101 Is the species highly domesticated?

Transcription

1 Famil: Malvaceae Taxo: Abelmoschus maihot Som: Abelmoschus midaaesis Warb. ex Perkis Abelmoschus puges (Roxb.) Voigt Hibiscus maihot L. Hibiscus puges Roxb. Hibiscus tetraphllus Roxb. ex Horem. Commo Name: maioc hibiscus suset hibiscus bele Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 1 of 8

2 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score 1 Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 2 of 8

3 Supportig Data: Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: [Is the species highl domesticated? Ssp. maihot is highl domesticated] "Va Borssum Waalkes (1966) states that i A. maihot subsp. maihot, "obviousl ma has isolated a group with more useful characters...it must have origiated b deliberate selectio b ma of more useful, ultimatel glabrous ad smooth forms from wild, hair ad prickl oes."" [Is the species highl domesticated? Wild tpe No. Cultivated tpes Yes] " a highl variable species that icludes both the domesticated subsp. maihot ad the wild subsp. tetraphllus (Horema) Borssum Waalkes, the latter ragig from Idia through the Philippies ad Idoesia to orther Australia." "Some cultivars grow as vegetables do ot flower ad are propagated b cuttigs." [Is the species highl domesticated? Assessmet is for wild tpe] "This bush is oe of the aciet plats of Vauatu, diversified b local farmers ad widel eate i rural areas." "Islad cabbage (aibika) is a aciet plat i the Melaesia subsistece crop complex. Origiall from the Ido-Malaa regio, it is foud i souther Chia, from Malasia to Fiji, ad i New Caledoia where it is called chou caaque (Kaak cabbage). Curiousl, it was ol itroduced to Polesia quite late. I Vauatu it is preset i all tpes of garde, associated with other crops. It is sold i the markets throughout the ear." [Is the species highl domesticated? No evidece] "Borssum Waalkes (Blumea 14: ) recogized two subspecies: subsp. maihot ad subsp. tetraphllus (Roxburgh) Borssum Waalkes. The latter further divided ito var. puges, with prickl hairs o the epicalx, ad var. tetraphllus, which is foud i Idoesia ad Philippies, without such hairs o the epicalx." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native: ASIA- TEMPERATE Chia: Chia ASIA-TROPICAL Idia Subcotiet: Bhuta; Idia; Nepal; Pakista Ido-Chia: Mamar; Thailad [.] Malesia: Idoesia; Malasia; Papua New Guiea; Philippies" [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Possibl No] "Islad cabbage (aibika) likes humidit, fertile soils ad low altitudes." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Possibl Yes] "Grasslads, streamsides, margis of farms; m." [Evirometall versatile. Elevatio rage exceeds 1000 m] [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Geus - "About 15 species: tropical ad subtropical regios i E Hemisphere; six species (oe edemic, oe itroduced) i Chia." Species -"Grasslads, streamsides, margis of farms; m. Fujia, Guagdog, Guagxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hea, Hubei, Hua, Shaaxi, Shadog, Sichua, Taiwa, Yua [Idia, Nepal, Philippies, N Thailad]." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Mexico] [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Hawaii] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Abelmoschus maihot occurs from souther Asia to New Guiea ad Australia; it is itroduced i cultivatio ad sometimes aturalized i Mexico, geerall ear huma habitatio, usuall i hot, humid lowlads" Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 3 of 8

