Forestry Sciences VOLUME 34. The titles published in this series are listed at the end o/this volume.

Transcription

1 THE CONIFER MANUAL

2 Forestry Sciences VOLUME 34 The titles published in this series are listed at the end o/this volume.

3 HUMPHREY J. WELCH The Conifer Manual Volume 1 This book represents a fuu revision and up-dating of the following works Manual of Cultivated Conifers in the Cold and Warm-Temperate Zone by P. den Ouden and Dr. B. K. Boom (1965) and Manual of Dwarf Conifers by Humphrey J. Welch (1979) SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Helch. H. J. IHumphrey James l The conlfer manual! DY Humphray J. Halch. p. cm. -- IForestry s:jences ;. 341 "Represents a full revls10n and up-dat,ng of '" Manual of cultlvateo con1fe"s In tha cald-ine warm-temperate zona. by P. den Duden and Dr. B.K. Bool... and Manual of dwarf con,fars. by Humphrey J. Heleh." Includes blcii09"aphlcal referenees. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Drnaman:ei cc~ifars. 2. Ccrlfars. 3. Ornamental ccn1ţe~s- -Varietial. 4. Conlfers--Verletles. I. Dudan. P. den (P1eter den) ~Ianual of cuittvated con,,!rs. II. Helch. H. J. (Humphre\' JunI. [>;anua' of a,"arf conifers. III. Ti"[le. IV. Serles. S3~2e.W c:2C ISBN e9"~8827 Pri"ted O" acid-free paper Ali Rights Reserved O 1991 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Origina1ly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1991 No part of the material protccted by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any fonn or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume One Author's Introduction 1 Watering Picture Credits 3 Pruning A Conifer Bibliography 4 5. Classification and Nomenclature Botanical classification 1. General Introduction 9 Historical review The word 'conifer' 9 Nomenclature of cultivated plants The origin of conifers 9 The codes of nomenclature The morphology of conifers 11 Latin-form cultivar names The roots 11 Authorities The trunk 11 Types and protologues The branches 11 The World Conifer Data Pool The buds 13 Conifer names registration The leaves 14 Conifer Data Sheet Flowers and cones Identification 2. The Uses and Value of Conifers 18 Keys Conifers in nature 18 Guides to identification of species Using conifers 18 Method of using the guides A solitary specimen 20 The twelve main groups Hedges and shelter belts: woodland 20 'Go-to' listing for main group one Dwarf conifers 20 'Go-to' listing for main group two Alpine forms 22 'Go-to'listing for main group three Seedling mutations 22 'Go-to' listing for main group four Juvenile fixations 23 'Go-to' listing for main group five Bud mutations 23 'Go-to'listing for main group six Witches' brooms 24 'Go-to' listing for main group seven Cultivariants 25 'Go-to' listing for main group eight Using dwarf conifers 25 'Go-to' listing for main group nine 'Go-to' listing for main group ten 3. Choice of Species and Varieties 31 'Go-to' listing for main group eleven Climatic zones and hardiness ratings 31 'Go-to' listing for main group twelve 4. Cultivation Varieties Currently Available Soil preparation 37 Citation of 'authorities' Purchase of plants 38 Citation of Latin-form cultivar names The planting season 41 Abies Planting 41 Acmopyle Aftercare 42 Actinostrobus v

6 VI Agathis 167 Diselma 316 Amentotaxus 167 Ephedra 317 Araucaria 167 Fitzroya 317 Athrotaxis 171 Fokienia 317 Austrocedrus 174 Ginkgo 317 Austrotaxus 174 Glyptostrobus 321 Callitris 174 Ha\ocarpus 322 Calocedrus 174 Juniperus 322 Cathaya 178 Keteleeria 404 Cedrus 178 Larix 405 Cephalotaxus 191 Libocedrus 421 Chamaecyparis 194 Metasequoia 421 Cryptomeria 263 Microbiota 423 Cunninghamia 279 Microcachrys 424 X Cupressocyparis 282 Microstrobus 424 Cupressus 288 Papuacedrus 425 Dacrycarpus 313 Phyllocladus 425 Dacrydium 315 Decussocarpus 316 Index to Volume One 427

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume Two 8. Varieties Currently Available Picea to Widdringtonia 9. Propagation 10. Pests and Diseases Appendix One: Obsolete names cited in Manual of Cultivated Conifers (Den Ouden and Boom) but not repeated in the present work Appendix Two: Confusion in the use of the names ABIES and PICEA by some early writers on conifers Index to Volumes One and Two vii

