Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn. New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn. New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand"

Transcription

1

2 Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand

3 Avocado Postharvest Quality An Overview Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside

4 Limitations to avocado postharvest handling Preharvest Factors Postharvest Factors Fruit maturity and quality Storage duration Stage of ripeness

5 Susceptibility to low storage temperatures External Chilling Injury Internal Chilling Injury

6 Body Rot Postharvest Diseases Stem End Rot

7 Anthracnose Body Rot Alternaria Stem End Rot Dothiorella Stem End Rot

8 Relationship between fruit age and unsound fruit % Unsound fruit (5% threshold) y = *exp(days/5.203) r 2 = 0.82, n= 50, p< Age when ripe (days) Dixon, Pak and Cutting

9 The continuum The most important thing to remember is that there is a continuum from the grower to the consumer The steps in the continuum Grower Packer Distribution - Consumer

10 Avocado Quality Attributes Can mean many things, depending at what point one is assessing the fruit How do you as a grower perceive quality? Appearance Factors Fruit size and shape, peel texture Freedom from defects such as insect scarring, wind damage, limb rub

11 Avocado Quality Attributes cont. Past the grower the Packinghouse Appearance to maximize packout of #1 fruit History of the grove STRESS, LOCATION Picking conditions HOT, DRY vs WET Delay from harvest to packer Time of season - MATURITY

12 Avocado Quality Attributes cont. Past the grower Distribution Source of fruit at certain times of the year - MATURITY Product Uniformity Ability to take ethylene in a predictable manner Have some storage life to adapt to marketing situations

13 Avocado Quality Attributes cont. Past the grower Consumer Source of fruit? Is there a difference between growing areas? Product Uniformity Ability to predict when ready to eat Freedom from defects Eating quality

14 Preharvest factors influencing fruit quality

15 Preharvest Factors Environmental Rootstock/Scion Spacing and Pruning Pest Management PGRs Irrigation Nutrition These factors are interactive and influence each other

16 How preharvest factors may influence fruit quality Development and maturation Physical effects on quality and packout Susceptibility to physiological and pathological breakdown

17 Climate and environment Temperature Wind Rainfall Fruit position on tree

18 Beware of discoloured stems Freeze Damage = Cold Stress Can see increased decay and low temperature damage after storage Effects could last for several weeks/months

19 Relationship between rainfall and peel damage rainfall (mm) daily rainfall peel damage (severity) 0 10/08/01 30/08/01 19/09/01 9/10/01 29/10/01 18/11/01 8/12/01 28/12/01 pick date Peel damage severity (%) Dixon, Mandemaker, Pak and Cutting

20 Body rots 10 severity (%) Influence of rainfall prior to harvest on Decay >20 rainfall (m m ) stem-end rots incidence (%) Dixon, Mandemaker, Pak and Cutting >20 rainfall (m m )

21 Clonal Rootstocks Enhanced yield possible Control of root rot Rootstock and Variety Interactions 500 Cumulative yield per tree (kg) Years after Planting Borchard Duke 7 Toro Canyon Topa Topa D9 G755A G755B G755C Clonal Rootstock

22 Nitrogen Nitrogen:Calcium Ratio Ratio % dry weigh G755C Duke 7 D9 Toro Canyon G755C Duke 7 D9 Toro Canyon Year Calcium Calcium Rootstock can influence nutrient composition 2.3 % dry weigh G755C Duke 7 D9 Toro Canyon Leaf analysis results Year

23 Rootstock and Variety Interactions Ca (g kg -1 DW ) a ns b Fruit skin Fruit flesh a ab Year b b c a a Seedling Velvick Clonal Velvick Clonal Duke 7 Rootstock influences Calcium levels in in the fruit

24 Fruit acceptability (%) a b a b b a ns b b a SV CV CD Rootstock and Variety Interactions Results from Australia 20 yr-old trees Diffuse discolouration Vascular browning 4 5C Rootstocks affect Hass avocado fruit rots and physiological disorders Flesh volume (%) 40 SV CV D Seedling Velvick Clonal Velvick Duke 7 c b a a a b Marques, Hofman 2002 Non-stored Stored

25 Effect of long-term irrigation regimes on the browning potential of 'Fuerte' avocado after 30 days storage PPO activity 35 kpa 55 kpa 80 kpa Irrigation Regime J.P. Bower, 1988 Irrigation effects on on fruit quality Increased browning potential following storage = mesocarp discoloration

26 Canopy Management/Pruning May have an effect on fruit quality Aim at fruit requirements not wood

27 % of flesh affected Leonardi, Whiley, Hofman b Unpruned ab Pruned after harvest Increased vegetative vigor from pruning can result in in increased decay and physiological disorders % of flesh affected a Pruned again in summer b Unpruned a Pruned after harvest Diffuse discoloration a Pruned again in summer ab Pruned in summer + Sunny

28 Avocado Seasonal Calcium Concentration 10 Fruit Ca (mg/kg DW)(X1000) Vigorous 'Fuerte' Non-Vig 'Fuerte' 8 Vigorous 'Hass' Non-Vig 'Hass' Weeks after Fruit Set G.W. Witney et al., 1990 Tree vigor influences calcium levels in in the fruit Calcium affects the rate of of ripening Regression of Days to Fruit Ripening and Calcium Concentration y = x , r = 0.92** Days to Ripen Calcium (mg/kg DM) Witney et al., 1990