4 Werre, G.. Evirometal Weeds of the Wet Tropics Bioregio: Risk Assessmet & Priorit Rakig. Raiforest CRC, Cairs, Australia McCormack, G.. Cook Islads Biodiversit Database, Versio Cook Islads Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotoga Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia Werre, G.. Evirometal Weeds of the Wet Tropics Bioregio: Risk Assessmet & Priorit Rakig. Raiforest CRC, Cairs, Australia Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Appedix 2 List of exotic plats that have aturalised withi the Wet Tropics Bioregio arraged alphabeticall b famil (Source: Queeslad Herbarium records (HERBRECS) to November 2000; emeded b cocateatig cospecific subspecies/varieties (idicated b strikethrough), ad isertig additioal species (i red fot) otherwise kow to have aturalised withi the regio)" [Abelmoschus maihot icluded i list] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Not i Cook Islads] "Itroduced - Recet, Not aturalised; Lad, lowlads" [Naturalized beod ative rage? Escaped] "Borssum Waalkes (Blumea 14: ) recogized two subspecies: subsp. Maihot ad subsp. tetraphllus (Roxburgh) Borssum Waalkes. The latter further divided ito var. puges, with prickl hairs o the epicalx, ad var. tetraphllus, which is foud i Idoesia ad Philippies, without such hairs o the epicalx." "Plats with few prickl hairs have bee selected for cultivatio ad sometimes are foud as escapes." [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Possibl] Cited as a weed of uspecified impacts [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No evidece] [Evirometal weed? No] Listed as aturalized [Cogeeric weed?] Other species listed as weeds of uspecified impacts [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Subshrubs to 2.5 m tall, the stems sparsel atrorsel pubescet with short rigid hairs. Leaf blades mostl 8-12 cm log, slightl wider tha log, usuall 5-lobed, coarsel detate, glabrate above ad beeath; petioles usuall shorter tha the blades." WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Presumabl No] Widel cultivated food plat with o reports or idicatios of allelopathic properties Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophtes Ol). Volume 2. Pacific Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai, HI Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophtes Ol). Volume 2. Pacific Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai, HI [Parasitic? No] "...Abelmoschus maihot is see as a coarse, pereial, ofte suffruticose herb 1-3 m. high " [Malvaceae] [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Palatable to humas so probabl palatable to aimals] "The commol cultivated varieties of aibika are ohair, with soft, palatable leaves, although withi the Papua New Guiea collectio there are varieties with hair stems ad hard-textured leaves" [Toxic to aimals? No evidece] [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges?] "As with other cultivated Malvaceae, such as okra ad cotto, aibika is attractive to isects." "Table 24 summarizes iformatio o ematodes associated with aibika (Pacific Plat Protectio Iformatio Sstem 1996). Ifestatio with root kot ematodes ca ofte be observed. Page (1986) describes aibika as a importat host of Meloidoge icogita ad M. javaica. She suspects that these two species ma cause coditios favourable to collar rot. Root kot galls ca ofte be observed without collar rot smtoms. Muthappa (1987) foud Aphelechus aveae associated with collar rot smptoms. Further ivestigatio is eeded to clarif the role of ematodes i aibika collar rot (see Collar Rot Complex). Other serious pests of aibika iclude slugs ad the Giat Africa Sail (Achatia fulica Bowd)." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Geeral ivertebrate pests] "Its two mai pests are the Giat Africa Sail (Achatia fulica) which eats the buds of recetl plated cuttigs, ad a small polphagous beetle (Adoretus versutus) which likes the teder leaves ad turs them ito lacework full of holes." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] "the oug leaves ad brach tips are cooked ad eate as grees. At least four differet forms, presumabl cultivars, are recogized b Fijias." Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 4 of 8

