:- i. archaeological ii. literary NCERT SOLUTIONS 1. Match the following i. Narmada Valley The first big kingdom ii. Magadha Hunting and gathering iii. Garo hills Cities about 2500 years ago iv. Indus and its tributaries Early agriculture v. Ganga Valley The First cities Ans. i. Narmada Valley Hunting and gathering ii. Magadha The first big kingdom iii. Garo hills Early agriculture iv. Indus and its tributaries The First cities v. Ganga Valley Cities about 2500 years ago SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS 1. List one major difference between manuscripts and inscriptions.

2 Solution: Manuscripts, were written by hand (this comes from the Latin word manu, meaning hand). These were usually written on palm leaf, or on the specially prepared bark of a tree known as the birch, which grows in the Himalayas. Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal. 2. Return to Rasheeda s question. Can you think of some answers to it? It is amazing to find out about how the world was one hundred years ago. This can be found by way of searching old manuscripts from Libraries etc. and read about the ancient times. Even inscriptions on stones in temples etc. would help. 3. Make a list of all the objects that archaeologists may find. Which of these could be made of stone? The remains of buildings made of stone and brick, paintings and sculpture. Tools, weapons, pots, pans, ornaments and coins. Some of these objects may be made of stone, others of bone, baked clay or metal. 4. Why do you think ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did? Ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did because they were not significant personalities but people who lived a normal day to day life. 5. Describe at least two ways in which you think the lives of kings would have been different from those of farmers. Kings and the battles fought because they kept records of their victories. Ordinary people such as hunters, fishing folk, gatherers, farmers or herders did not keep records of what they did. 6. Find the word crafts persons on page 1. List at least five different crafts that you know about today. Are the crafts persons (a) men (b) women (c) both men and women? 1. Pottery Men and women. 2. Stitching Men and women. 3. Weaving Men and women. 4. Spinning Men and women. 5. Origami Men and women. 7. What were the subjects on which books were written in the past? Which of these would you like to read? Solution: In the past, books were written based on various kinds of subjects: religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings, medicine and science. Besides, there were epics, poems, plays.

3 HOTS QUESTION ANSWERS Ques.1 History is not merely a story of kings and queens, it is more than that. How? Ans. History is HIS STORY : the STORY OF MAN. It deals with events that have happened in the past. It tells us how men lived from age to age, what problems men and women faced and how they tried to solve those problems. History tells us how people lived in the past, how they grew the plants which gave them food, what kind of pots they used for cooking and what tools and weapons they used. In short, it is the study of the past. The scholars who study the past are called historians. They take the help of various sources such as manuscripts, inscriptions and remains of buildings to reconstruct the history of the past. VALUE BASED QUESTIONS Ques.1 When you visit a historical monument, what are the things you will not do? 1. Scribble on the walls of the monument. ( ) 2. Spit here and there. ( ) 3. Litter the place around it with packets of eatables. ( ) 4. Note down important information you gather about the monument. ( ) 5. Take photographs of the monument. ( ) Ans. 1. Scribble on the walls of the monument. (N) 2. Spit here and there. (N) 3. Litter the place around it with packets of eatables. (N) 4. Note down important information you gather about the monument. (Y) 5. Take photographs of the monument. (Y) ACTIVITY 1. Case study on the topic The Lucy Fossil. Ans. The Lucy Fossil

4 The lucy fossil was discovered in 1974 by Paleoanthropologist, Donald Johanson and a graduate student, Tom Gray at the site of Hadar in Ethiopia. Surveying the area, they spotted a small part of an elbow bone. After two weeks of excavation of the site, several hundred fragments of bone had been recovered, representing 40 per cent of a single hominid skeleton. Johanson and Gray named this fossil skeleton, Lucy, after the Beatles song Lucy in the sky with Diamonds. When compared with modern human s skeleton Lucy s bones are common with evidence clearly pointing to bipedality or ability to walk on foot. She belonged to a new species called Australopithecus afarenesis and was one of the most important fossils ever discovered.

