Market surveys of whales, dolphins and porpoises in Japan and Korea, , with reference to stock identity of sei whales

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1 SupMat4: Baker et al. Illegal trade in whalemeat FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION SORRENTO, ITALY 29 June 10 July 2004 SC/56/BC3 Market surveys of whales, dolphins and porpoises in Japan and Korea, , with reference to stock identity of sei whales C.S. BAKER 1, M.L. DALEBOUT 1,4, N. FUNAHASHI 3, Y.U. MA 2, D. STEEL 1, and S. LAVERY 1 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand 2 Korean Federation for Environmental Movement 251 Nuha-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, , Republic of Korea 3 Japan Representative, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Koyama, HigashiKurume-shi, Tokyo , Japan 4 Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada ABSTRACT We report on species and stock identification of whale and dolphin products available on commercial markets of Japan in late September/October 2003 and late January/February 2004, and the Republic of (South) Korea in December 2003 and February 2004, based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences. In Japan, a total of 82 products included six species of baleen whale: humpback (n=1), fin (n=2), Bryde s (n=4), sei (n=16), North Pacific minke (n=40) and Antarctic minke whales (n=20). The remaining products represented Baird s beaked whale (n=2), Hubb s beaked whale (n=1), short-finned pilot whales (n=2) and various dolphins (n=4). In Korea, a total of 56 products represented North Pacific minke whales (n=45), densebeaked whale (n=1), finless porpoise (n=3), short-finned pilot (n=2) and dolphins (n=5). This brings the total number of whale meat products from the Japanese and Korean markets identified to species using comparable methods to 1462, of which 1,072 were purchased in Japan, and 383 in Korea. An improved dataset of reference sequences representing sei whales from the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere allowed greater confidence in estimating the geographic origins of 32 sei whale products purchased on the Japanese market from For 13 products purchased prior to the release of products from the JARPNII hunt of North Pacific sei whales, 3 were likely of North Atlantic origin and 10 were likely of Southern Hemisphere origin. Of the latter, 4 were an exact match to reference sequences in the Southwest Fisheries Science Center archive of southern hemisphere sei whales. The sale of sei whale products from the Southern Hemisphere cannot be explained by legitimate sources and requires further investigation as a potential infraction of international agreements. INTRODUCTION A diverse range of products originating from protected whales and unprotected dolphins continues to be widely available on commercial markets throughout Japan and some coastal cities of the Republic of (South) Korea more than 16 years after the 1986 international moratorium on commercial whaling (e.g., Chan et al. 1995; Baker et al. 1996a, b; Mills et al. 1997, Grohman et al. 1999, Baker et al. 2000, Dizon et al. 2000). In 2000, Japan increased the species diversity of its legal market in whale products by expanding its scientific whaling programme in the North Pacific (JARPNII) to include up to 50 Bryde s whales and ten sperm whales. In 2002, this programme was again expanded to include 50 sei whales. According to reports from the whaling industry (Anon., 2001a), the by-products from all these species have been permitted to enter the domestic market, together with those from the annual 100 North Pacific minke whales (mainly O stock taken off the Pacific coast of Japan), and approximately 400 Antarctic minke whales taken annually by the JARPA programme. From the summer 2002 season onwards, an additional 50 North Pacific minke whales were to be taken annually from some coastal areas, as part of JARPNII. In addition, Japanese regulations were changed in April 2001 to permit the killing and selling of whales that had been accidentally caught in coastal fishing nets (Anon. 2001b). Finally, products from reported stock-piles of frozen products from species killed before the 1986 moratorium, or taken in subsequent scientific hunting (Anon. 1994) may also be sold on the Japanese market, although such products are suggested to have a 10-year freezer life-span. Although South Korea does not have a scientific whaling programme, meat from stranded or incidentally caught whales, dolphins and porpoises is commonly sold on commercial markets, particularly in coastal cities in the southeast region of the country. Molecular species identification of cetacean products has become an important tool for monitoring the species composition of market samples. We, and others, have conducted surveys of commercial markets in Japan since 1993, and in South Korea since 1994 (e.g., Baker and Palumbi 1994, Baker et al. 1996a,b, Baker et al. 2000, Congdon et al. 1999, Lento et al. 