29 3 r = 0.83** 2 Diffuse discoloration (1-5) Calcium fruit levels influences susceptibility to physiological problems and decay Calcium concentration (mg kg -1 ) Anthracnose severity (1-5) r = 0.88** Calcium concentration (mg kg -1 ) Hofman, Vuthapanich, Whiley, Klieber, Simmons 2001

30 PRE-HARVEST GROWING CONDITIONS WILL INFLUENCE POSTHARVEST QUALITY INTERACTION BETWEEN * orchard temperatures and rainfall mainly external defects/decay * vegetative growth/nutrient balance external and internal defects EXTENT OF PROBLEMS INFLUENCED BY * water stress * rootstock * canopy management strategies

31 Harvesting Operations Minimum Maturity Standards Harvesting Methods Delay between field and packer Harvesting conditions

32 Fruit quality to consumers is limited by harvest maturity: Immature watery, shriveling, inconsistent ripening, physiological disorders, susceptible to decay Overmature can be dry, rancid, seed germinating and more susceptible to decay

33 Physiological disorders accentuated with low maturity fruit External Chilling Injury Flesh Discoloration

34 Checkerboarding = Ripening Variability Difficult to predict time of ripeness; worse with low maturity Great variation in the days to ripe within a package even with ethylene treatment RESULT: Lack of ripe uniformity means more loss at point of purchase

35 Poor RIPE Skin Colouration

36 TASTE Hass Maturity Project (Preliminary Results) ALL DATA Hedonic score vs. Dry weight California results with Ventura Co. Hass fruit 9.0 Average Hedonic Score y = x R 2 = Percent Dry Weight Like moderately Like slightly Neither like or dislike Dislike slightly Dislike moderately Clearly at lower DW values, acceptability of fruit is marginal Data suggest that for a score of 6 the CA dry matter will be approximately 23%

37 Physical damage and chilling Skin spotting (Nodule damage) Discrete patches (chilling damage)

38 Physical damage and chilling

39 The importance of temperature management when harvesting From the grove onward

40 Protecting the fruit after harvest from high temperature has implications in the market place Temperature (F) Time Air Uncovered Space Temperature (F) BOTTOM TOP During the course of the day, fruit in the TOP 12 of the bin with no protection can reach temperatures in EXCESS of 35C whereas covered bins or those held in the shade can maintain temperatures close to ambient Fruit at the BOTTOM of the bin stay cool during the day Time Air Uncovered Space Source: Arpaia, M. L., 1994; Hass fruit harvested from Riverside county.

41 What is the outcome of high temperatures in the field after harvest? 40 % Decay 40 % Moderate/Severe Discoloration Uncovered Space Blanket Uncovered Space Blanket 0 Uncovered Space Blanket Uncovered Space Blanket BOTTOM TOP BOTTOM TOP Fruit from the BOTTOM of the bin (lower temperatures) had lower decay and less chilling injury after storage at 5C and ripening. However, fruit from the TOP of the bin, which were warmer, had higher levels of both decay and chilling injury. This is especially true for the fruit which came from the uncovered bins. Source: Arpaia, M. L., 1994; storage was for 6 weeks at 5C.

42 Short Duration High Temperature Effects on on Hass Fruit Storage and Quality (Arpaia, 1994) Pulp temperature effects during delayed cooling on fruit quality following 4 weeks at 5C m/s chilling injury decay Pulp Temp Control 20C 30C 40C Delayed cooling effects on fruit quality following 4 weeks at 5C Percent of Total Fruit m/s chilling injury decay Cooling delay 0 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr Percent of Total Fruit

43 Considerations in the grove Keep fruit in a cool place, out of the sun Handle the fruit gently Work with packinghouse to minimize delays from time of harvest to cooling Avoid picking when temperatures are high especially with late season fruit Avoid picking during or shortly after a rain event more decay Worker Safety; HAACP considerations for the future

44 Limitations to avocado postharvest handling Fruit maturity and quality at time of ripeness Immature watery; inconsistent ripening Overmature can be dry; seed germination and more susceptible to decay Time after harvest and how fruit are managed Increased risk of physiological disorders Stage of ripeness Ripe for tonight More difficult to handle ripe fruit

45 Market Fruit Quality Surveys Conducted in collaboration with CAC Merchandising Staff

46 Example of fruit shriveling Example of an overripe fruit with stem end rot, body rot and internal bruising Example of a stem end rot Example of body rots

47 A. B. A. Fruit with no bruising under the peel. B. Fruit which is very overripe and is exhibiting bruising under the peel. A. C. B. A. Very ripe fruit compressed by other fruit on display. B. Example of internal bruising. C. Very ripe fruit showing severe internal damage.