5 CHAPTER 2 ON THE TRAILS OF THE EARLIEST PEOPLE PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS Q1. Which was the major discovery in the life of Early man? Ans Fire was the major discovery of the early man. Q2. What did early man do for his living? Ans Early man moved from place to place in search of food for his living. Q3. How did early man make his tools? Ans Early man made his tools with stones. NCERT SOLUTIONS 1. Compare the sentences: a. Hunter- gathers chose to live in caves and rock shelters because. b. Grasslands developed around years ago. c. Early people painted on the of caves. d. In Hunsgi, tools were made of. Ans. a. they provided shelter from the rain heat and wind. b c. walls d. limestone. VERY SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS 1. What tools would you use today for cutting fruit? What would they be made of? We use knife for cutting fruit. They would be made or iron or steel. SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Look at the present-day political map of the subcontinent on page 136. Find out the states where Bhimbetka, Hunsgi and Kurnool are located. Would Tushar s train have passed near any of these sites?

6 Solution: Bhimbetka is located in Madhya Pradesh. Hunsgi is located in Maharashtra. Kurnool is located in Andhra Pradesh. Yes, Tushar s train would have passed near these states 2. List three ways in which hunter-gatherers used fire (see page16). Would you use fire for any of these purposes today? Fire could have been used for many things: as a source of light, to cook meat, and to scare away animals. Yes, we use fire today to cook our food and sometimes as source of light, when electricity fails. 3. If you had a natural pebble like the ones shown on page 13, what would you use it for? The natural pebbles can be used to play games like (girls play the game gittas). The boys also play games (e.g. a group of boys keep dropping pebbles at different places and another group of boys try to find them. This is specially played in SCOUT games). The natural pebbles can be used to decorate the flower pots and flower beds. 4. List two tasks that are performed by both men and women at present. List another two are performed only by women, and two that are performed only by men. Compare your list with that os any two of your classmates. Do you notice any similarities / differences in your lists? Ans. (a). Both men and women work in the offices as clerks, managers. (b). Both men and women work in the police department. (c). They work as pilots, doctors, engineers. (d). newsreadesr on television & radios and anchoring other programmes. Men: (a). Water transport. Mostly men row the boats or captain of the ship. (b). Under water divers, who explore the sunk ships. Women (a). nursing LONGQUESTION ANSWERS 1. Why did the hunter-gatherers travel from place to place? In what ways are these similar to/different from the reasons for which we travel today? Hunter gatherers moved from place to in search of food. Since animals move from place to place either in search of smaller prey, or, in the case of deer and wild cattle, in search of grass and leaves, those who hunted them had to follow their movements. Plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons. So, people may have moved from season to season in

7 search of different kinds of plants. Also, people, plants and animals need water to survive. Water is found in lakes, streams and rivers. While many rivers and lakes are perennial (with water throughout the year) others are seasonal. People living on their banks would have had to go in search of water during the dry seasons (winter and summer). We travel today to meet friends and relatives, to our work place to earn our living. 2. Make two columns in your notebook. In the left hand column, list the foods hunter-gatherers ate (see page 11). In the right hand column, list some of the foods you eat. Do you notice any similarities/differences? Hunter-gatherers food Present day food Hunted wild animals Rice Fish and Birds Bread Fruits Fruits Roots Nuts Nuts Vegetables Seeds Meat Leaves Fish Stalks Eggs There are some differences as well as similarities. Fruits and nuts can be eaten raw. Bread is a baked food which hunter gatherers never would have tasted. HOTS QUESTIONS Ques.1 The invention of wheel was a gradual process. How did sledge convert into a cart? Ans. One of the greatest inventions of the Neolithic people was the wheel with an axle. An axle is shaft on which the wheel rotates. The invention of the axle allowed the wheel to turn freely. It had various uses: The potter s wheel was used to work clay to make better pots. Heavy objects could be transported on wheels.

8 It improved transport and quickened the pace of development. Possibly, the wheel was used to spin cotton thread which could then be woven into cloth. VALUE BASED QUESTIONS Ques.1 Early men made many inventions despite various hardships. We learnt from their lives that? Ans. Revolutionized the entire world, there have been several important inventions during the last three centuries. These inventions had a major impact on our lifestyles and the changes that they brought in our society were truly commendable.

