Calcium Use in Apples: An Update. M. Elena Garcia, PhD

Transcription

1 Calcium Use in Apples: An Update M. Elena Garcia, PhD

2 Physiological role of calcium 4Calcium is perhaps the most important mineral determining the quality of fruit, particularly in apples and pears because these fruits are stored for long periods of time (Faust, 1989).

3 Physiological role of calcium 4Fruits with low Ca concentration 4More susceptible physiological disorders 4Bitter pit 4Cork spot

4 Physiological role of calcium 4Low Ca fruit 4Hasten fruit senescence 4Increased rate of softening of fruit 4Regulation of respiration 4Ethylene production inversely related to Ca concentration

5 Physiological role of calcium 4At the cellular level, Ca plays a binding role in the complex polysaccharides and proteins forming the cell wall

6 Physiological role of calcium 4In the outer cell membrane, lower Ca concentrations causes leakiness of the the membrane 4Modulates the transfer of extracellular signals into intracellular space

7 Physiological role of calcium 4The tissue Ca concentration at which these desirable effects is usually higher than concentrations that the fruit normally accumulates

8 Ca Levels 4Fruit Ca levels vary from year to year 4Between orchards 4Between fruit on the same branch 4Within the apple fruit

9 Ca levels in fruit

10 Ca uptake from soil 4Ca can be absorbed only by the young root tips that are not suberized. This area is behind the root tip

11 Ca uptake 4Ca moves from the soil into plant in a passive manner 4Within the plant it moves with the transpiration stream 4Intensity of transpiration controls upward movement of Ca

12 Ca uptake from foliar sprays 4Ca sprayed on leaves and fruits enters into the tissue mostly though openings such as the stomata and lenticels 4There is very little movement of the Ca once it is inside.

13 Factors affecting Ca absorption Sites of entry Concentration of soluble Ca in solution Time in solution Relative humidity Additives to solution

14 Ca Accumulations Genetically controlled Season Cultural practices Crop load Fruit size Position within tree Number of seeds Summer and winter pruning

15 4Research on foliar applications conducted mostly in the last 10 years

16 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit 4Cline et al., 1991 determined the seasonal pattern of Ca accumulation in Delicious apple fruit over four years and four growing seasons (MI, VA, MA, Ontario

17 Factors influencing Ca accumulations in apple fruit 4It was determined that regardless of temperature and precipitation, apple fruit had maximum Ca uptake early in the season 4Ca accumulation increased quadratically with most uptake early in the season, and little or no uptake three weeks before harvest

18 Factors influencing Ca accumulations in apple fruit 4In some instances, there was some Ca loss near harvest time. This loss did not appear to be associated with precipitation

19 Factors influencing Ca accumulations in apple fruit Fruit weight Ca accumulation

20 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit 4Crop load 4Large fruit has a tendency to have lower Ca concentrations 4In a study by Ferguson et al., (1995) of Braeburn, it was determined that fruit from light cropping trees have lower Ca content regardless of fruit size

21 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit Fruit mineral concentration, disorder incidence, and associated bourse leaf area from naturally light and heavy cropping trees (Ferguson, et al., 1995) Crop Load Minerals (mg/100g FW) Ca Mg K Disorders (% sound) Leaf area (cm 3 ) Heavy 4.4a 3.7a 106b 98a 131a Light 3.0b 3.8b 121a 91b 91b

22 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit 4Fruit position 4In a study of several apple cultivars in New Zealand, Vots et.al., 1994 investigated the effect of wood age on the mineral content of the fruit

23 Fruit mineral content (mg/100g FW) Cultivar Position Ft. Wt. (g) Ca K Mg Braeburn 2 yr spur yr lateral >3 yr spur Fuji 2 yr spur yr lateral year terminal Royal Gala 2 yr spur yr lateral year terminal

24 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit 4Role of spur leaves 4Lang and Votz (1998) conducted a study in New Zeland to determine the effect of spur leaf removal on xylem sap flow and Ca accumulation in apple fruit 4Partial defoliation at bloom reduced the accumulation of Ca in Royal Gala

25 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit Fresh fruit mass and Ca content for young Royal Gala apples 61 days after full bloom as affected by spur leaf defoliation at bloom (Lang and Voltz, 1998) Treatment Intact Leaf area (cm 3 ) 286 Fresh fruit mass (g) 14.6a Fruit Ca content (mg/fruit) 3.7a Defoliated a 2.2b

26 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit 4Seed number 4In a study by Tomala and Dilley (1990) in Poland, it was demonstrated that Ca concentration in McIntosh and Spartan but not Empire increased with the number of seeds.

