TAXON: Cordyline banksii Hook. f. SCORE: 0.0 RATING: Low Risk

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1 Taxo: Cordylie baksii Hook. f. Family: Asparagaceae Commo Name(s): forest cabbage tree Syoym(s): Termialis baksii (Hook. f.) Kutze ti gahere Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved Ed Date: 6 Apr 2017 WRA Score: 0.0 Desigatio: L Ratig: Low Risk Keywords: Temperate, Shrub, Small Tree, Shade-Tolerat, Bird-Dispersed Optio Aswer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weedy races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2-high) (See Appedix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? y=1, =0 Low y=-2,?=-1, =0? 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameity/disturbace weed =0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs y=1, =0 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals y=1, = Toxic to aimals y=1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas y=1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems y=1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle y=1, =0 y Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 1 of 14

2 Optio Aswer 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit y=1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets y=1, =0 501 Aquatic y=5, =0 502 Grass y=1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat y=1, = Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat y=1, =0 y=1, =0 602 Produces viable seed y=1, =-1 y 603 Hybridizes aturally y=1, =-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators y=-1, =0 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) y=1, = Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y=1, =-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat y=1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal y=1, = Propagules water dispersed y=1, =-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, =-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) y=1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, =-1 y 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides y=-1, =1 y 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire y=1, =-1 y 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 2 of 14

3 Supportig Data: 101 Is the species highly domesticated? 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio NA 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primarily wet habitat, the substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. Low "Native: Australasia New Zealad: New Zealad - North Islad, - South Islad" 202 Quality of climate match data High USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 3 of 14

4 203 Broad climate suitability (evirometal versatility) Dave's Garde Forest Cabbage Tree, Ti Ngahere 'Electric Pik' - Cordylie baksii. "Commo i coastal, lowlad, ad lower motae forests. Occasioally extedig ito subalpie habitats i the South Islad. Ofte foud i shrublads where it is sympatric with, ad ofte hybridises with Cordylie pumilio. Tolerat of a wide rage of situatios." "Hardiess: USDA Zoe 10a: to -1.1 C (30 F) USDA Zoe 10b: to 1.7 C (35 F) USDA Zoe 11: above 4.5 C (40 F)" 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. Radall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compedium of Weeds. 3rd Editio. Perth, Wester Australia. R.P. Radall "Native: Australasia New Zealad: New Zealad - North Islad, - South Islad" 205 Does the species have a history of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? The Europea Palm Society Cordylie baksii, The Forest Cabbage Tree. "As I metioed, the mai problem with C. baksii is lack of availability. Burcoose ad Southdow Nurseries, Gweap, ear Falmouth is the oly ursery I kow of that stock plats of C. baksii i the U.K. Graham Hutchis of Couty Park Nurseries, Wigletye Lae, Horchurch, Essex, who is a New Zealad plat specialist, has had some of my micro-propagated plats." "Not as commoly cultivated as C. australis but still offered by may garde cetres, particularly a purple-coloured leaf variat. Easily grow ad great for steep poorly draied slopes or plated with other smaller shrub species such as Muehlebeckia astoii." 301 Naturalized beyod ative rage Radall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compedium of Weeds. 3rd Editio. Perth, Wester Australia. R.P. Radall Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 4 of 14