48 The average incidence of fruit quality problems judged to be either slight or moderate to severe Moderate to Sever e Slight 70 % of total fruit Firmness Shrivel Internal Bruising Bruising under Peel Body Rot StemEnd Rot Observed Problem Market Survey, 2005

49 The link between the preharvest environment and fruit quality BOTTOM LINE: Quality does NOT improve after harvest Nutritional management N, Ca relationships Rootstocks/pollinizers what is their influence? Stress Cold, Salinity, Irrigation management Canopy management managing light and tree vigor Fruit handling prior to the packhouse All contribute to fruit quality; interact w/ each other Important to consider fruit maturity as well

50 Thank you!

51

Hass Seasonality. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside

Hass Seasonality. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Avocado Postharvest Handling. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Avocado Postharvest Handling Avocado Postharvest Handling Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Major California Avocado Cultivars Bacon Fuerte Gwen Hass Lamb Hass Pinkerton Reed Zutano Hass

More information

Limitations to avocado postharvest handling. Factors to consider when ripening avocado

Limitations to avocado postharvest handling. Factors to consider when ripening avocado Factors to consider when ripening avocado Mary Lu Arpaia Univ. of CA Riverside, CA mlarpaia@ucanr.edu Limitations to avocado postharvest handling v Time after harvest (fruit age) v Stage of ripeness more

More information

Hass Seasonality. Postharvest Diseases. California Avocado Cultivars. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside

Hass Seasonality. Postharvest Diseases. California Avocado Cultivars. Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Avocado Postharvest Handling California Avocado Cultivars Bacon Fuerte Gwen Hass Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Lamb Hass Pinkerton Reed Zutano Hass Seasonality Susceptibility to low

More information

Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside

Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Avocado Postharvest Handling Mary Lu Arpaia University of California, Riverside Persea americana Mill. Family: Lauraceae 3 horticultural races Mexican Guatemalan West Indian (Antillean) 1 Avocado Most

More information

Factors to consider when ripening avocado

Factors to consider when ripening avocado Factors to consider when ripening avocado Mary Lu Arpaia Univ. of CA Riverside, CA mlarpaia@ucanr.edu Why Ripen Avocados? Untreated, fruit ripening may range from a few days to even weeks within a carton

More information

The road from the grove to the consumer

The road from the grove to the consumer The road from the grove to the consumer Mary Lu Arpaia Unusual things about the avocado fruit: Continued cell division during growth and development Contains many healthy phytochemicals and unusual sugars

More information

Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn. New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand

Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn. New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand Session Six Postharvest quality, outturn New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s s Conference 05 20-22 22 September 2005 Tauranga,, New Zealand Is Ripening and Post Harvest Quality Affected by Fruit

More information

Studies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados

Studies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados California Avocado Society 1993 Yearbook 77: 79-88 Studies in the Postharvest Handling of California Avocados Mary Lu Arpaia Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside

More information

Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados

Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 395-402 Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Postharvest Fruit Disorders of 'Fuerte' Avocados S.F. du Plessis and T.J. Koen Citrus and Subtropical

More information

The important points to note are: Firmometer value. Days after treatment

The important points to note are: Firmometer value. Days after treatment Avocado Growers Manual Postharvesting Handling If the fruit are held at 3 to 4 C once sprung, shelf life should not be affected. Care must be taken not to remove sprung fruit to a high temperature as this

More information

IMPACT OF RAINFALL PRIOR TO HARVEST ON RIPE FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS IN NEW ZEALAND

IMPACT OF RAINFALL PRIOR TO HARVEST ON RIPE FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS IN NEW ZEALAND Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 2003. pp. 629-634. IMPACT OF RAINFALL PRIOR TO HARVEST ON RIPE FRUIT QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS IN NEW ZEALAND H.A. Pak 1, J.

More information

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS : 15-26 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AVOCADO CULTIVARS LAMB HASS AND GEM MATURITY AND FRUIT QUALITY RESULTS FROM NEW ZEALAND EVALUATION TRIALS J. Dixon, C. Cotterell, B. Hofstee and T.A. Elmsly Avocado Industry

More information

EFFECTS OF DROP HEIGHTS AND FRUIT HARVESTING METHODS ON THE QUALITY OF 'HASS' AVOCADOS

EFFECTS OF DROP HEIGHTS AND FRUIT HARVESTING METHODS ON THE QUALITY OF 'HASS' AVOCADOS : 97-104 EFFECTS OF DROP HEIGHTS AND FRUIT HARVESTING METHODS ON THE QUALITY OF 'HASS' AVOCADOS A.J. Mandemaker, T.A. Elmsly and D.B. Smith. Avocado Industry Council Ltd, P.O. Box 1367, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding

More information

NEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY

NEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 23. pp. 647-62. NEW ZEALAND AVOCADO FRUIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY J. Dixon 1, H.A. Pak, D.B.

More information

IS RIPENING AND POST HARVEST QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS AFFECTED BY FRUIT WATER STATUS?

IS RIPENING AND POST HARVEST QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS AFFECTED BY FRUIT WATER STATUS? New Zealand and Australia Avocado Grower s Conference 05. 20-22 September 2005. Tauranga, New Zealand. Session 6. Postharvest quality, outturn. 9 pages. IS RIPENING AND POST HARVEST QUALITY OF HASS AVOCADOS

More information

Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples

Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples Pre- and Postharvest 1-MCP Technology for Apples Dr. Jennifer DeEll Fresh Market Quality Program Lead OMAFRA, Simcoe, Ontario, CANADA Specific topics Definitions SmartFresh SM vs. TM SmartFresh and disorders,

More information

Weight, g Respiration, µl/g-h Firmness, kg/cm

Weight, g Respiration, µl/g-h Firmness, kg/cm Postharvest Handling Melons and Winter Squash Ripe Melon Characteristics Cantaloupe Watermelon HoneyDew HoneyLoupe Canary Casaba Days from anthesis 55 5 0 Weight, g 00 100 50 000 Respiration, µl/g-h 17

More information

Hot water treatment of avocado fruit to induce cold tolerance

Hot water treatment of avocado fruit to induce cold tolerance South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1999. 22:48-50 Hot water treatment of avocado fruit to induce cold tolerance S Kremer-Köhne Merensky Technological Services, P.O. Box 14, Duivelskloof

More information

D Lemmer and FJ Kruger

D Lemmer and FJ Kruger D Lemmer and FJ Kruger Lowveld Postharvest Services, PO Box 4001, Nelspruit 1200, SOUTH AFRICA E-mail: fjkruger58@gmail.com ABSTRACT This project aims to develop suitable storage and ripening regimes for

More information

Melon Quality & Ripening

Melon Quality & Ripening Melon Quality & Ripening Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 17-18, 2015

More information

Tomato Quality Attributes

Tomato Quality Attributes León, Mexico - Sept Impact of Ripening & Storage Conditions on Ripe Tomato Quality Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences Univ. California, Davis, CA micantwell@ucdavis.edu; http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu

More information

Temperature Regimes for Avocados Grown In Kwazulu-Natal

Temperature Regimes for Avocados Grown In Kwazulu-Natal South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1996. 19:113-115 Temperature Regimes for Avocados Grown In Kwazulu-Natal C.C. Mans Haffenden Groves, Private Bag X11154, Schagen 1207 ABSTRACT This was

More information

Maximum maturation stage: Factors affecting the post-storage quality of fruits taken from a Fuerte and Hass orchard

Maximum maturation stage: Factors affecting the post-storage quality of fruits taken from a Fuerte and Hass orchard South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook. 2001. 24:17-21, 23 INTRODUCTION A number of factors are known or are considered to affect the poststorage quality of avocados. A clear association between

More information

ALTERNATIVES TO SPORTAK

ALTERNATIVES TO SPORTAK New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:32 35. ALTERNATIVES TO SPORTAK J. DIXON T. A. ELMSLY D. B. SMITH Avocado Industry Council, P.O. Box 16004, Bethlehem, Tauranga E-mail:

More information

Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions

Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 467-472 Response of 'Hass' Avocado to Postharvest Storage in Controlled Atmosphere Conditions Dana F. Faubion, F. Gordon Mitchell, and Gene Mayer Department

More information

Ripening Tomatoes. Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis

Ripening Tomatoes. Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis Ripening Tomatoes Marita Cantwell Dept. Plant Sciences, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Fruit Ripening and Ethylene Management Workshop Postharvest Technology Center, UC Davis, March 7-8, 0 Quality of

More information

Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Fruit maturity. Temperature.

Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Fruit maturity. Temperature. Lecture 4. Factors affecting ripening can be physiological, physical, or biotic. Physiological factors relate to fruit maturity or environmental factors, which affect the metabolism of fruit and banana.

More information

What Went Wrong with Export Avocado Physiology during the 1996 Season?

What Went Wrong with Export Avocado Physiology during the 1996 Season? South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1997. 20:88-92 What Went Wrong with Export Avocado Physiology during the 1996 Season? F J Kruger V E Claassens Institute for Tropical and Subtropical

More information

AVOCADO FARMING. Introduction

AVOCADO FARMING. Introduction AVOCADO FARMING Introduction Avocado is an important commercial fruit in Kenya both for local and export markets. The fruit is highly nutritious - rich in proteins and cholesterol free. Both large-scale

More information

Subtropical Fruits. Subtropical Fruits Include

Subtropical Fruits. Subtropical Fruits Include Subtropical Fruits Mark Ritenour Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce Jeff Brecht Horticultural Science Department, Gainesville Subtropical Fruits Some of these fruits are grown in tropical

More information

Avocado Farming. Common varieties grown in Kenya

Avocado Farming. Common varieties grown in Kenya Avocado Farming Introduction Avocado is an important commercial fruit in Kenya both for local and export markets. The fruit is highly nutritious fruit rich in proteins and cholesterol free. Both large-scale

More information

INCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS.

INCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS. : 43-50 INCREASING PICK TO PACK TIMES INCREASES RIPE ROTS IN 'HASS' AVOCADOS. J. Dixon, T.A. Elmlsy, D.B. Smith and H.A. Pak Avocado Industry Council Ltd, P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author:

More information

Avocado sugars key to postharvest shelf life?