9 ACTIVITY 1. Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of clues given below. Clues Across 1.Wandering People 2. It was used to scare away wild animals 3. Early man used, made of stone 4. It is a unique planet, 4.5 billion years old. 5. The biggest discovery of New Stone Age. 6. New metal made by mixing two metals. 7 valleys were very fertile. Down A. during. Period man lived like a nomad B. A type of stone used to make tools. C..was the first metal to be discovered.

10 CHAPTER 3 FROM GATHERING TO GROWING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS Q1. What is farming? Ans To grow crops in the field are called farming Q2. What is gathering? Ans To collect things for future use are called gathering. Ques.3 Write three uses of wheel. Ans. i. To carryheavy objects. ii. To transport iii. The potter s wheel used to work clay to make better pots. VERY SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Look at the table on page 25. If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, which are the places she should have visited? Ans. Koldihwa (U.P.) Mahagara (U.P.) SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Why do archaeologist think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with, and herding became more important later? Archaeologists who excavated the sites in Mehrgarh found evidence of animal bones from the earliest stages. In n the earliest stages the bones included the bones of wild animals such as deer and pigs, however in later stages, they found bones of sheep and goats, and in still later stages, cattle bones were more common. From all this they concluded that the people were hunters to start with and slowly took to herding. 2. List the cereals that you eat. Ans. List of the cereals (i) wheat (ii) rice (iii) barley (iv) black gram (v) white gram (vi) maize

11 (vii) lentil (viii) peas (ix) pulses. LONG QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for the long time? We all know that early man was a hunter, he used to hunt animals for his survival and used to live alone. However slowly he began to live with people and hence a family came into existence. They discovered a few things necessary for their survival and one of them was the art of rearing crops and plants. They learnt how to grow crops and use them as food. In order to bear fruits of their grown crop it was necessary to nurture them hence these people who had started growing crops had to live in one place to take care of the crop, protect them from birds and animals and to water them regularly. 2. List three ways in which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunters and gatherers. Three ways in which lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter and gatherers are: (i) Farmers and herders lived in one place for a longer period of time, as they had to look after their crops. On the other hand the hunters and gatherers use to change places frequently in search of a new hunt. (ii) Farmers and herders use to domesticate animals.on the other hand the hunters and gatherers use to hunt them for food. (iii) Farmers and herders used things like clay pots, baskets to store their food however, for hunters and gathers there was no need of such things. 3. Do you grow the cereals you have listed in answer no.7? If yes, draw a chart to show low these cereals reach you from the farmers who grow them. Ans. (i) Yes we live in village and we grow some of the cereals chart showing the stages in growing (1) We prepare the ground (2) We sow the seeds (3) We look after the growing plant (4) We water them by tub-well. (5) We harvest the grain. (6) We thresh and separate husk.

12 (7) We grind some grain such as wheat and barley (ii) We live in big city. We do not grow grain. We get the grains indirectly from the formers. (1) Farmers bring their produce in Market. (2) The grain traders buy cereals (3) We go and purchase cereals. State whether true or false: (a) Millets have been found at Hallur. (b) People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses. (c) Chirand is a site in Kashmir. (d) Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading, may have been Brought from China. (a) True. (b) False. (c) False. (d) True. HOTS QUESTION ANSWERS Ques.1 Why is it important to know the history of civilization that existed nearly 5,000 years ago? Ans. History is HIS STORY ; the STORY OF MAN. It deals with events that have happened in the past. It tells us how men lived from age to age, what problems men and women faced and how they tried to solve those problems. History tells us how people lived in the past, how they grew the plants which gave them food, what kind of pots they used for cooking and what tools and weapons they used. In short, it is the study of the past. The scholars who study the past are called historians. They take the help of various sources such as manuscripts, inscriptions and remains of buildings to reconstruct the history of the past. VALUE BASED QUESTIONS Q1. Visit any old building in your city or near your city. Find out how old it is. Who had built it? What were the activities that took place in this building? Ans The building we visited in Delhi was the Redfort. The Red Fort was the residence of the Mughal emperor for nearly 200 years, until It is located in the centre