5 302 Garde/ameity/disturbace weed Radall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compedium of Weeds. 3rd Editio. Perth, Wester Australia. R.P. Radall 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed Radall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compedium of Weeds. 3rd Editio. Perth, Wester Australia. R.P. Radall 304 Evirometal weed Radall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compedium of Weeds. 3rd Editio. Perth, Wester Australia. R.P. Radall 305 Cogeeric weed CABI, Ivasive Species Compedium. Walligford, UK: CAB Iteratioal. Radall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compedium of Weeds. 3rd Editio. Perth, Wester Australia. R.P. Radall "C. fruticosa is a evergree flowerig plat that has become essetially patropical. It is widespread i the Pacific Islads, Australia ad tropical Asia (Little ad Skolme, 2003). Usually it is closely associated with settlemets ad occurs i gardes ad hedges, but sometimes it has become aturalized i wild areas, spreadig by seed ad cuttigs of stems or rhizomes. It is a commo houseplat ad this leads to dispersal i warm temperate areas whe discarded. There are o reports that it damages ative vegetatio." Cordylie fruticosa, Cordylie rubra, Cordylie stricta, & Cordylie termialis listed as aturalized ad/or weeds, but impacts are miimal or uspecified 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs [] "Plat to 4m. tall; stems c cm. diam., us. a umber from ear groud level, subequal ad sparigly brached. Lvs 1 2 m. 4 8 cm., broad at the middle ad iclied to droop from there, arrowed above base ito a chaelled petiole that is rarely > ½ lamia-width ad ofte occupies c. ¼ to 1/5 of lf-legth; lamia paler abaxially; midrib flat adaxially, promiet ad rouded abaxially; erves uequal, several rather strog ad sts differetly coloured, meetig midrib at appreciable agle; margis laxly revolute." Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 5 of 14

6 402 Allelopathic WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow. foud 403 Parasitic "Plat to 4m. tall; stems c cm. diam., us. a umber from ear groud level, subequal ad sparigly brached." [] 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals Forsyth, D. M., Coomes, D. A., Nuget, G., & Hall, G. M. J. (2002). Diet ad diet prefereces of itroduced ugulates (Order: Artiodactyla) i New Zealad. New Zealad Joural of Zoology, 29 (4): "Appedix Idigeous plats recorded i the diet of ugulates i New Zealad, ad where available, the preferece(s) of ugulates for that species." [Cordylie spp. cosumed by ugulates] 405 Toxic to aimals Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges Lieftig, L. W., Beever, R. E., Aderse, M. T., & Clover, G. R. (2007). Phytoplasma diseases i New Zealad. Bulleti of Isectology, 60(2), Shoot Gardeig Cordylie baksii 'Sprilecpik' (Forest cabbage tree 'Sprilecpik'). [Accessed 6 Apr 2017] McKezie, E. H. C., Buchaa, P. K., & Johsto, P. R. (2005). Checklist of fugi o cabbage trees (Cordylie spp.) ad New Zealad flaxes (Phormium spp.) i New Zealad. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 43(1), "Five phytoplasma diseases are kow i New Zealad. Of these, phormium yellow leaf, strawberry lethal yellows, cordylie sudde declie, ad coprosma lethal declie are associated with a sigle phytoplasma species, Cadidatus Phytoplasma australiese. The fifth, poisettia brach-iducig phytoplasma is the oly exotic phytoplasma."... "Table 1. Phytoplasma diseases recorded i New Zealad" [Cordylie sudde declie... Species - Ca. P. australiese ; Plat host - Cordylie baksii] "Specific pests Glasshouse red spider mite, Scale isects Diseases Geerally disease-free." [Cordylie baksii hosts several fugi. Pathogeicity ukow] "New Zealad o cabbage trees (Cordylie spp.) ad New Zealad flaxes (Phormium spp.) is followed by a aotated listig of all fugi kow to grow o livig or dead parts of these edemic moocotyledoous plats." Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 6 of 14

7 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictioary of Medicial ad Poisoous Plats: Commo Names, Scietific Names, Epoyms, Syoyms, ad Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosystems The Europea Palm Society Cordylie baksii, The Forest Cabbage Tree. "It is used to a widy, raiy climate ad i warm dry; still air iside it is susceptible to red spider mite." 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life cycle y The Europea Palm Society Cordylie baksii, The Forest Cabbage Tree. Burrows, C. J. (1999). Germiatio behaviour of seeds of the New Zealad woody species Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. pusilla, Cordylie baksii, Geiostoma rupestre, Myrtus bullata, ad Solaum aviculare. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 37(2), "Also ulike the other New Zealad species, C. baksii has a wide light level tolerace, ad ca be foud fully uder the shade of Leptospermum trees, or i full su i waist-high subalpie scrub. A commo place to fid it is leaig out from steep rocky baks where roads ad tracks cut though hilly bush; here all the leaves swig roud ad hag the same way, out to the su." "The plat prefers well lit sites at forest margis ad alog river baks, ofte hagig dow over cliffs. It is commo i high raifall areas from North Aucklad to Fiordlad." 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) Plat This Cordylie baksii. gardeer=11809&tabview=photos&platspot=. [Accessed 6 Apr 2017] Dave's Garde Forest Cabbage Tree, Ti Ngahere 'Electric Pik' - Cordylie baksii. "Soil Moisture: dry betwee waterig to costatly moist Soil: ordiary soil, eriched soil, mildly acidic to mildly alkalie" "Soil ph requiremets: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic)" Tolerat of a wide rage of situatios." 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 7 of 14