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, Lavery et al. 2002). Here we report on the species identification of market products purchased in Japan between September 2003 and February 2004, and in South Korea between December 2003 and February The results of these surveys highlight persistent uncertainties regarding stock definitions for some protected species and stocks, and possible infractions of international agreements with regard to the likely origins of some products. In particular, we present evidence that some sei whale products sold in Japan prior the start of the scientific hunt this species in the North Pacific in 2002 originated from the Southern Hemisphere. The last reported hunt of sei whales in the Southern Hemisphere was by Chile in 1979, with pelagic whaling ending in 1977/78. In another report (Lavery et al. SC/56/BC4), we use microsatellite genotyping of North Pacific minke whale products to

2 SC/56/BC3, Page 2 of 8 estimate a census of individual whales sold on Japanese and Korean markets from These results challenge the assumption that reporting of fisheries bycatch for this species is accurate and raise additional concerns regarding multiple coastal stocks impacted by this large unregulated take of whales. MATERIALS AND METHODS Market product surveys. For the surveys of Japan, products were purchased from shops and restaurants in four coastal prefectures on the island of Honshu (Ishikawa, Osaka, Wakayama and Miyagi) during two synoptic surveys in late September/October 2003 and late January/February Previous surveys have shown that the markets in these prefectures were either important for whale products, or included a particularly high proportion of North Pacific minke whales (Lavery et al. SC/55/BC1), suggesting distribution of local bycatch. Ishikawa lies on the Sea of Japan/East Sea coast, Osaka lies on the Inland Sea, and Wakayama and Miyagi lie on the Pacific coast. In some cases, shops in Japan from which previous purchases were identified as derived from protected species were revisited. In South Korea, products were purchased in southeastern coastal cities during two synoptic surveys in December 2003 and February Products obviously derived from small cetaceans were avoided where possible in surveys of both markets, except where specifically noted (see Dalebout et al. SC/56/BC5). Field Amplification and Isolation of DNA. As in all previous surveys of commercials markets, DNA extractions from cetacean tissue and subsequent amplification via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were conducted on site. The field analyses in the current surveys were performed using a Biometra thermocycler. Tissue from each product was prepared for amplification using Chelex resin (BioRad Laboratories) using the methods of Walsh et al. (1991), as described in Baker et al. (1996b). By using biotin-labelled primers and streptavidin-coated plates (see below), all amplified (synthetic) products were isolated and washed free of the original DNA template before transport to our home laboratory for direct DNA sequence analysis. This is in accordance with the regulations of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES 1973; Bowen and Avise 1994; Jones 1994). Portions of two mitochondrial (mt) DNA loci, the control region (~ 800 base pairs, bp) and cytochrome b gene (~ 500 bp), were amplified in the field for primary species identification. Control region amplifications were performed using the primers Dlp1.5-L (modified by a 5 - M13 forward primer extension to facilitate initiation of the subsequent sequencing reaction) and Dlp8G-H (see Lento et al. 1997, Figure 1). Cytochrome b amplifications used the primers GLUDG-L and CB2-H (Palumbi 1996). Species-specific primers (Lento et al. 1997) were also used to identify Antarctic minke whale and North Pacific minke whale products in the field. To enable purification of the amplified DNA, the Dlp1.5-L and CB2 primers used in the field were labelled with biotin. PCR amplifications were transferred to tubes coated with streptavidin (Nunc or ABgene streptavidin-coated 96-well plates), and incubated overnight to allow binding of the biotin-labelled synthetic DNA. Native template DNA (which lacks the biotin label) was removed by repeated high-stringency washing in the field. Re-amplification of the control region fragment in the laboratory was performed using the primer, M13Dlp1.5-L and internal primers, Dlp5-H or Dlp4-H (resulting in a re-amplified fragment ~ bp in length). Re-amplification