Ethnobotany. Alexey Shipunov. Lecture 11. Minot State University. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 1 / 42
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1 Ethnobotany Alexey Shipunov Minot State University Lecture 11 Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 1 / 42
2 Results of the first exam Results of the first exam Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 2 / 42
3 Outline 1 Starch-containing plants Potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos 2 Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Cassava, Manihot esculenta Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 3 / 42
4 Outline 1 Starch-containing plants Potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos 2 Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Cassava, Manihot esculenta Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 3 / 42
5 Potato Starch-containing plants Potato Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 4 / 42
6 Potato History of potatoes Domesticated around 3,000 BC and together with quinoa became the main food of Inca empire Initially, used mostly as a freeze-dry chunjo Is known in Europe since 1601 In XVIII century, was forcedly introduced into culture by many European monarchs and then became widely adopted Now, the main producers are China, Russia, India and U.S. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 5 / 42
7 Potato DNA test of European potato cultivars Amplified PCR products of the plastid trnv-uac/ndhc intergenic spacer region of 12 pre-1850 Solanum tuberosum specimens (Ames & Spooner, 2008) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 6 / 42
8 Potato Main dates of potato introduction (from Ames & Spooner, 2008) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 7 / 42
9 Potato Great Irish famine and Phytophthora infestans Potato occured to be susceptible for several dangerous pathogens, e.g., potato blight fungus (Phytpophtora infestans) Pandemic of potato blight covered Europe in the middle of XIX century ( ), when potato became the main food in many northern European countries including Ireland In Ireland, it resulted in 1 million deaths and decreasing of population to 25% due to emigration Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 8 / 42
10 Potato Potato blight, Phytophtora infestans Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 11 9 / 42
11 Potato One of Irish famine monuments Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
12 Potato Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) One of the most dramatical example of American invasive species in Europe In Colorado Rocky Mountains, these beetles were feeding on Solanum rostratum plants but not on potato During World War I and then especially World War II, it became spreading across all Western Europe and then eastward Distribution is now covered all North Hemisphere (except China) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
13 Colorado potato beetle... Potato Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
14 Potato... and its first host, Solanum rostratum Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
15 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
16 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Belongs to morning glory genus Ipomoea from Convolvulaceae family Cultivated for thickened secondary roots (tuberous roots, not tubers!) Contain 12% of starch, 5% of sugars, little proteins and almost no fat Rich of vitamins, especially vitamin A precursor beta-carotene Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
17 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Sweet potato morphology Herbaceous vine, perennial plant cultivated as annual Tuberous roots are large, up to 25 kg Reproduction is both from seeds and vegetative, from root and stem parts (cuttings) Large, trumpeting, insect-pollinated flowers Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
18 Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
19 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Sweet potato agriculture Pure tropical culture, does not tolerate frost Requires short days, full sun, light soil Planting as cuttings, this increases the number and weight of tuberous roots (subsidiary roots) Green part is used as a forage for animals Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
20 Planting of sweet potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
21 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos History of sweet potato Domesticated in Central America almost 3,000 BC and spread to Polynesia before European colonization In Polynesia, it is called the kumara, remarkably similar to the Quechua kumar in Peru: that is one of reasons for Thor Heyerdahl Kon-Tiki expedition Now two main producers are China and Nigeria Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
22 Kot-Tiki raft, 1947 Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
23 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
24 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Sweet potato distribution revealed with the help of chloroplast DNA Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
25 Sweet potato distribution map Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
26 Cassava, Manihot esculenta Starch-containing plants Cassava, Manihot esculenta Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
27 Cassava, Manihot esculenta Cassava, manioc, Manihot esculenta Belongs to the tree genus Manihot from spurge family Euphorbiaceae Third largest source of carbohydrates in the world It is a shrub cultivated as annual (!) Secondary roots (not stems!) are thickening and form tuberous parts In Spanish, called yuca (do not mix with aloe-like Yucca plant). Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
28 Cassava plantation Starch-containing plants Cassava, Manihot esculenta Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
29 Cassava, Manihot esculenta Cassava features Tuberous roots have high amount of dry mass (30%), high in starch, phosphorous and vitamin C but poor in proteins and essential amino acids Toxic, contain cyanogenic compounds which are liberating hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Consequently, should be pressed, soaked, cooked or fermented before use. Without preparation caused a konzo disease. Harvesting is manual; roots are deteriorated fast and should be processed as soon as possible Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
30 Cassava preparation: peeling Cassava, Manihot esculenta Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
31 Cassava preparation: grinding Cassava, Manihot esculenta Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
32 Cassava preparation: pressing Cassava, Manihot esculenta Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
33 Cassava preparation: drying Cassava, Manihot esculenta Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
34 Cassava, Manihot esculenta Cassava history Domesticated in Brazil around 6,000 BC Went to Africa with Portuguese trades and then to south-west Asia Now, Nigeria and Thailand are biggest producers Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
35 Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Starch-containing plants Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
36 Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Yam, Dioscorea spp. Several species of large genus Dioscorea and Dioscoreaceae family Cultivated for tubers (morphologically similar to potato tubers) Frequently used as a flour Could be stored up to half-year, even in tropical climate Sweet potato is sometimes called yam in U.S. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
37 Yam, Dioscorea Starch-containing plants Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
38 Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Yam features Tubers could be huge: up to 2.5 m and 70 kg Contain starch, significant amounts of vitamin C, and several microelements Hilling is an important stage of cultivation Long vegetation period (up to 1 year) Due to the size of tubers, harvesting is only manual Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
39 Yam plantation Starch-containing plants Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
40 Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Yam history Three most cultivated species: Dioscorea rotundata, yellow yam of Africa; D. alata, water yam of Polynesia; and D. opposita, Chinese yam These species were separately domesticated, most probably prehistorically During potato pandemic, Dioscorea alata cultivation started in Europe, still cultivated in France Now the biggest producer is Nigeria Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
41 Water yam of Tonga Starch-containing plants Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
42 Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. Summary Starch-containing plants are accumulating starch or inulin in underground parts Sweet potatoes and cassava (manioc) are two largest starch sources after potato Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
43 For Further Reading Starch-containing plants Yam (tropical yam), Dioscorea spp. A. Shipunov. Ethnobotany [Electronic resource] onwards. Mode of access: P. M. Zhukovskij. Cultivated plants and their wild relatives [Electronic resource]. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Abridged translation from Russian. Mode of access: zhukovskij1962_cultivated_plants.pdf. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture / 42
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