8 Burrows, C. J. (1999). Germiatio behaviour of seeds of the New Zealad woody species Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. pusilla, Cordylie baksii, Geiostoma rupestre, Myrtus bullata, ad Solaum aviculare. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 37(2), "Plat to 4m. tall; stems c cm. diam., us. a umber from ear groud level, subequal ad sparigly brached." [Vie-like, but ot a true vie] "This moocotyledo, evergree plat is sprawlig ad vie-like. Its stems, up to 3 m or more log, are ofte too weak to act as erect truks ad are the supported by other low, woody plats." 412 Forms dese thickets [] "Edemic. Commo throughout the North Islad, I the South widespread through the orther half, extedig i the west to about Haast with occasioal as usubstatiated reports of it from the coastal portio of Fiordlad."... "Commo i coastal, lowlad, ad lower motae forests. Occasioally extedig ito subalpie habitats i the South Islad. Ofte foud i shrublads where it is sympatric with, ad ofte hybridises with Cordylie pumilio. Tolerat of a wide rage of situatios." 501 Aquatic [Terrestrial] "Plat to 4m. tall; stems c cm. diam., us. a umber from ear groud level, subequal ad sparigly brached."... "Forest margis." 502 Grass USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. Family: Asparagaceae Subfamily: Lomadroideae Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 8 of 14

9 503 Nitroge fixig woody plat USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network Natioal Plat Germplasm System [Olie Database]. Family: Asparagaceae Subfamily: Lomadroideae 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) "Plat to 4m. tall; stems c cm. diam., us. a umber from ear groud level, subequal ad sparigly brached. Lvs 1 2 m. 4 8 cm., broad at the middle ad iclied to droop from there, arrowed above base ito a chaelled petiole that is rarely > ½ lamia-width ad ofte occupies c. ¼ to 1/5 of lf-legth; lamia paler abaxially; midrib flat adaxially, promiet ad rouded abaxially; erves uequal, several rather strog ad sts differetly coloured, meetig midrib at appreciable agle; margis laxly revolute." 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat [Accessed 7 Apr 2017] "Threats - Commo ad ot threateed. Does ot seem so susceptible to Sudde Declie as C. australis has proved to be." 602 Produces viable seed y Burrows, C. J. (1999). Germiatio behaviour of seeds of the New Zealad woody species Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. pusilla, Cordylie baksii, Geiostoma rupestre, Myrtus bullata, ad Solaum aviculare. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 37(2), "Cordylie baksii seeds are ot quite as versatile as those of S. aviculare ad Geiostoma. However, they germiate i the light, or i darkess, resist dryig, ad at least some seeds sed shoots to the soil surface whe buried. Cordylie baksii resembles C. australis, a plat with very differet geeral ecology (Burrows 1995a), i this ability to germiate whe relatively deeply buried ad exted shoots to the surface. The species is very successful ad abudat i its preferred habitats i the mild, wetter climates of New Zealad. Its germiatio behavior o doubt cotributes to this." "Propagatio Techique - Easily grow from fresh seed. Ca be grow from stem, shoot ad truk cuttigs." 603 Hybridizes aturally y Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 9 of 14