27 Factors influencing Ca Accumulations in apple fruit Ca levels in McIntosh flesh in relation to seed number Ca (ppm d.m.) o 5 6 to 8 9-n Number of seeds

28 Effect of summer pruning Effect of summer pruning (early August) on fruit Ca, fruit size, crop load, and cork spot on d Anjou pears, Leavenworth, WA (1986) Treatment Control Fruit Ca(ppm) 316b Ft. Size (g) 202b Crop load (0-5) 1.9 Cork spot (No/tree) 4.6a Fruit finish (1-8) 2.7b Summer pruned 427a 184a b 6.0a

29 Ca and Fruit quality 4Low Ca levels in fruit have been associated with with poor fruit quality 4Disorders 4Bitter pit 4Poor keeping quality 4Increased rates of softening 4Is there a relationship between the two?

30 Foliar applications and fruit firmness 4Numerous studies exist 4Most studies indicate that Ca sprays do help in controlling some disorders, but do not affect fruit firmness 4Some results indicate higher firmness after long term storage

31 Effect of CaCl sprays on various fruit quality factors of Delicious (average of 5 years). Raese and Drake, 1993). Location treatment Cashmere Control CaCl (4sprays) E.Wenatch Control CaCl (4sprays) Wenatchee Control CaCl (3 sprays) Rate/ 100gl none none none Ca Peel (ppm) Ca Flesh (ppm) b 269a FW Bitter Pit (%) 20.5a 4.2b 9.9a 2.9b 24.6a 1.2b Scald (%) 47a 32b a 36b I.B a 1.2b o.2 Firm (lb) 11.6b 12.3b 12.8b 13.4a 13.0b 13.8a

32 Effect of CaCl sprays on various fruit quality factors of Golden Delicious (average of 5 years). Raese and Drake, 1993) Location treatment Cashmere Control Cal (4sprays) E.Wenatchee Control Cal (4sprays) Wenatchee Control Cal (3 sprays) Rate/ 100gl none none none Ca Peel (ppm) 581b 918a 820b 1089a 499b 661a Ca Flesh (ppm) 204a 300a FW (g) Bitter Pit (%) 10.1a 1.2b 19.2a a 0.9b Scald (%) 15a 8b 33a 16b 17a 10b I.B a 0.4b 0.9a 0.5b Firm (lb) b 11.8a

33 Foliar applications and fruit firmness 4A study in Spain (1998) indicated that increasing the number of applications from 6 (standard) to 13 applications did not significantly affect fruit firmness.

34 Ca foliar sprays 4Does the formulation make a difference?

35 Table 2. Some Ca materials for use on apples with label rates per acre per application, per acre per season per acre per year Product Name (Manufacturer) % Ca Calcium Chloride (77-80% CaCl2) (many) Calcium Chloride (35% CaCl2 liquid) (many) lb/ga l lb Ca/ gal or lb Product /A/ Spray minmax 27.8 flake lb gal no. of applic ation Total product/ A/ season min-max lb gal Total Ca/A/se ason (lb) minmax Foliar Calcium Folical (Agrimar Corp gal gal Nutri-Cal 8% Calcium sol'n (CSI Chemical Corp. Nutra-Phos 12 (Pace Intl. LP 11.0 pow der Nutra-Phos 28 (Pace Intl. LP 28.0 pow der qt gal lb lb lb lb Nutra-Plus (Custom Chemicides qt gal Sorba-Spray Ca (Pace Intl. LP qt gal Sorba-Spray CaB (Pace Intl. LP qt gal Stopit Calcium concentrate (Pace Intl. LP gal gal

36 Effect of Ca sprays on combined averages of fruit Ca, bitter pit and fruit quality of Golden Delicious after 3 and 6 months in cold storage from orchards near Cashmere, E. Wenatchee and Wenachee, WA ) Quality parameters Unsprayed check CaCl 2 Mora-Leaf Ca Ca SO 4 Nutri-Cal Fruit size (g) Finish Color Scald (%) Firmness (lbs) Sol. Sol (%) Peel Ca (ppm) Bitter pit (%)

37 Effects of early season applications of 3 kg/100 L 3X calcium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide mixed with 150g/100 L copper hydroxide on Golden Delicious in Southern Tasmania, Austraila (1998) Fresh weight (g) Control 153 Ca(OH) 145 Ca(OH) + Cu(OH) 153 Skin russet (%) 19b 12a 29c Skin strength (N) 7.4a 7.7ab 8.1b Flesh Firmness (N) 55.6a 55.9a 60.2b

38 Conclusion 4Research reinforces previous research 4Ca foliar sprays help prevent some fruit disorders 4Ca foliar sprays do not seem to increase fruit firmness

39 Conclusion 4Conduct cultural practices that promote Ca uptake and distribution 4Irrigation 4Summer pruning 4Control N fertilization 4When applying foliar spays 4Determine the % Ca 4Buy the cheapest

40 Calcium and Boron 4Boron (B) is an essential trace element 4Apple trees have high B requirements (25-45 ppm) 4B is important 4Pollen germination 4Pollen tube grwoth 4Successful fruit set 4Formation of feeder roots

41 Boron 4Both low and high concentrations cause poor fruit quality 4Low B 4Short storage life: higher susceptibly to storage breakdown 4Fruit deformities 4High B 4Higher incidence of internal disorders 4Watercore and internal breakdown

42 Boron 4 In a study conducted in Poland (1999) four B applications were compared 1. Soil application (2 g / tree) 2. Spray application 3 x before bloom (0.67 g per tree) 3. Spray application after bloom 3 x (0.67 g per tree) 4. No B

43 Boron 4Results: 4All treatments except for control increased B concentration in apple fruit 4Highest concentration was found in fruits sprayed after bloom and soil applications 4B sprays after bloom decreased fruit weight, fruit firmness, but increased fruit set, yield, and Ca concentration

44 Elstar apple quality after storage from trees receiving different boron applications (1996) Treat, B (mg B/ kg DM) Ca (mgca / kg DM) Yield (kg) Mean fruit weight (g) Firmn ess (kg) % apples internal breakdown % apples with bitter pit Control 14.0b 126a 15.6a 130.3b 5.5b 3.0a 3.3b Soil appl. 34.0c 152b 16.7a 130.3b 5.9c 1.5a 1.0a B before bloom 25.2b 126a 15.8a 128.3b 5.4b 3.4a 3.5b B after bloom 34.4c 147b 19.2c 120.3a 5.1a 9.0b 7.7c

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46 Relative effects of 8 foliar sprays of CaCl 2 (total of 74 lb/acre) and a single 2% CaCl 2 post harvest treatment Treatment Ca in Cortex (ppm Dry Wt) Core Peel Outer Mid Inner No CaCl Foliar spray Dip treat

47 Foliar applications and fruit firmness 4Why not depend on drenches? 4Ca deficiency problems in the orchard as well as after harvest 4Post harvest treatments not always feasible

48 Product A sells for $6.50 per gallon and is a liquid containing 15 % elemental calcium. The weight per gallon is 12 pounds. The label recommends 2 to 4 quarts per acre per application with eight applications suggested per season. You decide to apply 2 quarts per acre per application Product contains 15% elemental calcium lb x 0.15 = 1.8 lb of elemental calcium per gal. 4 You choose to apply 2 quarts (or 0.5 gal) per acre per application gal per acre per application x 8 applications per season = 4 gal of material per acre per season. 4 4 gal x 1.8 lb of elemental calcium per gal = 7.2 Ca /acre /pre season 4 Our recommendation is 4.0 to 14.0 lb of elemental calcium per acre per season gal x $6.50 per gal = $26.00 per season 4 $26.00 per season 7.2 lb of elemental calcium per acre per season = $3.61 elemental calcium per acre

49 Product B sells for $1.50 per pound and is a solid powder containing 30 % elemental calcium. The label recommends 3 to 4 pounds per acre per application with 8 applications suggested per season. 4 Product contains 30% elemental calcium. 4 1 lb x 0.30 = 0.30 lb of elemental calcium per lb of material. 4 You choose to apply 3.0 lb of material per acre per application. 4 3 lb per acre per application x 8 applications per season = 24 lb of material per acre per season lb x 0.30 = 7.2 lb of elemental calcium per acre per season. 4 Our recommendation is 4.0 to 14.0 lb of elemental calcium per acre per season lb x $1.50 per lb = $ $36.00 per season 7.2 lb of elemental season = $5. 00 elemental calcium per acre.