Avocado sugars key to postharvest shelf life? Proceedings VII World Avocado Congress 11 (Actas VII Congreso Mundial del Aguacate 11). Cairns, Australia. 5 9 September 11 Avocado sugars key to postharvest shelf life? I. Bertling and S. Z. Tesfay Horticultural

More information

STORAGE SCALD OF APPLES

STORAGE SCALD OF APPLES STORAGE SCALD OF APPLES Dr. Eugene Kupferman WSU-TFREC, 11 North Western Ave. Wenatchee, WA 9881 kupfer@wsu.edu WHAT IS STORAGE SCALD? Simply put, storage scald is the diffuse browning of the skin of apples

More information

Pitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation

Pitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation Pitahaya postharvest management and sensory evaluation Mary Lu Arpaia, UC Riverside Marita Cantwell, UC Davis Ramiro Lobo, UCCE San Diego County David Obenland, USDA Parlier Pitahaya Production Seminar

More information

EVALUATION OF NEW HASS -LIKE AVOCADO CULTIVARS IN SOUTH AFRICA

EVALUATION OF NEW HASS -LIKE AVOCADO CULTIVARS IN SOUTH AFRICA Proceedings V World Avocado Congress (Actas V Congreso Mundial del Aguacate) 2003. pp. 129-133. EVALUATION OF NEW HASS -LIKE AVOCADO CULTIVARS IN SOUTH AFRICA S Kremer-Köhne and M L Mokgalabone Merensky

More information

Tomato Quality Attributes. Mature Fruit Vegetables. Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles

Tomato Quality Attributes. Mature Fruit Vegetables. Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles Mature Fruit Vegetables Tomatoes Peppers, Chiles Marita Cantwell, UC Davis micantwell@ucdavis.edu Maturity at harvest critical for quality Chilling sensitive, but variable in sensitivity Ethylene can control

More information

MALUMA HASS : A NEW RELEASED CULTIVAR IN COMPARISON WITH HASS

MALUMA HASS : A NEW RELEASED CULTIVAR IN COMPARISON WITH HASS MALUMA HASS : A NEW RELEASED CULTIVAR IN COMPARISON WITH HASS BY AA ERNST (ALLESBESTE NURSERY) REG. NO. ZA 20043215 INTRODUCTION HASS, A PREDOMINANTLY GUATEMALAN, WITH SOME MEXICAN GENES, WAS SELECTED

More information

MALUMA HASS : A NEW RELEASED CULTIVAR IN COMPARISON WITH HASS

MALUMA HASS : A NEW RELEASED CULTIVAR IN COMPARISON WITH HASS MALUMA HASS : A NEW RELEASED CULTIVAR IN COMPARISON WITH HASS BY AA ERNST (ALLESBESTE NURSERY) REG. NO. ZA 20043215 INTRODUCTION HASS, A PREDOMINANTLY GUATEMALAN, WITH SOME MEXICAN GENES, WAS SELECTED

More information

Developmental Continuum. Developmental Continuum. Maturity Indices PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY. Development. Growth. Maturation

Developmental Continuum. Developmental Continuum. Maturity Indices PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY. Development. Growth. Maturation Maturation and IMPORTANCE = Harvest Indices Sensory and Nutritional Quality Use Fresh market or Processed Adequate shelf-life Facilitate marketing standards Productivity Postharvest short Course, June

More information

A storage temperature regime for South African export avocados

A storage temperature regime for South African export avocados South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1987. 10:146-149 Proceedings of the First World Avocado Congress A storage temperature regime for South African export avocados LL VORSTER, JC TOERIEN

More information

SYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS

SYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS SYMPTOMS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE DAMAGE IN AVOCADOS C. YEARSLEY AND N. LALLU HortResearch, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland ABSTRACT Fruit quality following CA shipping has been variable with the appearance

More information

Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut

Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut Ripening and Conditioning Fruits for Fresh-cut Adel Kader UCDavis Management of Ripening of Intact and Fresh-cut Fruits 1. Stages of fruit development 2. Fruits that must ripen on the plant 3. Fruits that

More information

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY REDUCTION OF ETHYLENE GAS Presented By: David M. Webster CEO AgraCo Technologies International, LLC Source: Cornell University College of Agricultural and Life

More information

How to get and preserve good quality in apples a short survey

How to get and preserve good quality in apples a short survey How to get and preserve good quality in apples a short survey Factors affecting apple quality Bruising/Mechanical damage Physiological disorders Bitter Pit Scald Water core Sunburn (sunscald) Internal

More information

Harvest & Post Harvest Handing of Blueberries for Fresh & IQF Markets. Charles F. Forney Kentville Research and Development Centre

Harvest & Post Harvest Handing of Blueberries for Fresh & IQF Markets. Charles F. Forney Kentville Research and Development Centre Harvest & Post Harvest Handing of Blueberries for Fresh & IQF Markets Charles F. Forney Kentville Research and Development Centre Factors Affecting Fruit Quality and Market Life Fruit Quality Cultural

More information

1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP): An alternative for controlled atmosphere storage of South African export avocados

1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP): An alternative for controlled atmosphere storage of South African export avocados South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook. 2002. 25:25-34 25 1-Methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP): An alternative for controlled atmosphere storage of South African export avocados D Lemmer, F J Kruger,

More information

Peach and Nectarine Cork Spot: A Review of the 1998 Season

Peach and Nectarine Cork Spot: A Review of the 1998 Season Peach and Nectarine Cork Spot: A Review of the 1998 Season Kevin R. Day Tree Fruit Farm Advisor Tulare County University of California Cooperative Extension Along with many other problems, fruit corking

More information

Is fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage?

