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1 Supplementary Online Material of ( Journal of Insects as Food and Feed Knowledge, attitudes and practices on edible insects in Lango sub-region, northern Uganda J. Akullo, B.B. Obaa, J. Okwee Acai, D. Nakimbugwe and J.G. Agea Study area Figure S1. Map of Uganda showing the current districts of Lango sub-region (UBOS, 2014). Districts of Lango sub-region are Apac, Lira, Amolatar, Dokolo, Kole, Otuke, Oyam and Alebtong.

2 Sub counties surveyed Figure S2. Map of Alebtong district showing the sub-counties surveyed (UBOS, 2014). Reference Uganda Bureau of Stastistics (UBOS), Report national population and housing census. UBOS, Kampala, Uganda.

3 Supplementary Material S1. Questionnaire for household survey on knowledge, attitude and practices towards edible insects in Lango sub-region. Good morning/afternoon, My name is Jolly Akullo, You may have been already informed that a survey on Knowledge, attitude and practices towards Edible Insects in Lango Sub-region will be done this week in your area here. This study has been approved and certifies by the National Ethical Committee of Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (UNCST). Only anonymous data will be collected and analysed. You have been randomly selected to participate in this study. Your participation is voluntary. The interview will be short (about 20 minutes long). I will start by asking some few questions about you and your household. Questionnaire Number...Locality.. Part 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents 1.1 Sex Male Female 1.2 Age 1.3 Marital status Single Married Divorced Widow/widower 1.4 Education level No formal education Primary Secondary Tertiary 1.5 Major occupation 1.6 Land ownership Own land Does not own land 1.7 If own land, size of the land own (acres) <2 acres 2-4 acres >4 acres 1.8 Family size (number of people in the household) 1.9 Food sufficiency in the household Sufficient Not sufficient 1.10 Annual cash income (Uganda shillings) < , ,000 >400, Main sources of cash incomes On-farm off-farm

4 Part 2 Edible insects and their consumption 2.1 Which insects are eaten in this area? What is their local status (availability)? Edible insects Local status (Tick one which applies) Abundant Seasonally abundant Rare 2.2 Are there some edible insect species which are being more heavily sought after than others? (1) Yes (2) No If yes, which of the edible insect species which are more heavily sought after than others? How often has your household eaten edible insects listed in 2.1 above, in the last 12 months? (when in season). If you eaten them, did you collect or buy them or were they given to you by somebody else? Tick (can only be one ) Tick (can be all 3) Edible insects Frequency of consumption Mode of acquisition Never Rarely (in season) <1x/month Sometimes (in season) 1-4x/month Often (in season) >1x/week Collected Bought Given

5 2.4 In the last 12 months, has your household eaten more, less or the same amount of edible insects compared to in previous years? (Tick one which applies) (1) More (2) Less (3) Same (4) Never eaten Why, if more or less? 2.5 Do you think your household will eat more, less or the same of each of these resources in the next 12 months compared to the past 12 months? (Tick one which applies) (1) More (2) Less (3) Same (4) Never eaten Why, if more or less? Who in your household eats the edible insects and why? (Use 3 ticks for who eats most, 2 ticks for who eats more, 1 tick for who eats less) (Use 3 ticks for who eats most, 2 ticks for who eats more, 1 tick for who eats less) Men Women Children Why, most? Why, less?.

6 2.7 In the last 12 months, has anybody in your household sold any type of the edible insects to make money? (1) Yes (2) No (If yes, then go to 2.8, 2.9 & 2.10, otherwise go to next item 2.12) 2.8 If yes, for how many months in the last 12 months did you sell, and (2.9) what was the average income per month from these sales? (2.10) what year did they first start selling these insects? (If yes to any, Go to 2.11 otherwise Go to 2.12) Tick Fill in Fill in Fill in Edible insects Sold Months in last 12 months insects sold Average shillings /month Year first started selling insects 2.11 What caused the household members to start selling the insects? (More than one answer possible) Are there edible insects which you as a household used to eat in previous years, but which you no longer eat? (1) Yes (2) No If yes, Please list them If No, Why has your household stopped eating these insects?.....

7 2.13 Are there edible insects you as a household eat now which you did not eat in previous years? (1) Yes (2) No If yes, Please list them If yes, why has your household started eating these insects? What is the proportion of insect consumption (during the season when readily) in relation to your total household food intake during that season? Fill in the space......

8 2.15 About how often do you eat each of the following foods? (Tick one column for each food category). (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Never < 5 times per month 6-10 times per month times per month times per month > 20 times per month Cereals/grains (e.g. rice, maize/posho, millet, sorghum etc) Pulses (e.g. beans, lentils, peas etc) Roots & tubers (e.g. cassava, potatoes, yams etc) Vegetables (e.g. amalakwang, boyo, cabbage, dodo, bugga, acwica, ocuga, akeo etc) Fruits (e.g. tomatoes, pineapples, passion fruits, mangoes, pawpaws, oranges, lemons etc) Meat (beef, pork, goat, mutton, rabbit etc) Meat (chickens, ducks, turkeys, domesticated pigeons-doves) Meat (wild games & birds) Fish Edible insects Eggs Milk and dairy products Groundnuts, simsim (grounded or ungrounded) Oil, fat, butter Sugar, honey 2.16 What is your general perception about nutritional values of edible insects? (Probe for examples of edible insects).

9 2.17 Are there any cultural issues/taboos that you are know which associated with eating edible insects in this area. Edible insects cultural issues/taboos associated with eating edible insects 2.18 Apart from cultural issues/taboos, what are the key challenges hindering the consumption and promotion of edible insects to the wider community in Lango sub-region What strategies do you think can be utilized to enhance use and promotion of edible insects as food in Lango sub-region region?

10 2.20 Is there any other thing you would want to tell me about edible insects here in Lango sub-region?.... Otherwise, thank you so much for your valuable time for this interview.

11 Guides for Focus Group Discussions 1. Who in your household/community are mainly involved in collection of these edible insects (Summary from household survey)? Edible insects (Summary from household survey) Who collects of edible insects (Use 3 ticks for who collects most, 2 ticks who collect more, 1 tick for who less Men Women Children 2. For each of the following edible insects (key summary from household survey), describe how they are harvested (collected/captured), prepared and mode of consumption Edible insects How they are harvested (collected/captured) How they are prepared/processed before consumption Mode of consumption (e.g. snack, main meal, side dish) 3. Are there special innovative ways/approaches in which you use for adding value to edible insects before you consume or sell? (a) Yes (b) No. If yes, what are these approaches for adding value? Do you have any suggestion on these approaches can be improved? Edible insects Approaches in which you use for adding value to edible insects before you consume or sell Suggestion for improving the approach

12 How do you preserve the gathered/harvested edible insects for future use? Edible insects Preservation techniques Shelf life if the preserved product Availability calendar of edible insects in the study area Edible insects Times of availability (Months of the year) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec