101 Is the species highly domesticated?

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1 Famil: Taxo: Solaaceae Brufelsia australis Som: Commo Name Yesterda-Toda-Ad-Tomorrow Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae) Page 1 of 7

2 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 2 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score -3 Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae) Page 2 of 7

3 Supportig Data: Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Riffle, R. L.. The Tropical Look - A Ecclopedia of Dramatic Ladscape Plats. Timber Press, Portlad, OR Floridata. Brufelsia pauciflora. Floridata.com, Tallahassee, Florida Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Wager, W. L./Herbst, D. R./Lorece, D. H.. Flora of the Marquesas Islads website. Smithsoia Istitutio, uesasflora/idex.htm Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Yesterda, Toda ad Tomorrow, Morig-Noo-ad-Night, Paragua Jasmie, Eterit Plat. Dave's Garde, Widel cultivated [but o evidece that cultivatio has strogl modified the specie] This species is ative to souther Brazil, Paragua, ad Argetia ad widel cultivated for its show flowers that age from purple to white. This species is ative to souther Brazil, Paragua, ad Argetia ad widel cultivated for its show flowers that age from purple to white. The shrub is hard i zoes 10 ad 11 ad will come back from the roots i zoe 9b. Paragua jasmie (Brufelsia australis) is also called esterda-toda-ad tomorrow. It is a somewhat larger, growig to 12 ft (3.7 m), ad more desel brached, twigg shrub, more cold-hard (to zoe 9). It has smaller, fragrat flowers i clusters of 1 to 3. This more robust ad faster growig Brufelsia also comes from South America. The flowers are ot quite as show as B. pauciflora, but it recovers from frost better, ad some gardeers have bee growig it i zoe 8B This species is ative to souther Brazil, Paragua, ad Argetia ad widel cultivated for its show flowers that age from purple to white. widel cultivated for its show flowers [Hawaiia Islads] Cultivated i the Marquesas Grow i Califoria, Texas, Florida, Louisiaa Discover Nature at JCU. Plats o Towsville Campus: Brufelsia australis. James Cook Uiversit, le/jcudev_ Brufelsia australis grow o Towsville Campus of James Cook Uiversit, Australia Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Wager, W. L./Herbst, D. R./Lorece, D. H.. Flora of the Marquesas Islads website. Smithsoia Istitutio, uesasflora/idex.htm Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of No evidece of aturalizatio No evidece No evidece No evidece Brufelsia americaa listed as a weed, but o iformatio o impacts or cotrol foud. Brufelsia calcia listed as a weed, but o iformatio o impacts or cotrol foud. Brufelsia gradiflora listed as aturalized. Brufelsia itida listed as a weed, but o iformatio o impacts or cotrol foud. Brufelsia pauciflora listed as a weed, but o iformatio o impacts or cotrol foud. Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae) Page 3 of 7