Is fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage? Is fruit dry matter concentration a useful predictor of Honeycrisp apple fruit quality after storage? T.L. Robinson 1, A.D. Rufato 2, L. Rufato 3 and L.I. Dominguez 1 1Dept. of Horticulture, NYSAES, Cornell

More information

POSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS postharvest.ucdavis.edu

POSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS   postharvest.ucdavis.edu POSTHARVEST SPECIALISTS http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu postharvest.ucdavis.edu Jim Thompson, Faculty Director Cooling, Transport, Fumigation Mary Lu Arpaia Subtropical Fruits Diane Barrett Processing &

More information

A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple

A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple FINAL PROJECT REPORT WTFRC Project Number: AP-07-707 Project Title: PI: Organization: A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple Elizabeth Mitcham University of California Telephone/email:

More information

Low temperature shipping and cold chain management of Fuerte avocados: An opportunity to reduce shipping costs

Low temperature shipping and cold chain management of Fuerte avocados: An opportunity to reduce shipping costs Low temperature shipping and cold chain management of Fuerte avocados: An opportunity to reduce shipping costs A Lütge, JP Bower and I Bertling Horticultural Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private

More information

COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT

COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT New Zealand Avocado Growers' Association Annual Research Report 2004. 4:36 46. COMPARISON OF CORE AND PEEL SAMPLING METHODS FOR DRY MATTER MEASUREMENT IN HASS AVOCADO FRUIT J. MANDEMAKER H. A. PAK T. A.

More information

Factors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility. Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU

Factors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility. Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU Factors Affecting Sweet Cherry Fruit Pitting Resistance/Susceptibility Yan Wang Postharvest Physiologist MCAREC, OSU Sweet cherry pitting #1 postharvest disorder Pitting not only detract from the appearance

More information

Postharvest Paradox. Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality. Harvest Maturity for Fruits: A balancing Act

Postharvest Paradox. Harvest Maturity and Fruit Quality. Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality. Harvest Maturity for Fruits: A balancing Act Fruit Maturity, Ripening and Quality Maturity at harvest very important to determine final fruit quality and storage life With few exceptions, fruits reach best eating quality when allowed to ripen on

More information

GROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

GROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES : 77-84 GROWTH RATES OF RIPE ROT FUNGI AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES T.A. Elmsly and J. Dixon Avocado Industry Council Ltd., P.O. Box 13267, Tauranga 3110 Corresponding author: tonielmsly@nzavaocado.co.nz

More information

Harvesting Stonefruit

Harvesting Stonefruit Harvesting Stonefruit Jeff Brecht Horticultural Sciences Dept. University of Florida jkbrecht@ufl.edu Maturity Optimum harvest maturity corresponds to maximum taste and storage quality (adequate shelf

More information

Ozone experimentation one the shelf life of various fruits

Ozone experimentation one the shelf life of various fruits Ozone experimentation one the shelf life of various fruits Abstract Earth Safe Ozone will investigate the effects of ozone on fruit storage at room temperature. Ozone has been shown to reduce mold and

More information

Figs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616

Figs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616 Figs Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Department of Pomology University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Edible figs are the

More information

THE INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF FUERTE AVOCADO FRUIT

THE INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF FUERTE AVOCADO FRUIT South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook 1984. 7:38-40 THE INFLUENCE OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF FUERTE AVOCADO FRUIT M J SLABBERT AND G J VELDMAN WESTFALIA ESTATES, DUIWELSKLOOF

More information

Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit. Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis

Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit. Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis 1-Methylcyclopropene Cyclic olefin gas Inhibitor of ethylene binding and action

More information

Harvesting and Postharvest Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Dates Handling of Dates

Harvesting and Postharvest Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Dates Handling of Dates Harvesting and Postharvest Harvesting and Postharvest Handling of Dates Handling of Dates Adel Kader UCDavis June. 2009 Khimri Stage of Development Khalal Stage of Development Date Orchard in Coachella

More information

Percent of the combined rankings of the reasons why consumers purchase peaches. 35.0

Percent of the combined rankings of the reasons why consumers purchase peaches. 35.0 jkbrecht@ufl.edu Combined Rankings (%) USDA Specialty Crops Research Project Increasing Consumption of Specialty Crops by Enhancing Their Quality & Safety Percent of the combined rankings of the reasons

More information

Materials and Methods

Materials and Methods Objective OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY SEED LABORATORY SUMMIT SEED COATINGS- Caldwell ID Final Report April 2010 Effect of various seed coating treatments on viability and vigor of two blends of Kentucky bluegrass

More information

THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT

THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT California Avocado Society 1966 Yearbook 50: 128-133 THE EFFECT OF ETHYLENE UPON RIPENING AND RESPIRATORY RATE OF AVOCADO FRUIT Irving L. Eaks University of California, Riverside Avocado fruits will not

More information

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax: Vegetable Crops PLSC 451/551 Lesson 7, Harvest, Handling, Packing Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311 Email: slove@uidaho.edu