13 of Delhi and houses a number of museums. In addition to accommodating the emperors and their households, it was the ceremonial and political centre of Mughal government and the setting for events critically impacting the region. ACTIVITY Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of clues given below. CLUES Across 1. An object used for stamping goods. 2. A fort-like structure. 3. An object to protect oneself from evil. 4. Cord fastened around the waist. 5. Advanced stage of human development. Down A. A person who studies ancient sites. B. Building where grain is stored. C. A river in Egypt D. Houses were made of baked.. Ans. Across:- 1. Seal 2. Citadel 3. Amulet 4. Girdle 5. Civilization Down:- A. Archaeologist B. Granary C. Nile D. Bricks

14 CHAPTER 4 IN THE EARLIEST UNITS PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS Q1. What made early man to stay at one place? Ans Agriculture made early man to stay at one place. Q2. Where do you stay? Ans We stay at our home. Q3. Where is your house? Ans Our house is situated at Meerut city. VERY SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Make a list of all the terracotta toys shown in the lesson which do you think children would have enjoyed playing with the most? Ans. Toys, Seal, Bullock Cart toy plough children would have enjoyed bullock cart most. 2. Describe three important buildings in your city or village. Are they located in a special part of the settlement (e.g. the centre)? What are the activities that take place in these buildings? Ans. Children will write the name of buildings in their city? 3. Are there any old building in your locality? Find out how old they are and who looks after them. Ans. Answer written by only those students who are having old buildings in their locality. SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS 1. How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan civilisation? Archaeologists have found spindle whorls, made of terracotta and faience Also they have found pieces of cotton attached to the lid of silver vase and some copper objects. Viewing these specimen they concluded that cloth was used in Harapan civilisation. 2. Match the columns Copper Gujarat Gold Afghanistan Tin Rajasthan Precious stones Karnataka

15 Copper Gold Tin Precious stones Rajasthan Karnataka Gujarat Afghanistan 3. Make a list of what the Harappans ate. The food consumed by Harrapans mainly consisted of wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard. They also collected fruits like the berry, caught fish and hunted wild animals like the antelope. LONG QUESTION ANSWERS 1. Why were metals, writing, the wheel, and the plough important for the Harappans? Harappa functioned like a proper city. People were indulging in activities like farming, carving, making cloth etc. For all this they needed instruments which were made of metal. There were rulers who were often sending people to distinct land for metals, precious stones and other things. They wanted a vehicle to transport these things,so the wheel was also a necessity.also there were seals found and in order to prepare these seals there was a need to know writing. In order to grow crops and other important raw materials such as cotton, plough was also an important tool for digging the earth, turning the soil and planting the seeds. 2. Do you think that the life of farmers and herders who supplied food to the Harappan cities, was different from that of the farmers and herders you read about in Chapter 3? Give reasons for your answer. There is a lot of difference between the life of farmers and herders who supplied food to Harrapan cities and the farmers who were described in ch. 3. The farmers described in chapter 3 were the early farmers. They had made the discovery of the art of rearing crops over the period of time by their observations. Over the period of time they had learnt by watching the plants grow things necessary for their proper growth. There were no special tools for farming. Also they only used to grow the crops which they used to consume. However the farmers during the Harappan period were much more advanced, they had advanced tools and new methods of farming to enhance the growth of their crop. During this time they were not only growing crops needed for their own consumption, but also crops that provided raw material, such as cotton.

16 HOTS QUESTIONS Ques. 1 from which Vade has the Gayatri mantra been taken? Ans. The Gāyatrī Mantra is a highly revered mantra from the Vedas. Like all Vedic mantras, the Gayatri mantra is considered not to have an author, and like all other Vedic mantras, is believed to have been revealed to Brahmarshi Vishvamitra. It is a verse from a sukta of the Rigveda (Mandala ). Gāyatrī is the name of the Vedic meter in which the verse is composed. As the verse can be interpreted to invoke Savitr, it is also called the Sāvitrī mantra. Its recitation is traditionally preceded by oṃ and the formula bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ, known as the mahāvyāhṛti, or "great (mystical) utterance". VALUE BASED QUESTIONS Write down the name of five persons from different field. Mention the names of their professions and the implements they use while working. Name Occupation (work) Implements used 1. Ms. Shika Doctor Doctor tools 2. Mr Vishal Teacher Books 3. Ms Reena Engineer Tools 4. Mr Rohit Carpenter Tools 5. Mr John Driver Car ACTIVITY Ques. On a outline map of India, mark the area of the Harappan Civilisation. Ans.

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