4 Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Riffle, R. L.. The Tropical Look - A Ecclopedia of Dramatic Ladscape Plats. Timber Press, Portlad, OR Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Riffle, R. L.. The Tropical Look - A Ecclopedia of Dramatic Ladscape Plats. Timber Press, Portlad, OR Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Spaihour, Jr., C. B./Fiske, R. A./Flor, W./Reagor, J. C.. A toxicological ivestigatio of the garde shrub Brufelsia calcia var. floribuda (esterda-toda-ad-tomorrow) i three species. Joural of Veteriar Diagostic Ivestigatio. 2: Seavers, A.. Prett Poisos i the Back Yard. Petalia, ate_process.cfm?specie=dogs&stor_o= Kha, S. A.. Toxicolog Brief: Brufelsia species: Beautiful but deadl. Veteriar Medicie. icle/articledetail.jsp?id=503045&sk=&date=&page ID= Neilso, J./Burre, V.. Itoxicatio of two dogs b fruit of Brufelsia australis. Australia Veteriar Joural. 60: Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Thomso, N.. Poisoous Plats i Australia: Eablig cosumers to bu safe plats,. WWF-Australia Issues Paper.. WF- Australia, Sde wwf.org.au Spieless shrubs or treelets No evidece No evidece No evidece No evidece WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Pests ad pathoges ukow Our studies show that Brufelsia spp. plat material is toxic to mice, rats, ad the caie. The fatal itoxicatio of cattle has bee reported but ot documeted. The priciple toxi is Brusfelsamidie, a eurotoxi that causes seizures. The toxi is cotaied i all parts of the plats but the leaves ad flower heads appearig particularl palatable ad ofte eate i vast quatities. The plat is also ofte called the 'Chills' plat because of its hallucogeic effect i humas who exhibit shiverig ad shakig as if extremel cold ad chilled. There are case reports of Brufelsia species toxicosis i cattle, dogs, rats, ad mice.1 3,5-7 Several of these cases were fatal, with ospecific ecrops fidigs. Although ol a few Brufelsia species (B. calcia var. floribuda, B. pauciflora, B. australis, B. boodora) have bee implicated i aimal poisoig cases, all species ad all parts of the plat (flowers, leaves, berries, ad seeds) should be cosidered toxic to aimals. [apparetl cattle will cosume it] The commo garde shrub, Brusfelsia australis, previousl kow as B. boodora, or Fracissia grows about 2 m with flowers which are bright blue whe the first ope, chagig to almost white as the mature. The fruit is bore i summer, chagig from gree to brow or almost black. Two Dalmatia dogs were preseted for examiatio at our premises, showig sigs of buccal irritatio, brick red mucous membraes, excessive salivatio ad pawig at the mouth. The dogs were observed to eat the fruit from the pruigs of a Fracissia shrub. Oe dog had vomited. Apomororphie hdrochloride was used to iduce vomitig i both dogs. The dog that had previousl vomited, produced ol a few fruit, whereas the other dog vomited dozes of fruit. Both dogs appeared excited ad agitated. Most species cotai toxic alkaloids ad some have bee used as medicies or hallucioges i South America Table 6. Toxicit: Pc (pets, stock)...pc: the plat is poisoous ad especiall toxic to childre. The pricipal cocer of this report is the toxicit of plats to humas but toxicit to aimals, stock etc i idicated i the bod of the Tables as (pets, stock) Plat of the Week 06/03/2002: Brufelsia australis Betham Floridata. Brufelsia pauciflora. Floridata.com, Tallahassee, Florida Iteral poisoig b Brufelsia is said to cause the tactile sesatio, urticatio, a pai similar to havig stuck oe's bod ito ettle, as well as the iabilit to walk, frothig at the mouth, abdomial cramps, ausea, weak vomitig, ad vertigo. Yesterda-toda-ad-tomorrow is kow to cotai poisoous alkaloids. The berries are especiall toxic. Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae) Page 4 of 7

5 Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Thomso, N.. Poisoous Plats i Australia: Eablig cosumers to bu safe plats,. WWF-Australia Issues Paper.. WF- Australia, Sde wwf.org.au A rapid assessmet of the humid forests of South Cetral Chuquisaca, Bolivia.. RAPWorkig Papers. 8:.Coservatio Iteratioal, Most species cotai toxic alkaloids ad some have bee used as medicies or hallucioges i South America Table 6. Toxicit: Pc (pets, stock)...pc: the plat is poisoous ad especiall toxic to childre. The pricipal cocer of this report is the toxicit of plats to humas but toxicit to aimals, stock etc is idicated i the bod of the Tables as (pets, stock). A ver commo shrub throughout this area was cf. Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae), accoutig for up to 1/3 of the idividual shrubs [ulikel, i wetter habitat] Gardes Florida. Fragrat Plats for the Amout of shade it likes: Su to light shade Shade - Brufelsia australis. Gardes Florida, Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. A shade-lovig species, it prefers cool, moist areas with rich, well-draied, wellwatered soil Gardio Nurser. Rare ad Uusual Plats - Brufelsia australis. Gardio Nurser, cpath=3&products_id=87 This shrub will do well i a locatio betwee full su to filtered light. Avoid too much shade Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: prefers cool, moist areas with rich, well-draied, well-watered soil. Sad or utriet-poor soils ma lead to ellowig of the foliage (chlorosis), which ca be corrected with a fertilizer that icludes mior elemets applied as a foliar spra or soil drech. Shrubs to ca. 12 feet tall, glabrous. No evidece from ative rage Terrestrial Solaaceae Solaaceae Shrubs to ca. 12 feet tall, glabrous. No evidece from ative rage Propagatio is from seed or cuttigs. The failure of iterspecific crosses suggests that all the species ivestigated are reproductivel isolated. I oe case this ma be sigificat i view of specific delimitatio. No viable seeds were produced i crosses betwee B. australis ad B. pilosa, two species of souther Brazil that were formerl cosidered cospecific with B. uiflora. All species were artificiall self polliated, although selfig appears to take place aturall...however, o viable seed was produced from a of the self-polliated idividuals, idicatig that these species are self- icompatible. Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae) Page 5 of 7