of the cytochrome b fragment used the original primers. Reactions were prepared for cycle sequencing using either DNA-binding columns (Concert LifeTechnologies/Invitrogen, or QiaQuick-Qiagen) or simple SAP/ExoI treatment (incubation with shrimp alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease I; Werle et al. 1994). Cycle sequencing reactions used an ABI Prism Big-Dye Terminator Ready Reaction Kit (v3, Perkin-Elmer, Inc.) and DNA sequencing was performed on an ABI 377 or ABI 3100 Automated DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc). Phylogenetic identification of species. Species identification analysis was performed using the phylogenetic methods described by Baker and Palumbi (1994) and Baker et al. (1996a) as reviewed by Dizon et al (2000), Briefly, identification of test sequences was performed using phylogenetic reconstruction methods based on maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbour-joining (NJ) genetic distance algorithms available in the computer program PAUP* (Swofford 1999). Each test sequence was compared with a suite of type or reference sequences to make an initial assignment to family, and in some cases, genus. Test sequences identified to the same family were then grouped for secondary phylogenetic comparison to additional type sequences of the same or related species and appropriate outgroups. The consistency of species identification was estimated using 1,000 bootstrap simulations for both primary and secondary phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenetic methods of species identification used in this and previous surveys have been implemented in a new web-based programme, DNA Surveillance, accessible to the public ( ; Ross et al. 2003). This website hosts a suite of analytical programs in a user-friendly interface that leads the user through the DNA-based species identification procedure. The reference sequences themselves are not yet accessible via this proprietary website. Instead the site returns a phylogenetic tree from which the species identity of the user-submitted test sequence can be determined (see Dalebout et al. SC/55/SD8 for details). Version 3.1 of the reference datasets implanted on provides nearly complete coverage of the taxonomic diversity of cetaceans and comprise a total of 450 sequences from 87 species in 14 families (Dalebout et al. SC/55/SD8); mtdna control region, 285 sequences representing 78 species, and mtdna cytochrome b, 165 sequences representing 83 species. In most cases, species are represented by several reference sequences obtained from different populations, allowing potential assignment of user test sequences to geographic origin. To further investigate stock structure among the sei and Bryde s whales, maximum parsimony (MP), as implemented in PAUP* was also used to reconstruct relationships among taxa.

3 SC/56/BC3, Page 3 of 8 RESULTS: SPECIES IDENTIFICATION Amplification of the two mtdna fragments was attempted from total of 148 products (82 from Japan and 56 from Korea). Of these, all () subsequently produced reliable nucleotide sequences of either the mtdna control region or cytochrome b gene, or both, for identification to the species level, or the family level for some odontocetes (some species in the family Delphinidae). The species origins of these products as identified through phylogenetic comparisons with cetacean reference sequences, are shown in Table 1. All identifications to species or subfamily-genus (in the case of the Stenella/Tursiops/Delphinus complex of species) were made with high statistical confidence (>95%) as measured by bootstrap simulations. Sei whales Japan: 16 products (19.5%) purchased in Japan were identified as sei whale (14 females and 2 males). This brings the total number of sei whale products found on the Japanese market to 32, of which 13 were purchased from prior to the release of sei whale products killed in the North Pacific by the Japanese JARPNII scientific whaling programme. Based only on the number of unique mtdna haplotypes, this total of 32 products represents at least 20 individual sei whales, purchased since Korea: Sei whales have not been found on the Korean market to date. Bryde s whales Japan: 4 products purchased in Japan were identified as standard-form Bryde s whales (B. brydei following Wada et al. 2003). Korea: No Bryde s whale products were purchased in Korea during the December 2003 or February 2004 surveys. Humpback whales Japan: One product from Japan was identified as a humpback whale (female). Korea: No humpback whale products were purchased in Korea during the December 2003 or February 2004 surveys. Fin whales Japan: Two products from Japan were identified as fin whales. This brings the total number of fin whale