10 Beever, R. E., & Parkes, S. L. (1996). Self-icompatibility i Cordylie australis (Asteliaceae). New Zealad Joural of Botay, 34(1), "Natural hybridisatio of C. australis has bee reported with C. baksii (Kirk 1874; Esler 1961 ) ad with C. pumilio (Carse 1926), ad artificial hybridisatio has bee demostrated both with C. kaspar ad with a putative F1 hybrid betwee C. australis ad C. kaspar (Beever 1981)." "Ofte foud i shrublads where it is sympatric with, ad ofte hybridises with Cordylie pumilio." 604 Self-compatible or apomictic Beever, R. E., & Parkes, S. L. (1996). Self-icompatibility i Cordylie australis (Asteliaceae). New Zealad Joural of Botay, 34(1), [Ukow. Related taxo self-icompatible] "Abstract Cotrolled polliatio amog four idividuals of Cordylie australis (cabbage tree, ti kouka) demostrate that this species is self-icompatible, settig little or o seed whe self polliated. Seed productio per fruit i wild trees was less tha half that observed followig artificial polliatio. Partheocarpic fruit productio is recorded i some wild populatios." [Ukow. Related taxo self-icompatible] "Abstract The tree from which the type material of the Three Kigs cabbage tree (Cordylie kaspar W. R. B. Oliver) was take is show to be self-icompatible. Beever, R. E. (1981). Self-icompatibility i Cordylie settig few seeds whe polliated by its ow polle. It sets abudat kaspar (Agavaceae). New Zealad Joural of Botay, 19(1), seeds whe polliated by Cordylie australis polle. ad by polle from oe of its ow seed progey. This latter plat is believed to be a hybrid betwee C. kaspar ad C. australis; it. ad other putative hybrids. show a leaf form itermediate betwee the two presumed parets." 605 Requires specialist polliators Butz Hury, V. M. (1995). Use of ative New Zealad plats by hoey bees (Apis mellifera L.): a review. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 33(4), Newstrom-Lloyd, L. E. (2013). Polliatio i New Zealad. Pp I Dymod JR ed. Ecosystem services i New Zealad coditios ad treds. Maaaki Wheua Press, Licol, New Zealad "Table 1 Checklist of ative New Zealad flora used by hoey bees accordig to the literature. Refereces cited here are give i Appedix 1." [Cordylie baksii - Resource = N - ectar source oly] "TABLE 1 List of Native Bee Plats from the Federated Farmers Bee Idustry Group Bee Plat Guides of November 2009 shows all species that were selected by beekeepers as good bee forage ad by farmers ad urseries as suitable for platig o farms. These plats are listed accordig to their regios i the 10 regioal Bee Plat Guides o or Bees" [Icludes Cordylie baksii] Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 10 of 14

11 606 Reproductio by vegetative fragmetatio "Easily grow from fresh seed. Ca be grow from stem, shoot ad truk cuttigs." 607 Miimum geerative time (years) >3 Shoot Gardeig Cordylie baksii 'Sprilecpik' (Forest cabbage tree 'Sprilecpik'). [Accessed 6 Apr 2017] "10-20 years To maturity" 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed uitetioally (plats growig i heavily trafficked areas) "Fruit 4-5 mm diam., globose, white, bluish-white, or blue. Seeds 2 mm diam., black, glossy, 2 sides flat the other covex."... "Life Cycle ad Dispersal - Fleshy berries are dispersed by frugivory (Thorse et al., 2009)." [Fruits & seeds relatively small, but otherwise lack meas of exteral attachmet] 702 Propagules dispersed itetioally by people y "Not as commoly cultivated as C. australis but still offered by may garde cetres, particularly a purple-coloured leaf variat. Easily grow ad great for steep poorly draied slopes or plated with other smaller shrub species such as Muehlebeckia astoii." 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce cotamiat "Fleshy berries are dispersed by frugivory" [ of produce cotamiatio] 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal "Fruit 4-5 mm diam., globose, white, bluish-white, or blue. Seeds 2 mm diam., black, glossy, 2 sides flat the other covex."... "Fleshy berries are dispersed by frugivory" Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 11 of 14