More information

EFFECT OF FRUCOL APPLICATION ON SHELF LIVE OF IDARED APPLES

EFFECT OF FRUCOL APPLICATION ON SHELF LIVE OF IDARED APPLES EFFECT OF FRUCOL APPLICATION ON SHELF LIVE OF IDARED APPLES Viorica Chitu, Emil Chitu, Florin-Cristian Marin Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Pitesti, Romania. Abstract The paper present the results

More information

Fruit Set, Growth and Development

Fruit Set, Growth and Development Fruit Set, Growth and Development Fruit set happens after pollination and fertilization, otherwise the flower or the fruit will drop. The flowering and fruit set efficiency could be measured by certain

More information

Post-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions

Post-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions Post-Harvest-Multiple Choice Questions 1. Chilling injuries arising from the exposure of the products to a temperature a. above the normal physiological range b. below the normal physiological range c.under

More information

Sensory Quality Measurements

Sensory Quality Measurements Sensory Quality Measurements Evaluating Fruit Flavor Quality Appearance Taste, Aroma Texture/mouthfeel Florence Zakharov Department of Plant Sciences fnegre@ucdavis.edu Instrumental evaluation / Sensory

More information

Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Increase Fruit Set, Fruit Size and Yield and to Manipulate Vegetative and Floral Shoot Growth

Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Increase Fruit Set, Fruit Size and Yield and to Manipulate Vegetative and Floral Shoot Growth Proceedings of the California Avocado Research Symposium, October 30, 2004. University of California, Riverside. California Avocado Commission. Pages 96-107. Use of Plant Growth Regulators to Increase

More information

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple Beth Mitcham Dept. Plant Sciences UCDavis PINEAPPLE Maturity and Ripeness Stages 1 Intercultivar Differences in Composition of Pineapples Premium Select = Tropical

More information

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple

Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple Postharvest Handling Banana & Pineapple PINEAPPLE Beth Mitcham Dept. Plant Sciences UCDavis Maturity and Ripeness Stages Intercultivar differences in composition of pineapples Premium Select =Tropical

More information

AVOCADOS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

AVOCADOS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY California Avocado Society 1967 Yearbook 51: 59-64 AVOCADOS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY James H. LaRue Tulare County Farm Advisor The last general article on avocados in Central California was written for

More information

Disease management update for muscadines in the Southeast

Disease management update for muscadines in the Southeast Disease management update for muscadines in the Southeast Phillip M. Brannen Extension Plant Pathologist -- Fruits Plant Pathology Department University of Georgia Primary Southeastern Muscadine Diseases

More information

Specialty Vegetables Immature Fruit Vegetables

Specialty Vegetables Immature Fruit Vegetables Specialty Vegetables Immature Fruit Vegetables squash, cucumber, beans, eggplant, tomatillo, corn Peas in pods Green Onions Marita Cantwell micantwell@ucdavis.edu Postharvest Technology Short Course June

More information

PART 2 LIMES. 14. The standards and requirements for limes, excluding limes "For Processing Purposes Only", are as follows:

PART 2 LIMES. 14. The standards and requirements for limes, excluding limes For Processing Purposes Only, are as follows: EXPORT STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS: PART 2: LIMES Page 64 1999-12 PART 2 LIMES 14. The standards and requirements for limes, excluding limes "For Processing Purposes Only", are as follows: Definitions (1)

More information

Further refinement of Pinkerton export parameters

Further refinement of Pinkerton export parameters South African Avocado Growers' Association Yearbook. 2002. 25:51-55 51 Further refinement of Pinkerton export parameters B Snijder, M G Penter, J M Mathumbu and F J Kruger ARC-Institute for Tropical and

More information

QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT

QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT QUALITY OF IRRADIATED TROPICAL FRUIT Marisa Wall U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI Hawaii: Irradiation treatments approved for export to U.S. Fruit Abiu Atemoya Banana Breadfruit

More information

Avocado Postharvest Quality

Avocado Postharvest Quality Proceedings of the California Avocado Research Symposium, October 3, 24. University of California, Riverside. California Avocado Commission. Pages 112-125. Avocado Postharvest Quality Continuing Project:

More information

Proceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp

Proceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp Proceedings of The World Avocado Congress III, 1995 pp. 335-339 SENSITIVITY OF AVOCADO FRUIT TO ETHYLENE P.J. Hofman, R.L. McLauchlan and L.G. Smith Horticulture Postharvest Group Department of Primary

More information

WFLO Commodity Storage Manual

WFLO Commodity Storage Manual Peaches Revised 2008 Thermal Properties Fresh Dried English Metric English Metric Moisture, % 87.66 -- 31.80 -- Protein, % 0.70 -- 3.61 -- Fat, % 0.90 -- 0.76 -- Carbohydrate, % 11.10 -- 61.33 -- Fiber,

More information

Canola and Frost What happens to the seed?