products found on the Japanese market to date to 37. The last legal import of fin whales was in 1991 from the Icelandic scientific hunt that ended in Korea: Fin whales have not been found on the Korean market to date. North Pacific minke whales Japan: 40 products purchased in Japan were identified as North Pacific minke whales. This brings the total number of North Pacific minke whale products found on the Japanese markets to date to 271 since surveys began in Using the informative nucleotide sequence-based system of stock identification (allowing rapid identification of haplotypes characteristic to J- and O- stock animals - haplogroups ) developed in previous surveys (Baker et al 2000; Congdon et al. 1999; Goto and Pastene, 1997; Goto and Pastene, 1998), 20 of the products (50%) were identified as having originated from the J stock animals from the East Sea / Sea of Japan and perhaps in other coastal waters of Japan. This is a slight decrease from the 65% J-stock proportion found among North Pacific minke whale products in the surveys (Lavery et al. SC/55/BC1), but an increase from the 31% estimated by Baker et al. (2000). This could reflect a greater proportion of J stock whales and products on the market due to the modified by-catch regulations that came into effect in April 2001 (Anonymous 2001b), a directed hunt of one or more coastal stocks, or changes in our market survey design to include Ishikawa prefecture (Sea of Japan coast) and focus on the prefectures of Osaka, Miyagi and Wakayama, where products are sometimes labelled local and often sold raw. Korea: 45 products purchased in Korea were identified as North Pacific minke whales. This brings the total number of North Pacific minke whale products found in the Korean market in our surveys to date to 325, representing more than 200 individuals since 1999 (Lavery SC/56/BC4). Of the new products, 40 (89%) were identified as having originated from the J stock and the remainder from the O stock. An increase in O-stock products in Korea and a significant change in overall haplogroup frequencies across the market surveys raises concerns of a serial depletion of multiple stocks in the coastal waters of Korea as well as Japan, and the potential expansion of takes into more distant waters (see also Lavery et al. SC/56/BC4). Odontocetes Japan: 9 products purchased in Japan were identified as odontocetes. Beaked whales were represented in this survey by one Baird s beaked whale and one Hubbs beaked whale. This is the fifth Hubbs beaked whale found since 1995 (Dalebout et al.sc/56/bc5). Other species identified included two short-finned pilot whales and four products identified as belonging to thestenella/tursiops/delphinus complex (not yet identified to species). Korea: 11 products purchased in Korea were identified as odontocetes. A densebeaked whale was found for the first time on the market of either country. Two products were identified as short-finned pilot whales and three as finless porpoise. Five products identified as dolphins belonging to Stenella/Tursiops/Delphinus complex of species (not yet identified to species).

4 SC/56/BC3, Page 4 of 8 RESULTS: GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF SEI WHALE PRODUCTS Reference sequences representing sei whales of known origin (n=23) were assembled to investigate the potential geographic source of the 32 sei whale products purchased on Japanese markets, particularly those purchased before the release of products from the recent scientific hunt of this species by Japan (the JARPNII programme). This is the largest collection of mtdna sequences of sei whales assembled anywhere to date. The 23 reference sequences represented the North Atlantic (n=4), the North Pacific (n=8; from Hawaii) and the Southern Hemisphere (n=11) including the South Atlantic, the South Pacific (n=2; from New Zealand) and the Antarctic. The sei whale sequences were aligned with reference sequences from the closely related Bryde s whale, as well as appropriate fin and Antarctic minke whale outgroups. Initial comparison showed that the 23 reference sequences represented 20 unique haplotypes: 1 animal from New Zealand shared the same haplotype as an animal from the Antarctic, and 3 of the Hawaii shared the same haplotype. Among the Bryde s whale reference sequences, 11 New Zealand Bryde s whales represented the same haplotype as Yoshida-haplotype 5 (Yoshida and Kato, 1999) and 4 other New Zealand Bryde s whales also shared the same haplotype.. Phylogenetic reconstruction of relationships among the sei and Bryde s whale reference sequences showed strong support for species-specific monophyly assuming four species occur within this complex (Fig. 1). Further, the sei whale haplotypes, unlike those of the common- form Bryde s whales, fell into three clades concordant with three oceanic basins (Fig. 1). The four North Atlantic sei whales formed a clade with strong bootstrap support (>95%). The North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere sei whales consistently formed two clades in both parsimony and distancebased reconstructions but did not receive strong bootstrap support (<50%). One Southern Hemisphere sei whale was basal to both the North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere clades, perhaps due to a slightly shorter sequence length. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the relationships among the sei/bryde s reference sequences and the 20 haplotypes found among the 32 sei whale market products, showed market products grouping within each of the three ocean basinspecific clades (Fig. 2). We note that all 13 products purchased between , prior to the release of products from the JARPNII sei whale hunt, grouped with either the North Atlantic (n=3) or Southern Hemisphere (n=10) reference sequences. Of the 19 products purchased after the release of the JARPNII sei whale hunt, all except one grouped with the North Pacific (Hawaiian) reference sequences. The product excluded from the North Pacific clade (J03.10) grouped with the Southern Hemisphere reference sequences. As further evidence of potential geographic origin, we note a number of exact matches among reference sequences and market haplotypes: four products from the surveys were an exact match to three Southern Hemisphere sequences, one from the Antarctic, one from New Zealand and one from the South Atlantic; two products from the surveys were exact matches to a sei whale from the North Atlantic; and five products from the surveys were an exact match to a sei whale from Hawaii. CONCLUSIONS Market survey results reported here and previously have raised important concerns for the stocks of at least five species: sei, Bryde s, humpback, gray and North Pacific minke whales. Further evidence of unregulated and undocumented takes from multiple stocks of North Pacific minke whales along the coast of Japan and Korea are presented in detail by Lavery et al. SC/56/BC4. Here, we have focused on improving our understanding of stock structure and the origin of market products for the sei whale. The availability of an expanded reference sequence dataset for sei whales provides evidence of genetic structure among the three ocean basins, with a particularly strong phylogenetic partition for the North Atlantic (although further samples are required for a conclusive analysis). The three ocean-specific clades provide the opportunity to estimate the likely geographic origins of market products and test the assumption that all of these products were derived from legitimate sources. These legitimate sources include: 1) coastal bycatch; 2) the recent JARPNII hunt of sei whales in the North Pacific; or 3) long-term storage of sei whales killed in the North Atlantic or the Southern Hemisphere before the 1986 moratorium. For 18 of the 19 products purchased in , the close grouping with reference sequences from sei whales in Hawaii waters (tissue samples obtained by biopsy darting) is consistent with the JARPNII (North Pacific) hunt as a source. Coastal bycatch would also be consistent with this grouping but sei whales are rarely reported as bycatch or strandings in Japanese government progress report (none for SC51-55). For the three North Atlantic products purchased in which group within the North Atlantic clade, a plausible source is long-term frozen storage of sei whales taken in the Icelandic whaling programme up to 1988 and imported into Japan up to For the remaining 10 market products, which group with southern hemisphere sei whales, however, long-term storage of legally hunted animals does not seem plausible. The last recorded hunting in the Southern Hemisphere was prior to This is beyond the years generally claimed for viable long-term storage of whale products. Further, a survey of frozen whale products conducted by the Japan Whaling Association in 1999 (announced in July 2000; Cyprian SC/54/BC5) showed 0.10 tons of sei whales still in storage, but a second survey in November 2000 (announced in May 2001) showed none remaining. As available evidence in not consistent with these sei whale market products originating from any of the three legal sources, we consider it necessary to consider the possibility of illegal hunting as the most likely source of most of the products purchased from The increasing availability of products from the JARPNII hunt is likely to make identification of these illegitimate products more difficult unless the genetic characteristics of these legitimate products are made available to the IWC Scientific Committee.