6 Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Nores, M./Ceraa, M. M./Serra, D. A.. Dispersal of forest birds ad trees alog the Urugua River i souther South America. Diversit ad Distributios. 11: Nores, M./Ceraa, M. M./Serra, D. A.. Dispersal of forest birds ad trees alog the Urugua River i souther South America. Diversit ad Distributios. 11: The are extremel fragrat i the eveig ad apparetl are polliated b ightflig moths (Sphigidae). Vegetative reproductio ma also occur to a limited extet b the rootig of broke braches o the forest floor. This has bee observed i B. chiricaspi. [ukow for B. australis] Most species are slow-growig wood shrubs that var i the time required to mature from seedlig to flowerig plat. Uder greehouse coditios plats mature from 6 moths (B. latifolid) to 2 or more ears after germiatio. Several species are kow to flower while the plats are still small, eve though the ma evetuall become trees i ature. Seeds agled, to 0.5" log. [o meas of exteral attachmet] widel cultivated for its show flowers that age from purple to white Seeds agled, to 0.5" log [o evidece, ad ot grow with produce] Reproductio of Brufelsia australis described as zoochorous Reproductio of Brufelsia australis described as zoochorous. Habitat listed as NR (o-riparia) Gocalves, A. E.. Solaaceae. Flora Zambesiaca. 8:.Board of Trustees of the Roal Botaic Gardes, Kew, melist&flora=fz&taxo=11326&ameid=28714 fruit flesh, cm log, subglobose to ovoid, tardil dehiscet Nores, M./Ceraa, M. M./Serra, D. A.. Dispersal of forest birds ad trees alog the Urugua River i souther South America. Diversit ad Distributios. 11: James Cook Uiversit. Plats o Towsville Campus - Brufelsia australis. le/jcudev_ Fruit is a capsule. Reproductio of Brufelsia australis described as zoochorous Gocalves, A. E.. Solaaceae. Flora Zambesiaca. 8:.Board of Trustees of the Roal Botaic Gardes, Kew, melist&flora=fz&taxo=11326&ameid=28714 fruit flesh, cm log, subglobose to ovoid, tardil dehiscet Nores, M./Ceraa, M. M./Serra, D. A.. Dispersal of forest birds ad trees alog the Urugua River i souther South America. Diversit ad Distributios. 11: WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow seed productio Plowma, T.. A revisio of the South America species of Brufelsia (Solaaceae). Fieldiaa. Bota. 39: Reproductio of Brufelsia australis described as zoochorous The seeds of Brufelsia species germiate withi 2-4 weeks of platig ad are relativel short-lived. The will ot tolerate desiccatio WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if well cotrolled b herbicides Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. Plats should be prued heavil after flowerig to stimulate ew growth ad flower productio for the ext seaso. Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae) Page 6 of 7

7 WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if effective atural eemies preset locall Prit Date: 10/13/2010 Brufelsia australis (Solaaceae) Page 7 of 7

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