Biological background of fruit growing

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1 Biological background of fruit growing

2 Practical groups of fruits Pome fruits Stone fruits Nuts Soft fruits apple pear quince medlar Cherry Sour cherry apricot peach plum walnut hazelnut chestnut almond raspberry blackberry strawberry currants gooseberry blueberry cranberry

3 Pome fruits Apple (Malus domestica) Pear (Pyrus communis)

4 Quince (Cydonia oblonga)

5 Medlar (Mespilus germanica)

6 Stone fruits Plum (Prunus domestica)

7 Cherry (Cerasus vulgaris) Sour/tart cherry (Cerasus avium)

8 Apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris) Peach (Persica vulgaris)

9 Nuts Hazelnut (Corylus avellana )

10 Walnut (Juglans regia)

11 Almond (Amygdalus communis)

12 Chestnut (Castanea sativa)

13 Soft fruits Strawberry (Fragaria ananasa)

14 Mulberry (Morus alba/nigra)

15 Redcurrant (Ribes rubrum)

16 Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum)

17 Gooseberry (Ribes uvacrispa)

18 blackcurrant + gooseberry = JOSTA Johannisbeere + Stachelbeere = JOSTA

19

20 dewberry (Rubus caesius) Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

21

22 blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

23 Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas)

24 elderberry (Sambucus nigra)

25

26 Rosehip (Rosa spp.)

27 Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)

28 Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

29

30

31

32 Strawberry - herbaceous plant

33 Raspberry - suffrutescent plant 2 years old canopy system, perennial rootsystem

34 Hazelnut - shrub

35 Fruit trees (apple, pear, plum, etc.) - Tree

36

37

38 Sprout morphology :36 SZIE MKK Kertészeti Technológiai Tanszék - Kassai Tamás

39 Species position Bud type lateral Flower bud Mixed bud terminal single twin triplet group With leaf bud Apple O O O Quince O O + Sweet Cherry O + O Walnut O male O female O O O O Aronia O O Elderberry O O Blackcurrant O O Sweet chestnut O O Apricot O + O Pear O O + Gooseberry O O O Almond O O O O O O Raspberry O O O Tayberry O O O Tart Cherry O + O Hazelnut O male O female OO +O Medlar O O + Peach O O O O + O Redcurrant O O O O Yosta O O Rosehip O O Blackberry O O O Plum O + O + +

40 APPLE

41

42 Pear

43

44 Quince

45 Cherries spears with flower bouquet

46

47

48 triplets of peach

49

50 Accessory buds

51 almond

52 walnut

53

54 Hazelnut

55

56

57 Life cycle of a fruit plantation yield (t/ha) phase of top yields increasing yields decreasing yields transition phase (juvenile period) year

58 Lentgh of life span of a plantation depends on the species (the cultivar) the intensity of the cultivation the training system (the rootstock) the environmental factors the economical and market factors

59 Phenological stages of fruits (yearly cycle) primer fruit set fruit set cell fruit division growth phase - tissue differentiation - cell enlargment phase bud differentiation continuous sprouting to end of Aug., or two flowering phase 1. to beggining of June, 2. from Flowering time: Hazel, Almond, Currant, János day (26th June) to end of Peach, Cherry, Apple, medlar, I. quince, Vegetative phase August chestnut, degree budbreak C raspberry, blackberry, (pollination) fruit ripening leaf fall II. Rest phase (queiscent) imposed dormancy by external conditions imposed by internal conditions (vernalization deep rest chilling requirement)

60 :36

61 fenologycal stages

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69 :36 SZIE MKK Kertészeti Technológiai Tanszék - Kassai Tamás

70

71 :36 SZIE MKK Kertészeti Technológiai Tanszék - Kassai Tamás

72 Flower and fruit development Floral initiation Floral organization Floral maturation Anthesis (flowering) Pollination Fruit set Bud/Flower/Fruit drop Fruit development cell division phase - tissue differentiation - cell enlargment phase Fruit ripening

73 Ripening Mature fruit it will ripen following harvest optimal maturity Ripe fruit can not be stored for a long time Processes during ripening: Fresh weight slightly increases Soluble solid content increases Starch content decreases Sugar content increases Acidity decreases Fruits become tender and juicy

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