5 SC/56/BC3, Page 5 of 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the following for assistance with market surveys or access to reference sequences: the Korean Federation for the Environment Movement (KFEM) for logistic support in collection of whale meat products from retail markets in South Korea; Kelly Robertson and Rick LeDuc of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center for assistance in accessing reference sequences of sei whales; M.A. Meyer, Marine and Coastal Management, Cape Town, South Africa for access to sei whale sample from South Africa; and NZ Department of Conservation for collection of sei whale and other reference samples from beachcast animals in New Zealand. MLD is supported by a Dalhousie University Killam postdoctoral fellowship. Funding for the collection surveys in Korea was provided to KFEM by J. Frizell, Greenpeace International. Funding for market surveys in Japan and all genetic analysis was provided by the International Fund for Animal Welfare. 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M Molecular genetic identification of whale and dolphin products for sale in Japan, Report to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (SC/51/O15). Baker, C.S., Dalebout, M. L., Brownell, R.L. Jr., Robertson, K.M., Dizon, A.E., Funahashi, N. & Lento, G. M Minimum census of minke whale by-catch from Korean waters in 1999 using DNA profiling. Report to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (SC/53/RMP15). Baker, C. S., Lento, G. M., Cipriano, F., and Palumbi, S. R Predicted decline of protected whales based on molecular genetic monitoring of Japanese and Korean markets. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Series B, 267: Baker, C.S. and Palumbi, S.R Which whales are hunted? A molecular genetic approach to monitoring whaling. Science 265: Bowen, B.W. and Avise, J.C Conservation research and the legal status of PCR products. Science 266: 713. Brownell, R. L. Jr., Robertson, K. M., Kang, S. & Dizon, A. 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S DNA surveillance: webbased molecular identification of whales, dolphins and porpoises. Journal of Heredity, 94: Swofford, D. L PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony *and other phylogenetic reconstruction methods. Sunderland, Ma.: Sinauer. Wada, S., Oishi, M., and Yamada, T. K A newly discovered species of living baleen whale. Nature, 426: Walsh, P. S., Metzger, D. A. & Higuchi, R Chelex-100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material. BioTechniques 10, Werle, E., Schneider, C., Renner, M., Volker, M., and Fiehn, W Convenient single-step, one tube purification of PCR products for direct sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: Yoshida, H., and Kato, H Phylogenetic relationships of Bryde s whales in the western North Pacific and adjacent waters inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Marine Mammal Science, 15:

6 SC/56/BC3, Page 6 of 8 Table 1: Species origins of whale, dolphin and porpoise products purchased in commercial markets of Japan and the Republic of (South) Korea from market surveys between 1993 and 2004, as determined by phylogenetic reconstruction of sequences from the mtdna control region (Baker et al. 1996b; Baker et al. 1999; Baker and Palumbi 1994; Cipriano and Palumbi 1999a; Cipriano and Palumbi 1999b; Lento et al. 1997; Lento et al. 1998; Lento et al. 2000; Lento et al. 2001; Lavery et al 2002). All identifications of species or family were supported by high bootstrap values >95% using the methods described previously (Baker et al. 1996b; Baker and Palumbi 1994). Sample sizes indicate number of products identified to species, not necessarily the number of unique individuals represented by the products (see text for discussion). Species Mysticeti Northern Pacific minke, Balaenoptera acutorostrata Antarctic minke, B. bonaerensis Common-form Bryde's whale, B. brydei following Wada et al coastal-form Bryde's whale B.edeni following Wada et al. 2003; see also Baker et al. 1996b, Yoshida and Kato, 1999) Japan Japan 2003/04 Korea Korea 2003/04 Last legal source or year of international protection Japanese scientific whaling, ongoing since Japanese scientific whaling, ongoing since 1987/ moratorium, or 1987 by Japan under objection. Also Japanese scientific whaling (JARPNII) since Species