8 Author's Introduction The research that has culminated in the publication of this Manual was in the first place undertaken for a new edition of the book Manual of Cultivated Conifers by P. den Ouden and Dr B. K. Boom (both now deceased), published in The claim in that book to have included every cultivar published since 1753 was not entirely realised, and the stated objective, i.e. that the book should serve as a basis for the international register that was even at that date under consideration required a lot of space to be devoted to quite archaic information. Each of the authors of the Manual of Cultivated Conifers was well qualified for the task. P. den Ouden had been systematically collecting conifer data throughout his long life as a nurseryman and had already produced his Naamlijst van Coni/eren (published in 1937 and adopted as a standard for varietal names at the International Horticultural Congress in Berlin in 1939) and also his book Coni/eren Ginkgo en Ephedra (in Dutch) published in Dr B. K. Boom, as the government taxonomist in Holland, had been recording data regarding new conifers as part of his official duties. So the Manual of Cultivated Conifers could be readily compiled at that time from available information. My own book, Dwarf Conifers - A Complete Guide, published the following year, owed a great deal to help from Dr Boom, who spent several days with me at the Wansdyke Nursery at the time the book was in preparation. Unfortunately this particular contribution by Dr Boom does not seem to have continued after his retirement and since then little if any systematic recording of new introductions was done in this field (despite the flood of new conifer cultivars being introduced. worldwide) save by one or two private conifer enthusiasts. My own efforts at recording data at Devizes 1 made possible the appearance in 1979 of a larger book: Manual of Dwarf Conifers. That book was clearly in effect a partial up-dating of the den Ouden and Boom book under revision, so the decision was made to produce an entirely new work, with the present title and with the following objectives. 1. To bring the taxonomy into line with current practice. 2. To extend the species descriptions and make them (by the use of side headings) more easy to use. 3. To supply some form of 'keys'. 4. To release space for new material by relegating several hundred obsolete names to an Appendix. 5. To bring the coverage of cultivars up to date so far as possible, incorporating material from Manual of Dwarf Conifers. The volume of material was now too great to be contained within a single book of manageable size so the new work has had to be produced in two volumes. Unfortunately this has necessitated the division of the big, descriptive chapter between the two volumes. The genera Abies to Phyllocladus will be found in this volume and the genera Picea to Widdringtonia in the volume which it is intended shall follow shortly. There remains to me only a duty to acknowledge the great help received from other people - always a difficult task and (in the case of a major com- I Since developed as the World Conifer Data Pool. See p

9 2 Author's introduction pilation of this kind) an impossible one because there have been so many contributions, large and small, direct or indirect, from so many sources that individual acknowledgement would be quite impossible. I here mention just a few; other debts of gratitude are acknowledged throughout the book but my sincere thanks go to everyone able to trace his or her own contribution anywhere in the book. J. H. Lewis, my successor as International Conifer Registrar (and for many years my mentor in all matters botanical) has been most helpful. My thanks go to A. G. Mitchell, K. D. Rushforth and A. D. Silva, amongst others, for their critical help on technical matters, to Dr John Mills for permission to use the unpublished work of the late Laurence Gough, to Adrian Bloom, Robert Fincham, D. M. van Gelderen and many another plantsmen for help with details of new cultivars and to Don Mitchell for reading through the entire MS. I am spared having to draft the usual encomium to a long-suffering secretary since this is a luxury I have had to do without. But in its place I think an apology is due to the word-processor I have had to make do with instead of a secretary for all the abuse and unparliamentary language that has been hurled at it since we first met. And lastly, since I have been doing the work at home ever since an event that I still refer to as my retirement, my thanks go to my wife for putting up with the loss of the best room in the house for use as a library, for accepting the loss (for whatever that might have been worth) of many hours of my society, and - most of all - for her maddening, but steady encouragement to peg away and complete a job which had turned out to be far more arduous than I had bargained for when I took it on. Humphrey J. Welch

10 Picture Credits (1) Bailey, The Cultivated Evergreens (1923) (2) Beissner, Handbuch der Nadelgehiilzer Ed. 3 (1930) (3) Engler, Naturliche Pjlanze-Jami/ien (1926) (4) Flora of China Vol. 7 (1978) (5) Forestry Commission of Great Britain, Conifers in the British Isles (1972), drawings by Mrs. K. Darter. (6) Mrs. Bente King. (7) Mulligan, Brian, Kirkland, WA 98035, U.S.A. (8) Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1838) (9) Nicholson, The Gardener's Dictionary (1884) (10) Nimmo, M., Haverfordwest, Dyfed, U.K. (11) Pallas, Flora Rossica (1878) (12) Silva Tarouca, Unserer Frieland Nadelhiilzer Ed. 2 (1923) (13) Sudworth, Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope (1908) (14) Veitch, Manual of the Coniferae Ed. 2 (1900) (15) Mariosa, Peter, Lynton, N. Devon, U.K. Unnumbered photographs supplied by the author. 3