5 Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] "The masticated seeds, applied to the site of the bite, are said to be effective agaist poisoous sakes." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] "Islad cabbage (aibika), whose leaves become glue after cookig, is the favourite vegetable of the i-vauatu. The cook it i differet was. Most ofte it is cut ito ver thi strips, boiled i a little salted water ad the flavoured with cocout milk. The broad leaves of certai cultivars are used as the outer coverig of small lap-laps of baaa or cassava, cooked i a marmite. The leaves ma also be cooked with pieces of meat i a ove of hot stoes. The are sometimes fried o the stove. Whatever mode of cookig is chose, the leaves are rarel cooked b themselves ad the mix well with oios, other gree leaves, cocout milk, fish ad meat. The leaves are rich i protei, calcium ad vitamis A ad C." "It is sometimes used as a medicial plat i Papua New Guiea, Idoesia ad other Oceaia islads. I Vauatu the hot stems are applied to fugal ifectios of the feet. Wome i labour drik a decoctio of aibika to ease labour, ad it is also said to stimulate lactatio." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No evidece based o ecolog] "Aibika thrives i tropical lowlad eviromets (altitude m). I Papua New Guiea it is cultivated both i the seasoall dr lowlads (aual raifall mm) ad i the wet lowlads (aual raifall >2000 mm). It is also cultivated i the highlads (altitude >2000 m, aual raifall >2000 mm) though, as for the sweet potato staple, growth is relativel slow at higher altitudes, ad isect damage to aibika is relativel severe at high altitudes. R.M. Bourke (pers. comm.) recorded aibika as high as 2110 m ad observed a sharp upper altitudial limit at 1900 ± SE 110 m, i a sample of 20 areas." Plats for a Future Database. Abelmoschus maihot. belmoschus+maihot [Accessed 03 Dec 2012] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No] "It caot grow i the shade. It prefers moist soil." Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Frakli, J./Keppel, G./Whistler, W.A.. The vegetatio ad flora of Lakeba, Naau ad Aiwa Islads, Cetral Lau Group, Fiji. Microesica. 40(1/2): Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Aibika tolerates a wide rage of soil tpes but grows best i sad loam ad cla loam soils with ph betwee 5 ad 7. Growth is poor o the highl alkalie soils of the coral atolls, because of microutriet deficiecies ad drought. Compostig is ecessar to esure vigorous growth uder atoll coditios (see Chapter 11 - Agroom)." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Subshrubs to 2.5 m tall" [Forms dese thickets? No evidece] "it is itroduced i cultivatio ad sometimes aturalized i Mexico, geerall ear huma habitatio, usuall i hot, humid lowlads" [Forms dese thickets? No evidece] [Forms dese thickets? No evidece] "Aborigial itroductio. Trop. Asia. Subshrub with alterate, palmatel lobed leaves. Pereial shrub plated i food gardes" [Aquatic? No] Terrestrial [Grass? No] Malvaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Malvaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Subshrubs to 2.5 m tall, the stems sparsel atrorsel pubescet with short rigid hairs." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No evidece] Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 5 of 8