not formally recognised until 2003 but presumably protected since 1986 moratorium, or 1987 by Japan under objection Sei, B. borealis moratorium, 1977/78 for Antarctic; 1977, Brazil; 1978, Peru; 1979, Chile, 1979; 1980, Spain; 1988 Iceland; 2002 for Japan (JARPNII) Fin, B. physalus moratorium, or 1989 for Iceland scientific whaling Blue, B. musculus or Blue/Fin hybrid for blue; 1989 Iceland scientific whaling for hybrid Blue/Fin hybrid , Iceland scientific whaling (Cipriano & Palumbi 1999a) Humpback, Megaptera novaeangliae Gray, Eschrichtius robustus Odontoceti Sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus moratorium, or 1988 by Japan under objection. Also Japanese scientific whaling (JARPNII) since Dwarf Sperm, Kogia simus No international protection Beaked whales, Berardius bairdii, Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi, M. densirostrus No international protection Killer whales, Orcinus orca No international protection False killer whale, Pseudorca No international protection crassidens Dolphins including pilot whales and members of the Stenella-Tursiops-Delphinus complex etc (>6 species) No international protection Finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocoenoides Dall s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli Other mammals Sheep Horse No international protection No international protection n/a n/a Total (Grand Total)

7 SC/56/BC3, Page 7 of 8 Sei whales Bryde's whales 92% 5 changes 96% Bbor.NA5.UA SWFSC2515.Florida North Atlantic Bbor.WNA.CSB SWFSC3996.Baltimore Bbor.SAfrica Bbor.NZ02 Southern Hemisphere SWFSC3998.Antarctic SWFSC4002nz.South Pacific+Antarctic SWFSC.3992ant.South Atlantic SWFSC3994ant.South Atlantic SWFSC3999nz.South Pacific SWFSC3995.Antarctic SWFSC3993.Antarctic SWFSC30493.Hawaii SWFSC30479.Hawaii+2 Hawaii SWFSC30489.Hawaii SWFSC-b3049.Hawaii North Pacific SWFSC30494.Hawaii SWFSC30490.Hawaii Bbor.NZ01 Bed.Yoshida-hap07 Bed.Yoshida-hap09 Bed.Yoshida-hap04 Bed.Yoshida-hap05+11 New Zealand Bed.Yoshida-hap06 Bed.NZ08 Bed.Yoshida-hap08 76% Bed.Yoshida-hap11 Bed.NZ09+3 New Zealand Bed.Yoshida-hap10 Bed.Mexico.LM Bed.SAfrica06.UA X72196 Bed.Yoshida-hap01(edeni) Bed.Yoshida-hap03(edeni) 98% Bed.Yoshida-hap02(edeni) Bed.Yoshida-hap12(omurai) Bed.China.AF Bph.Md05.CSB Bph.Ice.UA Fin whale Bph.X61145 Bac.bonaerensis.X72006 B. brydei (Yoshida and Kato 1999; Wada et al. 2003) B. edeni B. omurai Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships among sei whale reference specimens only, based on mtdna control region sequences ( bp). Specimen codes of animals sharing the same haplotype are linked with a +. Bed.Yoshida# are Bryde s whale haplotypes as presented by Yoshida & Kato (1999) and evaluated against taxonomic revisions proposed by Wada et al

8 SC/56/BC3, Page 8 of 8 Sei whales 95% 98% 1 change 96% Bbor.WNAtlantic.CSB SWFSC3996.Baltimore Bbor.NA5.UA SWFSC2515.Florida+J98C.10+J99.18 J Bbor.SouthAfrica Bbor.NZ02 SWFSC3998.Antarctic J J00.29 J03.77 SWFSC.3992.SAtlantic+J J03.10 SWFSC3994.SAtlantic J98C.06 J SWFSC4002nz.SPacific+J99.96 SWFSC3999nz.SPacific SWFSC3995.Antarctic+J98C.05 J SWFSC3993.Antarctic J98.53 SWFSC30479.Hawaii+J03.31+J03.52 J03.66+J04.39+J04.42 SWFSC30489.Hawaii J03.63 SWFSC-b3049.Hawaii SWFSC30494.Hawaii J03.60+J03.71+J04.45 J03.80 SWFSC30490.Hawaii J03.12 J03.25 J04.04+J04.10 J04.43 SWFSC30493.Hawaii Bbor.NZ01 Bed.Yoshida-hap4 Bed.Yoshida-hap5 Bed.Yoshida-hap6 Bed.Yoshida-hap8 Bed.Yoshida-hap7 Bed.Yoshida-hap9 Bed.Yoshida-hap10 Bed.Yoshida-hap11 Bed.SAfrica6.UA X72196 Bed.Yoshida-hap1 Bed.Yoshida-hap3 B. edeni Bed.Yoshida-hap2 Bed.Yoshida-hap12 98% Bph.X61145 Fin whale B. brydei North Atlantic references and n = 3 Southern Hemisphere references and n =11 +J04.01+J04.17+J04.34 North Pacific references and n = 18 Bryde's whales (Yoshida and Kato 1999; Wada et al. 2003) B. omurai Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships among sei whale reference specimens and market products based on mtdna control region sequences ( bp). Specimen codes of animals/products sharing the same haplotype are linked with a +. Codes starting with J indicate products purchased on the Japanese market. The tree represents one of many equally parsimonious constructions found in a heuristic search. Numbers above internodes indicate % bootstrap scores based on 1,000 simulations and neighbour-joining algorithm.