11 A Conifer Bibliography In addition to the following works consulted during the preparation of this book, much information relating to conifers can be found in general dendrological books, technical periodicals and in regional and local floras. Antoine, F Die Coniferen nach Lambert, Loudon et anderen. Bailey, L. H The Cultivated Evergreens The Cultivated Conifers in North America. Baker, R. T. & Smith, H. G A Research into the Pines of Australia. Beissner, L (Apr.) Systematische Eintheilung der Coniferen (Oct.) Handbuch der Coniferen-Benennung Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde lst Supplement to Handbuch der Coniferen-Benennung nd Supplement to Handbuch der Coniferen-Benennung Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde. Ed Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde. Ed. 3. (Revised J. Fitschen). Bloom, Adrian 1975 Conifers in your Garden. Brotero, F. de A Historia Natural dos Pinheiros, Larices et Abetos. Browicz, K Chlorology of Trees and Shrubs in S.W. Asia. Vol. 1. Callen, G Les Coniteres cultives en Europe. Carriere, E-A 1855 Traite Generale des Conneres Ditto. Ed. 2. Chadwick, L. C A Study of the genus Taxus. Chaudun, V Ornamental Conifers. (Translation from the French by Higgins, V.) Cheng, W. C. et al Flora Reipublica Popularis Sinicae. Vol. 7. 'Gymnospermae'. Chittenden, F. J. See Royal Horticultural Society. Clinton-Baker, H Illustrations of Conifers. 4 Vols. Coltman-Rogers, C Conifers and their Characteristics. Cope, E. A Native and Cultivated Conifers of Northeastern N. America. Coulter, J. M. and Chamberlain, C. J Morphology of Gymnosperms. Critchfield, W. B. and Little, E. L Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World. Dallimore, W Holly, Yew and Box. Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. B Handbook of Coniferae including Ginkgoaceae Ditto. Ed Ditto. Ed Ditto. Ed. 4 (Revised by Harrison, F. G.) Debazac, E. F Manuel des Conneres. 4

12 A conifer bibliography 5 De Laubenfels, D. J Flora de la Nouvelle Caledonie et Dependances. No.4. 'Gymnospermes'. Den Duden, P Naamlijst van Coniferen Coniferen, Ephedra en Ginkgo. Den Duden, P. and Boom, B. K Manual of Cultivated Conifers. De Vos, C Beredeneerd Woordenboek der Voornamste Heesters en Coniferen in Nederland gekweekt Handboek tot de Boomen, Heesters en Coniferen. Eichler, A. W "Coniferae" in Engler A. & Prantl, K. Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Eiselt, M. G. & SchrOder R NadelgehOlze Ditto. Ed. 4. Elwes, H. J. and Henry, A Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. 6 vols. Endlicher, S Synopsis Coniferarum. Engelmann, Geo Revision of the genus Pinus. Farjon, A Pines: Drawings and Descriptions of the Species. Fitschen, W. See Beissner, 1930 Fitzpatrick, H. M Coniferae: Keys to the Genera and Species Ditto. Ed. 2. Florin, R The systematics of the Gymnosperms. Forbes, J Pinetum Woburnense. Franco, J. do A Abietos. Fraser, H Handy Book of Ornamental Conifers. Gaussen, H on Les Gymnospermes actuelles et fossiles. Gordon, G. and Glendinning R The Pinetum Supplement to The Pinetum The Pinetum. Ed Ditto. Ed. 3. (As Ed. 2, save for 2 additional pages). Harrison, C. R Ornamental Conifers. Henkel, J. B. & Hochstetter, W Synopsis der NadelgehOlzer. Hillier, H. G Dwarf Conifers. Hochstetter, Wm Coniferen oder NadelgehOlzer. Hoopes, J The Book of Evergreens. Hornibrook, M Dwarf and slow-growing Conifers Ditto. Ed. 2. Iwata, T. and Kusaka, M Coniferae Japonica Illustratae. Jackson, A. B The Identification of Conifers. Jager, H Die ZiergehOlze. Jager, H. & Beissner, L Die ZiergehOlze. Ed Ditto. Ed. 3. Jay, B. A Conifers in Britain - A Guide to Identification. Jenkins, C. F Hemlock Arboretum Bulletin. Kent, A. H. See Veitch, Kirwan, C. de 1867 Les Coniferes indigenes et exotique. Klika, J. et a Jelicnate. Knight and Perry 1850 Synopsis of the Coniferous Plants grown in Gt. Britain. Kobayashi, Y. et a Matsu-zukan. Krussmann, G Die NadelgehOlze Ditto. Ed Handbuch der NadelgehOlze Die NadelgehOlze. Ed Handbuch der NadelgehOlze, Ed. 2. (Revised Hans-Dieter Warda) Ditto. (English translation by Epp, Michael E.). Kumlien, L. L Hill's Book of Evergreens The Friendly Evergreens. Lambert, A. B.