6 Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Siemosma, J.S.. West africa okra Morphological ad ctogeetical idicatios for the existece of a atural amphidiploid of Abelmoschus esculetus (L.) Moech ad A. maihot (L.) Medikus. Euphtica. 31(1): Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Tagi, A.P.. Ctogeetics ad Reproductive Biolog of some BELE (Abelmoschus maihot Li., Medic Sub-Species maihot) Cultivars. The South Pacific Joural of Natural Sciece. 20(1): Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Todarwal, A./Jai, P./Bari, S.. Abelmoschus maihot Li: ethobota, phtochemistr ad pharmacolog. Asia Joural of Traditioal Medicies. 6(1): Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Capsules 5-6 cm log, 2.5 cm i diameter, fusiform, apicall acumiate, hispid with spreadig simple hairs 3 mm log; seeds 3.5 mm log, miutel pubescet, striped." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "It is a autogamous plat that is propagated b cuttigs but ca produce fertile seeds." [Hbridizes aturall? Possibl. Able to artificiall cross] "Iterspecific hbridizatio. There are o reports o failure of 'itraspecific' crosses i A. esculetus, but crosses betwee the races or species 2 = 72 ad 2 = ± 130 have, to m kowledge, ever bee tried. O the other had, Pal et al., (1952) obtaied sterile hbrids i crosses betwee differet forms of A. maihot i a wide sese." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "Abelmoschus species are self-fertile (Hamo ad Koechli 1991a). Had-polliatio ad studies of seedlig pheotpes idicate that aibika is self-fertile (Westwood ad Kesava 1982)." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "Four locall grow (from Fiji Islads) ad three imported (from Papua New Guiea), a total of seve BELE (Abelmoschus maihot Li., Medic sub-species maihot) cultivars were ivestigated for their ctogeetics ad reproductive biolog. Chromosome coutig from flower buds ad root tips showed that chromosome umber i all the seve cultivars does ot exceed 2=66. Polle viabilit i all the seve cultivars was high, exceedig 85% from polle staiig techique ad 78% from polle germiatio techique. All the seve Bele cultivars were full self-compatible. Cross-compatibilit amog four local cultivars ad three cultivars from Papua New Guiea was ver high. However cross compatibilit betwee local (Fijia) cultivars ad cultivars from Papua New Guiea was partial idicatig some degree of geetic differece betwee cultivars from two coutries. This could be due to differeces i compatibilit alleles betwee cultivars from Fiji ad Papua New Guiea. Procedures such as cuttig the stle shorter ad placig polle grais to ehace ad affect fertilisatio to get cross seed were suggested." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "It is a autogamous plat that is propagated b cuttigs but ca produce fertile seeds." [Self fertilizatio (also kow as autogam) occurs i hermaphroditic orgaisms where the two gametes fused i fertilizatio come from the same idividual.] [Requires specialist polliators?] "Pedicels cm log, atrorsel hispid; ivolucel of 4-6 laceolate to ovate bracts, each 5-8 mm wide, more or less persistet; calx cm log, soft pubescet; corolla 6 cm log; athers pallid; stigmas purple." [Requires specialist polliators? No evidece] "Flowers sprout i the warmer moths ad the are polliated b isects with variable levels of crossfertilizatio." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No evidece of atural vegetative spread] "Aibika is eas to grow ad is ormall propagated b stem cuttigs. Seed is ol produced b some varieties ad i small quatities. Seedlig growth is relativel slow." [Miimum geerative time (ears)? <1] "Herbs aual or pereial, 1 2 m tall, most parts log simple-hispid ad miutel simple- or few raed pubescet. Stipules liear-laceolate, sometimes 2 o each side of petiole, cm; petiole 6 18 cm; leaf blade palmatel 5 9-lobed, cm i diam., lobes obloglaceolate, sometimes ± piatel lobed, cm, sparsel log hispid o both surfaces, margi robustl, obtusel serrate." Plats for a Future Database. Abelmoschus maihot. [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 1] " A pereial plat, it is geerall teder i the temperate zoe but ca be grow outdoors as a aual, flowerig well i its first ear ad settig seed[200, K]. Plats will occasioall overwiter i a cold belmoschus+maihot [Accessed 03 Dec 2012] greehouse[k]. It grows well i a orametal vegetable garde[200]." Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 6 of 8