12 705 Propagules water dispersed y Burrows, C. J. (1999). Germiatio behaviour of seeds of the New Zealad woody species Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. pusilla, Cordylie baksii, Geiostoma rupestre, Myrtus bullata, ad Solaum aviculare. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 37(2), [Probably Yes] "The plat prefers well lit sites at forest margis ad alog river baks, ofte hagig dow over cliffs. It is commo i high raifall areas from North Aucklad to Fiordlad." 706 Propagules bird dispersed y Burrows, C. J. (1999). Germiatio behaviour of seeds of the New Zealad woody species Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. pusilla, Cordylie baksii, Geiostoma rupestre, Myrtus bullata, ad Solaum aviculare. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 37(2), "It is assumed that the seeds of each species are dispersed by birds. Blackbirds (Turdus merula) ad silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) were see eatig the berries of Solaum. Silvereyes ate Cordylie berries ad also the placeta masses, plus seeds, of Geiostoma." "Life Cycle ad Dispersal - Fleshy berries are dispersed by frugivory (Thorse et al., 2009)." 707 Propagules dispersed by other aimals (exterally) "Fleshy berries are dispersed by frugivory" [Dispersed iterally] 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y [Presumably Yes] "Fruit 4-5 mm diam., globose, white, bluish-white, or blue. Seeds 2 mm diam., black, glossy, 2 sides flat the other covex."... "Fleshy berries are dispersed by frugivory" 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) Royal Botaic Gardes Kew. (2017) Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. Available from: "Storage Behaviour: No data available for species. Of 2 kow taxa of geus Cordylie, % Orthodox(p/?)" [Ukow] "Fr. c. 4 5 mm. diam., globose, white or bluish. Seeds c. 2 mm. diam., ± shiig," Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 12 of 14

13 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 yr) Royal Botaic Gardes Kew. (2017) Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. Available from: Burrows, C. J. (1999). Germiatio behaviour of seeds of the New Zealad woody species Alseuosmia macrophylla, A. pusilla, Cordylie baksii, Geiostoma rupestre, Myrtus bullata, ad Solaum aviculare. New Zealad Joural of Botay, 37(2), "Storage Behaviour: No data available for species. Of 2 kow taxa of geus Cordylie, % Orthodox(p/?)" [Seeds may persist beyod oe year] "Most Cordylie seeds (92%) withstood dryig for several moths (Table 3). I the burial test, a few seeds of this species germiated ad set shoots to the soil surface i the first year, ad a few more i the secod year (Table 4). Results for the two replicates differed, with, i oe, oly oe seedlig appearig i the first year ad four i the secod year. I the other replicate seve seedligs appeared i the first year ad oe i the secod year." 803 Well cotrolled by herbicides y Robiso, R. ad Heitzelma, C Cabbage Tree (Cordylie australis) Distributio ad Maagemet i Califoria State Parks [Poster]. Califoria Ivasive Plat Coucil Symposium. October 8-11, Chico, CA [Related taxo effectively cotrolled with herbicides. Likely works o cogeers] "Cabbage tree removal bega i 2013 ad three chemical treatmets have bee tried with varyig degrees of success. Foliar applicatio has bee used o small plats (< 2 feet tall) while cut stump ad the EZ-Ject lace with cartridges of glyphosate has bee used o mature plats. Foliar sprayig gave modest success as the leaves shed moisture very effectively. Cut stump treatmets iduced sproutig from the base of the plat. Oe 8 foot log stalk re sprouted ito 6 idividuals. Treatmet with the EZ-Ject lace glyphosate cartridges appears to be the most effective. They deliver a precise dose of herbicide ito the truk of the plat, ad o resproutig has occurred. Treatmet with EZ-Ject lace glyphosate cartridges bega i December 2013 ad will cotiue ito the fall to help determie the most effective treatmet timig." 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire y [Probably yes. Most species i geus able to resprout after cuttig] "Propagatio Techique - Easily grow from fresh seed. Ca be grow from stem, shoot ad truk cuttigs." 805 Effective atural eemies preset locally (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) WRA Specialist Persoal Commuicatio Ukow Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 13 of 14

14 Summary of Risk Traits: High Risk / Udesirable Traits Shade tolerat Hybridizes with other Cordylie species Reproduces by seeds ad vegetatively Seeds dispersed by birds & itetioally by people Able to resprout after cuttig Low Risk Traits Native to temperate climates (may oly be a threat at higher elevatios) No reports of aturalizatio or ivasiveess to date Uarmed (o spies, thors, or burrs) Palatable to aimals ad humas Orametal Herbicides may provide effective cotrol Creatio Date: 6 Apr 2017 (Cordylie baksii Hook. f.) Page 14 of 14