Canola and Frost What happens to the seed? Canola and Frost What happens to the seed? Robert Park Oilseed Specialist MAFRI Growing Degree Days 2004 Examples of low temperature impact on Growing Degree Day accumulation 1 : Location Edmonton Saskatoon

More information

7. LOCALIZATION OF FRUIT ON THE TREE, BRANCH GIRDLING AND FRUIT THINNING

7. LOCALIZATION OF FRUIT ON THE TREE, BRANCH GIRDLING AND FRUIT THINNING The Division of Subtropical Agriculture. The Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research 1960-1969. Section B. Avocado. Pg 60-68. 7. LOCALIZATION OF FRUIT ON THE TREE, BRANCH GIRDLING AND FRUIT THINNING

More information

Olives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616

Olives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines. Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Olives Postharvest Quality Maintenance Guidelines Carlos H. Crisosto and Adel A. Kader Pomology Department University of California Davis, CA 95616 Scientific Name and Introduction Olive is a member of

More information

1-MCP reduces physiological storage disorders of Hass avocados

1-MCP reduces physiological storage disorders of Hass avocados Postharvest Biology and Technology 35 (2005) 43 60 1-MCP reduces physiological storage disorders of Hass avocados Allan. B. Woolf a,, Cecilia Requejo-Tapia a, Katy A. Cox a, Richard C. Jackman a, Anne

More information

STEM-END ROTS : INFECTION OF RIPENING FRUIT

STEM-END ROTS : INFECTION OF RIPENING FRUIT 1 STEM-END ROTS : INFECTION OF RIPENING FRUIT K.R. EVERETT The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd. Private Bag 919, Mt Albert, Auckland ABSTRACT Fruit from an unsprayed orchard

More information

Produce Specifications

Produce Specifications RODUCT : S CONTAMINANT Cherry Various With receival colour as pre-ordered; generally > ¾ red colour (stage 4-5 on QDPI Chart). Thin, smooth skin; firm, juicy flesh with mild to strong flavour; no foreign

More information

Ultra-low temperature shipping and cold chain management of Hass avocados: Investigation into reducing shipping costs

Ultra-low temperature shipping and cold chain management of Hass avocados: Investigation into reducing shipping costs Ultra-low temperature shipping and cold chain management of Hass avocados: Investigation into reducing shipping costs RD Kok, JP Bower and I Bertling Horticultural Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal

More information

Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop. Why use cold storage? Ripe Strawberries After 7 days. Respiration and Temperature.

Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop. Why use cold storage? Ripe Strawberries After 7 days. Respiration and Temperature. Fruit Ripening & Retail Handling Workshop Cold Storage Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables Mikal E. Saltveit Mann Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Why use cold storage?

More information

Produce Specifications

Produce Specifications OTHER NAMES : Lettuce Lettuce Cos Baby Leaves dark green colour, with light greenish on the heart leaves With fresh bright outer and inner leaves, slightly crinkly and undulating leaves, firm wide white

More information

Produce Specifications

Produce Specifications Produce Specifications PRODUCT : DISORDER Freshly Shelled Various Bright green peas. Bright green peas: fresh, clean in appearance. Free from foreign matter. Peas with crisp, sweet clean flavour: no foreign

More information

Avocados. References: Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Purdue University, University of California. SEASONAL AVAILABILITY

Avocados. References: Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Purdue University, University of California. SEASONAL AVAILABILITY Avocados The avocado is thought to have originated in Southern Mexico, but the fruit was cultivated from the Rio Grande down to central Peru before the Europeans arrived in the New World. The fruit grows

More information

10/11/16. Maturity and Quality Standards QUALITY. I. Components of Quality. Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht

10/11/16. Maturity and Quality Standards QUALITY. I. Components of Quality. Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht Maturity and Quality Standards Dr. Jeffrey K. Brecht Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville Dr. Mark A. Ritenour Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce QUALITY Quality is defined

More information

21/06/2009. Metric Tons (000) '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '

21/06/2009. Metric Tons (000) '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 ' How Increasing Temperatures Have Reduced Yields and Quality of Californian i Tree Fruit in Warm Years Ted DeJong Department of Plant Sciences UC Davis While much of the climate change discussion is focused

More information

Postharvest Sample Questions

Postharvest Sample Questions Describe some of the negative effects of commodity water loss? Product arriving at a distant market is found to have bruising, especially on fruit above the wheel axels. What likely happened to cause this

More information

Week Num, Northern H

Week Num, Northern H Sun World's Plums Days +/- Friar -77-70 -63-56 -49-42 -35-28 -21-14 -7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 Week Num, Northern H. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

More information

Post harvest physiology. Majid Javanmard

Post harvest physiology. Majid Javanmard Post harvest physiology Majid Javanmard Apple Bitter pit is a disorder in apple fruits, now believed to be induced by calcium deficiency. It occurs less commonly in pears. The disease was probably first

More information

Grapevine Cold Hardiness And Injury: Dynamics and Management

Grapevine Cold Hardiness And Injury: Dynamics and Management Grapevine Cold Hardiness And Injury: Dynamics and Management Dr. Robert Wample California State University- Fresno Low Temperature Tolerance Vs Avoidance Tolerance Supercooling Avoidance (?)(Permanent

More information

Skin Color. Fruit Shape 6/16/2011. Postharvest Handling of Mango. Cultivar Differences

Skin Color. Fruit Shape 6/16/2011. Postharvest Handling of Mango. Cultivar Differences Postharvest Handling of Mango Cultivar Differences Tommy Atkins Mango Kent Mango Keitt Mango Haden Mango Ataulfo Mango Assessing Maturity & Eating Quality Potential Skin Color Maturity at harvest determines

More information