7 Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., Frxell, P.A.. Malvaceae of Mexico. Sstematic Bota Moographs. 25: Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No evidece] "Capsule oblog-ovoid, petagoous, acumiate, b cm, with 5 promiet costae, betwee the costae cocave, usuall desel hispid especiall o the costae, ad ofte stellate tometose; valves iside shiig, ellow, hirsute b white simple hairs. Seeds globular to reiform, 3 4 mm diam, with miute warts ad stellate hairs i cocetric rows, glabrescet, dark brow or black." "It seems ulikel that A. maihot, with relativel large, smooth seeds, would be carried log distaces b aimals, birds, wid or water. Dispersal of vegetative material b ma is more probable." [Capsules/seeds lack meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "It is ofte plated aroud the edges of gardes where it the serves as a hedge ad a widbreak." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No evidece] "Aibika is eas to grow ad is ormall propagated b stem cuttigs. Seed is ol produced b some varieties ad i small quatities." [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No evidece] "Capsule oblog-ovoid, petagoous, acumiate, b cm, with 5 promiet costae, betwee the costae cocave, usuall desel hispid especiall o the costae, ad ofte stellate-tometose; valves iside shiig, ellow, hirsute b white simple hairs. Seeds globular to reiform, 3-4 mm diam, with miute warts ad stellate hairs i cocetric rows, glabrescet, dark brow or black." "It seems ulikel that A. maihot, with relativel large, smooth seeds, would be carried log distaces b aimals, birds, wid or water. Dispersal of vegetative material b ma is more probable." [Capsules & seeds lack obvious adaptatios for wid dispersal] [Propagules water dispersed? Distributio suggests possibl es] "Grasslads, streamsides, margis of farms; m." [Propagules bird dispersed? Probabl No. Not flesh-fruited] "Capsules 5-6 cm log, 2.5 cm i diameter, fusiform, apicall acumiate, hispid with spreadig simple hairs 3 mm log; seeds 3.5 mm log, miutel pubescet, striped." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "Capsule oblog-ovoid, petagoous, acumiate, b cm, with 5 promiet costae, betwee the costae cocave, usuall desel hispid especiall o the costae, ad ofte stellate tometose; valves iside shiig, ellow, hirsute b white simple hairs. Seeds globular to reiform, 3 4 mm diam, with miute warts ad stellate hairs i cocetric rows, glabrescet, dark brow or black." "It seems ulikel that A. maihot, with relativel large, smooth seeds, would be carried log distaces b aimals, birds, wid or water. Dispersal of vegetative material b ma is more probable." [Seeds lack meas of exteral attachmet] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Ukow] Presto, S.R.. Aibika I Bele. Abelmoschus maihot el.) Medik. Promotig the coservatio ad use of uderutilized ad eglected crops. 24. IPGRI / IPK, Rome / Gaterslebe Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, Wu, Z.Y./Rave, P.H./Hog, D.Y. ( eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 12 (Hippocastaaceae through Theaceae).. Sciece Press Beijig, ad Missouri Botaical Garde Press, St. Louis., Roal Botaic Gardes Kew. Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Probabl No] "Aibika is eas to grow ad is ormall propagated b stem cuttigs. Seed is ol produced b some varieties ad i small quatities." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ulikel] "The fruit is pear-shaped ad is a five-sided capsule, measurig 4 6 cm x 2 cm ad cotaiig umerous seeds." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ulikel] "Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, cm, desel hirsute. Seeds ma, reiform, with several lies of hairs." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] "Storage Behaviour: Orthodox? Storage Coditios: This species ma show orthodox seed storage behaviour" WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 7 of 8

8 Walter, A., Lebot, V.. Gardes of Oceaia, ACIAR Moograph No Australia Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research / IRD Editios, [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Growth is ver rapid, ad after two moths a umber of leaves ca be harvested each week. After oe ear the bush is full developed ad the leaves ca be cut more ofte ad more extesivel, which icreases the brachig of the plat. Islad cabbage is available throughout the ear. It cotiues to grow beod oe ear, but teds to develop too much vegetative growth after three ears of age. It is the ecessar either to prue it back where it is or to abado it ad replat elsewhere." WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 12/4/2012 Abelmoschus maihot (Malvaceae) Page 8 of 8

9 Summar of Risk Traits High Risk / Udesirable Traits Naturalized i Mexico, Australia ad possibl elsewhere Thrives i tropical climates Potetiall weed relatives i geus Tolerates ma soil coditios (ad potetiall able to exploit ma differet habitat tpes) Self-fertile Potetial to reach maturit i uder 1 ear Viable seeds dispersed b people, ad possibl water Abilit to resprout after repeated cuttig Low Risk / Desirable Traits Despite abilit to spread, o serious egative impacts have bee documeted Log histor of cultivatio ad domesticatio. Certai cultivars ma produce limited or o seeds Shade itolerat Leaves ad brach tips cooked ad eate as grees No-toxic Relativel large capsules ad seeds, if produced, are ulikel to be iadvertetl dispersed