13 6 A conifer bibliography A Description of the Genus Pinus. Vol. 1, 4to Ditto. with an Appendix by D. Don. Vol Ditto. In 2 vols. 4to Ditto. Ed Ditto. Ed. 1. Vol. 3. Lawson, P. and Son 1851 List of Plants of the Fir Tribe. Lemmon, J. G Conifers of the Pacific Slope. Little, E. L Check List of Native and Naturalised Trees of the United States. Little, E. L. and Critchfield, W. B Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus. Liu, T-S A Monograph of the Genus Abies. Loudon, J. C Arboretum et Fruticetum Brittanicum. (8 vols.) Magrini, G Le Conifere. (Italian.) Makino, T New Illustrated Flora of Japan. Masters, M. T Numerous papers in Journals of the Linnean and Royal Horticultural Societies. Mayr, H Monographie der Abietineen des Japanische Reiches. Meyer, F Die NadelhOlzer, including Ginkgo. Mirov, N. T The Genus Pinus. Mitchell, A. F Conifers in the British Isles, published by H. M. S. O. Mitchell also contributed largely to the Report of the Conifer Conference, 1970, published under the same title ('Conifers in the British Isles') by the Royal Horticultural Society, also in Morgenthal, J Die Nadelgeholze Ditto. Ed Ditto. Ed Ditto. Ed. 4. Mottet, S Coniferes et Taxacees. Murray, A 1863 Pines and Firs of Japan. Nelson, J. (Senilis) 1866 Pinaceae. Parde, L Les Coniferes. Parlatore, P 'Conifereas' in DC., Prodomus. Pilat, A Jelicnate Pilger, R 'Gymnospermae' in Engler & Prantl, Die natiirlichen Planzenfamilien. Ed. 2. Vol. 13. Ravenscroft, E. J The Pinetum Britannicum. 3 Vols. Large folio. Rehder, A Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Ditto. Ed Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs. Richard, L. C Commentatio Botanica de Conifereis et Cycadeis. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, U. K Handlist of Coniferae. Further editions issued in 1903, 1925, 1928, and Catalogue of living Plants. Part 1. Royal Horticultural Society Report of Conifer Conference held in (Vol. 14 of the Society's Journal.) 1932 'Conifers in Cultivation'. Report of the Conifer Conference held in (F. J. Chittenden, Editor.) 1972 'Conifers in the British Isles'. Report of the Conifer Conference held in (Elspeth Napier, Editor.) See also under Mitchell, A.F. Rushforth, Keith Conifers. Salomon, C Deutschlands winterharte Baume und Straucher. Schelle, E De Winterharten NadelhOlzer Middeleuropas. Seneclause, A Les Coniferes. Shaw,G. R.

14 A conifer bibliography The Pines of Mexico, 1914 The Genus Pinus. Siebold & Zuccarini Flora Japonica. Silba, l An International Census of the Coniferae Encyclopaedia Coniferae. Silva Tarouca, E. G. and Schneider, C Unsere Frieland-Nadelh61zer Ditto. Ed. 2. Slavin, A. D. See Royal Horticultural Society. Smith, Richard of Worcester Plants of the Fir Tribe. (No copy known to exist.) 1864 Ditto. Ed. 2. 'Enlarged and revised edition' Ditto. Ed Ditto. Ed Ditto. Ed. 5. (No copy known to exist.) Smith, J. R. P. van Hoey. See under Van Gelderen. Sudworth, G. B Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. Swartley, G. B The Cultivated Hemlocks. Testu, Charlotte 1970 Coniferes de nos Jardins. Valavanis, W. N Japanese Five-needle Pine. Van Gelderen, D. M. and van Hoey-Smith, l.r.p Conifers. Van Melle, P. J Review of Juniperus chinensis et al. Veitch, J Manual of Conifers Ditto. Ed. 2. (Edited by Kent, A. H.) Von Tuebeuf, C. F Die NadelhOlzer. Webster, A. D Hardy Coniferous trees. Welch, Humphrey J Dwarf Conifers - A complete Guide Manual of Dwarf Conifers. Wilson, E. H The Conifers and Taxads of Japan. Wolf, C. B. & Wagener, W. E The New World Cypresses.